USA Gymnastics

The Official Technical Publication of USA Gymnastics

Book Review: Artistic

Gymnastics

Theory of Athletic

Performance for Artistic Gymnastics

Celebration of Healthy Sport

1993 Congress

Training for Uneven Bars

The Press Release

USA Gymnaestrada

Showcase

Artistic Gymnastics?

Does a Low Fat Diet Equal a

Leaner Body?

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

1993

~ Guide 10 Training

I, L.,.II, I Prolessloool Development

Ploglom

1993 Technique Guide to Women's Training 19930 Paper, shrink·wrapped wilh lobs, 3·hale punched 0190 pp 0 UIGF PublilOlians lIem #363:1- 525.

1993 Technique Guide to Men's Training 1993 0 Paper, shrink·wrapped wilh labs, Hole punched 0190 pp 0 UIGf PublilOlians lIem #3634- 521.00

These two publications are part of PDP Level II Coaching Accreditation. Reprints of training articles from Techniquemaga­zine issues dating from 1984-6/ 93 are included. 3-hole punched with tabbed Topic Guides, these articles are ready for you to insert into a binder for ready reference.

For women, the topics include: General, Sport Science, Condi­tioning, Vaulting, Bars, Balance beam, Floor exercise/dance, and Tumbling. For men: the topics are: General, Conditioning, Floor Exercise and Tumbling, Pommel Horse, Rings, Vaulting, Parallel Bars, and Horizontal bar.

Coaches desiring to complete this portion of Level II must successfully complete the enclosed multiple choice examinationand forward it to USA Gymnastics along with a $5 processing fee.

To order any of these books, or other edu(O~ono l materials and Yideos presented in this issue, please complete this order form.

Item # Title I Quantity I Price Totol

SUBTOTAL

SHIPPING & HANDLING: ORDERS SII AND UIIOER ADO S3. SII.0I·SIOADOS4, SIOOI·SIOO AOO SlOVER SIOO.OI ADD S8

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1893 TOTAL AMOUNT PAYABLE

2

USGF USGF Safety Manual GYMNASTICS 2nd edition

SAFETY MANUAL Jerry George, Editor -- 1990 0 Paper 0142 pp 0 UIGF PublilOlians

~ lIem #6001-SlHD 55.00

t;:;"" . ;. I'i\ 'a ~ . e %;", ., ' ~

- SALE! -.,,-- .. _-

The 3rd cycle of Safety Certification is scheduled to begin with the 1993 Congress courses in September. The USGF Safety Manual, 3rd edition, is currently being prepared to accompany the new course.

If your current 2nd edition Manual is tattered and torn and you would like a replacement copy or if you need a 2nd edition Manual to participate in any safety courses scheduled prior to September 8, 1993-take advantage of this opportunity to pur-chase the 2nd edition book at the close-out price of $5.00 (plus shipping and handling).

USA Gymnastics Order Form

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UfJJAl GYMNASTICS

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USA Gymnastics, Merchandise Dept., PO Box 5562, Indianapolis, IN 46255·5562 • 317·237-5060

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

....

