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Air Transport DivisionTraining, Simulation & Operator Performance [email protected] +31 88 511 31 01
www.nlr.nlNLR - Dedicated to innovation in aerospace
Teamwork is becoming increasingly important in future air traffic
management (ATM). Air traffic controllers must be able to coordinate their
actions throughout the European sky and collaboratively decide on flight
trajectories. A shared mental model among team members is essential to
fulfil these requirements and ensure a safe and efficient traffic flow.
NLR participates in the “Human Factors in Future ATM” research program
of the Knowledge & Development Centre (KDC) of Schiphol Airport. The
program investigates the effects of the future ATM system as regards the task
of air traffic controllers. Specifically, a four year PhD research project looked
into the concept of shared mental models in relation to team performance.
Teamwork in Air Traffic Management
National Aerospace Laboratory NLRAmsterdam – A n t h o ny F o k ke r w e g 2 10 59 C M A m s t e r d a m P.O. B ox 9 0 5 02 10 0 6 B M A m s t e r d a m T h e N e t h e r l a n d sFlevoland – V o o r s t e r w e g 3 1 8 3 1 6 P R M a r k n e s s e P. O . B o x 1 5 3 8 3 0 0 A D E m m e l o o r d T h e N e t h e r l a n d sF3
65-0
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“An effective teAm of controllers cAn AnticipAte eAch other's behAviour”
Important results• Air traffic controllers share mental models of the equipment, task, team
and situation.• Team members with more similar and accurate SMMs communicate
more relevant knowledge and outperform teams with less similar and accurate SMMs.
• In purely textual communication environments the development of a SMM is facilitated by team training strategies.
• The role of SMM during system failure is ambiguous. While SMMs may lead to better coordination, similiar evaluation of the situation may hamper flexible adaptation.
Studying Shared Mental Models in Air Traffic ControlThe role of teamwork in current and future air traffic control (ATC) was investigated in the described research. Specifically, the shared mental model (SMM) concept was addressed to understand performance differences in ATC teams. SMMs represent organized and structured knowledge about team- and task-related key elements of ATC that are shared among team members.
An initial analysis of the individual mental models necessary for successful task execution and smooth cooperation contributed to the development of a SMM framework and constituted the research background for the project.
In several experimental studies the role of task and team SMMs on team effectiveness was examined under various circumstances and in controlled environments. A specific focus of the project regarded the facilitation of SMM development through team training strategies.
While using normal situations as the baseline, the experimental variations considered the role of SMM during datalink communication and in reaction to system failure (i.e. team adaptation). An abstract team environment called TeamTris was developed to study ATC relevant team behaviours, while enabling experimental control.
ImplicationsSMM can be informative predictors of air traffic controllers’ team effectiveness and may help diagnosing difficulties in teamwork. Therefore, strategies designed to improve SMM development need to be part of human factors training in future ATM. The effects of SMM should be taken into account when implementing future operational concepts and with regards to system resilience.
The TeamTris interface