Publisher Mike Jacki

Editor Stephen W. Whitlock

Production Luan Peszek

Graphic Design Julie T. Jones

Men's Program Administrator Robert Cowan

Women's Program Administrator Kathy Kelly

Rhythmic Program Administrator Nora Hitzel

USA Gymnastics Board of Directors

Eme~~~~i:d;~X ~:~fn!~~~iivtT;eag~I~:~~~ r~~fer~ ~~~!~~:r~~ Wendy Hilliard, chair; Jim Hartung, vice chair; Michelle DU5serre, sec; Sheryl Dundas; Tim Dag~tt; Karyn Lyon Glover; Tanya Service; Chris Waller; Kevin av is, USOC Athlete's Advisory Counci l; Linda Kardos, Admin. Advisor; Amateur Ath letic Union: Stan Atkinson; American Sokol O rganiza-tion: JerW Milan; American Trampoline & Tumbling Asso-ciation: ayne Downing; American Turners: Be~ He~pner; Junior Boys Gymnast ics Coaches Association: a rc ancy; Men's Elite Coaches Associa tion: Peter Kormann; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Men: Able Grossfeld; Nat ional Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Gail Davis; Nat iona l Associa tion of Women's Gre"'-nastics Judges: Yvonne Hod/e; Nat ional Collegiate Ath etic Association: Ja ne Betts, Fre Turoff; National Federation of State High School Associations: Susan True; National Gym-nastics Judges Association: Harry Bjerke; Na tional High School Gymnastics Coaches AssociatIOn: John Brinkworth; Jewish Community Centers: Courtney Shanken; Rhythmic Coaches Association: Suzie DiTullio; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kate Faber-Hickie; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: Lance Crowley; U.S. Eli te Coaches Associat ion for Women: To~ Gehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.s. Sports Acrobatics Federation: a nnie Davidson; Young Men's Christ ian Asso-cia tion: Rick Dod son; USA Gymnastics Nat ional Member-ship Directors: Men's: Jim Holt, Rat Gura; Women's: Joan Moore, Julia Thompson-Arelz; Rhyt mic: Alia Svirsky, Ute Alt-Carberry.

USA Gymnastics Executive Committee

Chair: Sandy Kn~p; Secretary: Mike Milidonis; Vice ChairWomen: Nancy arsha ll; Vice ChairMen:Jim Howard; Vice Chair RhythmiC: Norma Zabka; President: Mike Jacki; FIG Women's Techn ical Committee: Jackie Fie; FIG Rhy th-micTechnical Committee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men's Technica l Committee: Bill Roetzheim; At Lar'te Members: Jim Hartung, Roe Kreutzer; Athlete Directors: im Dag~ett, Michelle Dusserre, "Vendy Hilliard; President Emeritus: ud Wilkinson, Mike Donahue.

Associate Contents Editors Sports Science Advisory Committee

Williarn Sands, Ph.D., Cha ir, Sports Advisory Committee Patty Hacker, Ph.D., Chair, Educat ion Sub-committee

Stephen W. Whitlock, Liaison

Unless exgressly id entified to the contra ry, a ll art icles, statements an views printed herein are attributed solely to the au thor and the United Sta tes Gymnas tics Federa tion ex-presses no opinion and assumes no responsibility thereof.

Inside This Issue

Contents Book Review Artistic Gymnastics .............. ...... ... ...... .......... ...... ....... ... ... ........ .. 5

Coaches Education ACEP Leader Level Sport Science Course .. ... ...... .... .. .. .... ....... 6 PDP-Level I Video Clinic Instructors ... .... ... .. .. ........ .. ...... ... .. .. 40 PDP Level II Experience Verification ...... ........... .... ... ...... ...... .41 lu ~_ PDP Level II: Skill Components ...... .. .............. ... ... ................ .42

Gymnastics Performance Theory A Theory of Athletic Performance for Artistic Gymnastics .... ... ......... .... ... ........ .. ..... ... ...... ........ ... ... . 8

Nutrition page 8

Celebration of Healthy Sport ..... ........ ........ ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... 14 Does a Low Fat Diet Equal a Leaner Body .......... ... ... ... .. ... .. .. 34

Technique The Handstand ........... ... ....... ....... ... ..... ... ..... ... ........ .......... ..... ... . 15

Congress Facts ........... .......... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... .. ....... .... .... ... ... ... ... .. ........ ...... .. 17 Meetings ..... ... .... .... ..... .. ......... ... ... ... .......... .... ... ... ...... ....... ... ...... .. 18 Registration Form ........ ..... ... ... ...... ........................... .......... ..... .. 19 Tentative Schedule ...... ... ... ... ............ ... ..... .... ... ........... ... ..... ..... .. 20 Add-ons .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ... .......... .. ..... .... ...... ........... ... ..... ..... ..... ..... 21

Uneven Bars page 14

Training for Uneven Bars .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .............. ... .......... 22

Public Relations The Press Release .. ..... .. ...... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ........... ..... ... ........... 26

General Gymnastics USA Gymnaestrada Showcase ....... ............................ ............. 29

Commentary Artistic Gymnastics? ............ .... ....... ...... ..... .... ... ........ ... ....... ... ... 32

Alternative Programming Attention Gymnastics Club Coaches! .... ... ....... ... .. ..... ... ......... 36

Announcements page 26 ............ ................................. ..... ....... ....... ... ... ...... .... .. .. ..... ........ .... 37

Rythmic Code of Points Code Clarifications ...... ... ... ........ ..... .. ......... ... ............. ... .......... .. 43

Minutes W-Women's Program Conf. Call, 6/21 .. .... .. ....... .. .. ........ ..... .44 W-Women's Tech. Comm. Conf. Call, 6/24 ......................... 44 R-J.O. Program Comm., 6/25-27, Atlanta, GA ....... ... .... ...... .45

CHA GE OF ADDRESS AND SUBSCR IPTION INQ UIRIES: In order to ensure uninter­rup ted d elivery of TECHNIQUE magazine, not ice of change of address should be made six to e ight weeks in advance. For fa stest service, pleaseenc1ose your present mailing label. Di rect all subscript ion ma il to TECHNIQUE Subscriptions, Pan America n Plaza, 201 S. Capito l Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, I 46225. TECHNIQUE is published 10 times per year by USA Gymnastics, Pa n American Plaza, 201 S. page 34 Ca pitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (phone: 3 1 7-237~5050). Third class postage pa id at Indianapolis, IN. Subscript ion price: 525.00 per yea r in United States; a ll o ther countries $48.00 per yea r. If available, back issue s ingle copies $4.00 plus 51.00 postage/ handling. All reasonable care will be taken, bu t no responsibility can be assumed for unsolicited material; enclose return pos tage. Copyright 1993 by USA Gymnastics and TECH-NIQUE. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.

TECHNIQUE August 1993 3

VIDEOTAPES PLEASE NOTE: The videos listed in this magazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to produce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events ut ilizing handheld cameras from vantage pOints in the stands by non-professional volunteer technicians. Only limited editing and production enhancements are ut ilized in order to provide a timely product at a reasonable cost to the USA Gymnastics membership. Use the order form on page 2 to order any of these publications.

Men

Educational General How to tape an injured gymnast. This tape was prepared by Larry Nassar, ATe. (Part I ~ 1 :55, Part II ~ 1:23) #2102 $19.95

PDP level I instructor's starter kit. For Levell Clinic Administrators. Includes vid eo and 15 Clinic Work-books. #3609 $60.00

Safety Video. Gymnastics 1st, 2nd, and a lways. #2601 $39.95

Back exercises for the gymnast. A video designed to lessen the problem of back pain in the gymnast. With use of a skeleton and gymnasts, L.Nassar, ATC, dem­onstrates how body positioning, flexibi lity, pelvic stabiliza tion & muscular exercises are beneficial. (1:20)(1 992) #2410 $10.95

Basic Skills Achievement Program (BSAP) video. Demon-stration of all of the skills. #52 $29.95

J.O. Compulsory Program (JOCP) video. Demonstration of a ll of the exercises. (Edited by class level) #2221 $39.95

J.O. Compulsory Program (JOCP) video. Demonstration of all of the exercises. (Edi ted by event) #2222 $39.95

Jr. Nat. Team Dance Training program and Boy's team w inter training camp, Colo. Spgs. (2:00) #2272 $12.95

Olympic Development Program (ODP) video-1992. Com-plete demonstration. #61 $29.95

USGF Congress, Indianapolis. International trends in men's gymnastics. Presentation by M. Wa tanabe. (1991)

#2243 $15.95

Goal setting and preparation for competitions. Sport Psychol­ogy session by Dr. K. McKelvain at 92 na t. team camp, Colo. Spgs. (2:00)(1992) #2273 $14.95

USGF Congress, Anaheim. Dieter Hofmann's lectures. Clinic for men's coaches. (2 parts: total time ~ 9 hrs in SLP)(1992)

#2200 $39.95

Intercontinental Judges Course, Tampa, Fla. Pommel Horse. Presentation by B. Roetzheim. (SLP forma t) (1992)

#2210 $24.95

Colo. Spgs. Coaches Seminar for Men's Gymnastics. TU: Liukin; V: Artemov; PB: Tomita; R: O'Neill; HB: Akopyan; Conditioning& Periodization:Sands; PH: Dagget t; Watanabe. (2 tapes, SLP format, 5:43) (1993) #2253 $24.95

Preschool! elementary Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnastics. Fea­

tures Kajsa Murmark & Gun Stahl. #1/3 tapes includes: Introduc tion, Philosophy, and firs t group lessons. (2:00)(1991)

#2130 $12.95

Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnastics. Fea­tures Kajsa Murmark &Gun Stahl. #2/3 tapes includes: Ways to use appara tus, Day in the jung le, Bean bag activities, and Games. (2:00)(1991) #2131 $12.95

Preschool Workshop, Ft. Worth. Swedish gymnastics. Fea­tures Kajsa Murmark & Gun Stahl. #3/3 tapes includes: Games, Balloon activities, and fin al lessons. (2:00)(1991)

#2132 $12.95

Rhythmic 92-96 J.O. Rhythmic LevelS & 6 VHS. Companion to the

compulsory book, this v ideo shows the six level 5 rou tines performed from both a front and rea r viewpoint. The level 6 routines are also performed in phrases. #2321 $29.95

92-96 J.O. Rhythmic Level 7 & 8 VHS. Companion to the compulsory book, the vid eo ShO\tV5 the six level 7 routines and the level 8 RFX from two viewpoints. #2322 $29.95

4

Women J.O. Compulsory Video levels 1-4. Companion to the compul-

sory book. #2105 $29.95

J.O. Compulsory Video l evels 5-7 and 10. Companion to the compulsory book. #2106 #29.95

J.O. Dance Workouts 1-3 for coaches' tape. Explanation of the basic dance exercises. (2:00) #2173 $15.00

J.O. Dance Workouts 1-3 for gymnast's tape. Basic balle t exer­cises designed for the gymnasts to follow. Demonstrated by M. Faulkenberry. (2:00) #2171 $15.00

J.O. Dance Workouts 4 & 5 for gymnasts. These levels are newly completed. #2172 $15.00

Roundoff vault training. Developed by T. Gehman for the Women's ).0. program. Prerequisites, training tips, condi-tioning, and technique. #2107 $19.95

Talent Opportunity Program (T.O.P.), Indianapolis, IN. Na­tional Testing. This tape shows a ll of the physical abilities tests used at the Na tional Testing in Indianapolis. (1 993)

#2139 $14.95

Training Men

Sr. Nationa l Team Spring Training Camp, Colo. NEW Spgs, CO. Clinics and lectures. The focus of the

training camp was Olympic compulsories. Mini­clinics: PH (Burch); R (O'Neill ); V (Hamada); PB (M izoguchi); HB (Furman). Lectures: Strength tra ining (Major); Sport Psy­chology (McKelva in). (SLP format 6:00) (1 993)

#2280 $24.95

Sr. Nationa l Team Spring Training Camp, Colo. NEW Spgs,CO. Sr. Men's Training Sessions. The focus

of the training camp was Olympic compulsories. (SLP format 4:00) (1993) #2281 $24.95

Women Talent Opportunities Program (TOPs) National

NEW Tra iningCamp, Birmingham,AL, May, 1993. Ac-tivities. Warm-up (Towson), Vault (Artemov),

Tumbling (Elliott), UB Lioukin / Akopyan), BB (Grossfeld ), FX (Pozsar), Dance (Towson), and Banquet. (A-SLP 4:56) (1993) #2150 $24.95

Talent Opportunities Program (TOPs) Na tional NEW TrainingCa mp, Birmingham,AL,May, 1993. Lec-

tures. TumbleTrax (Davis), Training (Dr.5ands), Nu tritio n (Dr. Benadot), Coaching (Grossfeld ), Taping (Nassar), and Sport Psychology (Dr. Duda). (A-SLP, 3:42) (1993) #2151 $24.95

Elite Compulsory WorkshOp, Salt Lake City. '96 Elite Compul­sory Exercises. This workshop was held in conjunction with the American Classic on March 28, 1993. Clinicians included : BB & FX: Grossfeld; TU & V: Elliott; and UB: Akopyan. (SLP format,4:00) #2149 $15.95

Competitions Men

).0. Nationals, Ann Arbor, MI, May 7-8. Event NEW Finals.)r. Elite I, )r. Elite II (14-15)& 16-18), Class

Ill. (2:00) #2279 $16.95

World Championships, Birmingham, GBR, April , 1993. Men's all-around finals and individual event final s.Scherbo-56.174 (BLR),Charkov-55.625(RUS), Wecker-55.450(GER), Ivankov-55.425 (BLR), Karbanenko-55.275 (RUS), Liukin-55.225 (K2K),

Belenki-55.225 (UNA), Korobchinski-55.1 00 (UKR), Keswick-54.875 (USA). FX: Misutin-9.400, Thomas-9.350, Scherbo-9.350. PH: Pae-9.750, Wecker-9.425, Schupkegel-9.400. R: Chechi-9.625, Wecker-9.575, I vankov-9.500. V: Scherbo-9.612, FengChih-9.487, Yoo-9.418. PB:Scherbo-9.600, Korobchinski-9.525, Belenki-9.475. HB: Charkov-9.450, Gherman-9.375, Supola-9.350. #2295 $19.95

World Championships, Birmingham, GBR, April , 1993. Men's preliminary rounds. #2296 $16.95

USA / Japan Annual Dual Meet, Hamamatsu City, )PN, March, 1993. Team and Event Finals. Team results: JPN-218.350, USA-217.300. AA results: T.Chinen 54.70 (JPN), Y. Hatakeda-54.65 (JPN), Gregg Curtis-54.25 (USA), S.Wa tanabe-53.95), ).D.Rei ve-53.75 (USA), N.lwai-53.70 (JPN). Other USA tea m members included D.Durbin and R.Kieffer.#2257 $12.95

McDonald's Am. Cup, Oriando,FL. Prelims and Finals. Scherbo-56.950 (BLR), Ringnald-55.700 (USA), Wecker-55.175 (GER), Sharipov-55.000 (UKR), Gherman-54.850 (ROM), Wa ller-54.650 (USA), Supola-53.700 (HUN), Centazzo (ITA), Curtis (USA), Umino (JPN), Thomas (GBR), Bravo (ESP), Pluss (SU I), Lopez (MEX), Keswick (USA), Dashuang(CHN) (1993)

#2252 $19.95

Rhythmic NEW ).0. Rhythmic Championships, Colo. Spgs., 1993.

Level 7 RFX, Rope, Hoop and Ribbon. (2 tapes) #2380 $24.95

Rhythmic Championships, Colo . Spg.s, 1993. Level 8 RFX, Ba ll, Ribbon and Clubs. (2 tapes)

#2381 $24.95 NEW

Women World Championships, Birmingham, GBR., April , 1993.

Women's all-around finals. Miller-39.062 (USA), Gogear 39.055 (ROM), Lisenko-39.011 (UKR), Dawes-38.830 (USA) Fabrichnova-38.630 (RUS), Galieva-38.586 (U2B), Piskun-38.554 (BLR), Milosovici-38.392 (ROM). (B)#2195 $16.95

Wo rld Championships, Birmingham, GBR, Ap ril , 1993. Women's individual event finals . VA ULT: Piskun-9.762, Milosovici-9.737, Chusovitina-9.718. BARS: MiIler-9.887, Dawes-9.800, Cacovea n-9.787. BEAM: Milosovici-9.850, Dawes-9.725, Gogean-9.650. FLOOR: Miller-9.787, Gogea n-9.737, Bobrova-9.712. (B, 0:00) #2196 $12.95

Am. Classic, Sa lt Lake City, March, 1993. Junior and Senior National Optionals. Junior resu lts: H.Prosser-72.230, M.Arnold-72.64, 0.Willis-71.35, A.M ueller-70.61, D.Barr-70.23, J.Carow-69.99. Senior results: H.Harriman-72.905, A.M urakami-71.93, K.Monahan-71.855, L.Brown-71.435, M.Leopoldus-70.975, ).Basile-70.940. (1 :12)

#2145 $12.95

Am. Classic, Sa lt Lake City, March, 1993. Junior International Optionals. Selected routines includ ing: T.Meyers-37.20, D.Thompson, 37.15, ) .Thompson-37.125, E.Johnson-36.70, ).Martini-36.375, E.Diaz-36.35, B. Knaeble-36.325, M.F1ammer-36.175. (1:21) #2146 $14.95

Am. Classic, Salt Lake Ci ty, March, 1993. Senior International Optiona ls. Selected routines including: S.Miller (exhibi­ti on), K.5trug-39. 10, D.Da wes-39.075, A. Borden-38.225; H.Hornbeek-38.025, M.Gruggs-38.00, K.McDermott-37.70, H.Brink-37.25, M.Campi-37.225, A.Erdos-37.15, M.Webster-36.975. (1:41) #2147 $16.95

USA/Japan Annual Dual Meet, Hamamatsu City, lPN, March, 1993. Team and Event Finals. Team results: JPN-148.625, USA-148.325. AA results: M.Kosuge-38.050 (JP ), L.French-37.325 (USA), A.Chow-37.225 (USA), K. Powell-37.100 (USA), E.5ugawara-37.100 (JPN), M.Etoh-36.675 (JPN). The o ther USA team member was Rachel Rochelli . #2148 $12.95

McDonald's Am. Cup, Orlando, FL. Prelims and Finals. Miller-39.268 (USA), Strug-38.168 (USA), Piskun-37.837 (B Ll~), Xue mei-37.455 (C HN), Portoca rrero-37.206 (GUAL Hadarean-36.762 (ROM), Kosuge-35.798 (JPN), Galloway-35.173 (CAN), Dawes (USA), Borden (USA), Campi (USA Stobvtchata ia (UKR), Machado (FRA), Molnar (HUN) e Hristakieva (BUL) (1 993) #2152 $19.95

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

-

Book Review

ARTISTIC ASTICS:

A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO PERFORMING AND TEACHING SKILLS FOR BEGINNERS AND ADVANCED BEGINNERS

Are you attempting to build a gymnastics library? You've found all of the cur­rent literature on condition­ing, safety and sports psy­chology; retrieved all of your old Technique and USA Gymnas tics maga­zines; purchased those nec­essary books on coaching, health, fitness, recreational gymnastics and nutrition,

not to mention the 1993 Code of Points. Still missing something? We suggest that you consider the follow­ing book.

In Artistic Gymnastics: A Comprehensive Guide to Per­forming and Teaching Skills for Beginners and Advanced Beginners, Fred Turoff presents a detailed examination of the training necessary for many basic and essential skills of gymnastics. While there have been a number of recent publications for the gymnastics community, few of these specifically address the actual techniques in­volved in performing and teaching the sport of gym­nastics. Artistic Gymnastics covers both men's and women's gymnastics and is written for a broad audi­ence-including coaches, physical education instruc­tors, gymnasts and parents.

Artistic Gymnastics is organized into chapters spe­cific to the Olympic events in men's and women' s artistic gymnastics. Other chapters cover safety, termi­nology, warm-ups, judging, medical considerations and trampoline. The event chapters are not strictly organized by apparatus, but are logically grouped and divided . For example, horizontal bar and uneven par­allel bars are addressed together, while floor exercise is divided into three chapters covering dance, tumbling, and balances and transitions. Each event chapter be­g ins with a brief description of terminology and the organiza tion of the upcoming material. Then, Turoff goes on to address numerous moves on each event. Basic explanations are well supplemented with many photographic illustrations. Each chapter concludes with a suggested list of sequences for practice.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

The vast majority of skills in this book are basic unrated skills or rated at the A level of difficulty-there are some elementary B's sprinkled throughout. Each individual skill is introduced by explaining its rel­evance and relationship to other skills. Turoff then provides a detailed breakdown on the mechanics of performance, which is accompanied by sequence pho­tographs demonstrating the key dynamics of each skill. Note: Sometimes the body positions in the pictures are not ideal-in these instances Turoff notes his sugges­tions in the caption. Each skill description is concluded by a listing of common performance problems, fol­lowed by expert advice to the coach on how to spot the gymnast attempting this skill.

Artistic Gymnastics contains basic information on safety, judging, medical advice, and so forth, but the primary contribution of this book lies in technical ex­planations and detailed advice available to the coach. The supporting chapters are certainly necessary, but they are neither intended nor presented as the primary purpose of this book. Instead, Turoff makes recommen­dations to the reader about other appropriate sources, such as the USGF Safety Manual, for more in-depth information on these topics.

Because Artistic Gymnastics presents a rather thor­ough review of the building blocks of gymnastics, the USGF Boy's Junior Olympic Program has endorsed this book as recommended reading. Highlights of the book include consistency of organization an easy-going writ­ing style, and a plethora of helpful illustrations-most of these photographs include spotters. As a collegiate coach and former' gymnast, Turoff has an extensive knowledge about the sport of gymnastics-he shares this experience and his insights in Artistic Gymnastics. This book is appealing to everyone from the novice gymnastics parent to the experienced coach. For the novice who is unfamiliar with (and perhaps daunted by) gymnastics terminology and the complexity of the sport, this book offers clear, step-by-step explanations. For the more experienced coaches, the book provides a wealth of information in the form of a comprehensive reference for both men's and women's gymnastics.

5

Reviewed by:

Rachele Harless, USA Gymnastics Educational Services Intern (Rice University)

You may order

this book through

the USA

Gymnastics

Merchandise

Department. Use

the Order Form

on page 2 of this

magazzne.

Artistic Gymnastics: A Comprehensive Guide to Performing and Teaching Skills for Beginners and Advanced Beginners

• 1991 • Paper • 413 pp Item #50 $21.95

Coaches Education

ACEP lEADER I.EVEL SPORT SCIENCE CoURSE U

SA Gymnastics will be sponsor­ing ACEP Sport Science courses at special rates for gymnastics professionals . Certified ACEP

instructors who are registered with USA Gym­nastics will conduct these courses. Successful completion of this course fulfills one require­ment for PDP Level II Accreditation. Use the form below to pre-register for the course of your choice. To guarantee your registration, a completed registration form must be received by USA Gymnastics 3 weeks (21 days) prior to the published course date.

FRIDAY & SATURDAY • AUGUST 20·21 Holiday Inn Airport Indianapolis, IN Course Instr.: Ed Gibson (219) 736-5600 Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050 The above collrse will be held ill COlljllllctiollwith the USGF Illdialla State Busilless Meetillg.

SATURDAY & SUNDAY • AUGUST 21-22 Sat - 6:00-9:00p.m. Sun -10:00a.m.-3:00p.m. Lake Owen Camp, HC 60, Box 60,

Cable, WI 54821 (715) 798-3785 Course Instr. : Dave Moskovitz Contact: USA Gymnastics (317) 237-5050 The above collrse will be held ill CO lljllllCliollwith the USA

g~~~~~~~I&'S3~~~~ wO~ksAUGUST 28.29 4:00 p.m.-8:00 p .m., 9:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. Omega School of Gymnastics, 1217 N. Monroe, Papillion, NE 68046 Course Instr. : Mike Stanner (402) 339-2924 WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY • SEPT. 8·9 8:30 a.m.-9:00 p.m., 8:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. Marriott Marquis, Atlanta, GA Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 This course is an ACEP Leader Level LTS. The above course will be held ill colljllnctiollwith the 1993

W~~~~~~~~ &"f~tRSDAY • SEPT. 8·9 3:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m., 8:30 a.m.-ll:30 a.m. Marriott Marquis, Atlanta, GA Course Instr. : TBA (317) 237-5050 The above collrse will be held ill COlljllllctioll with the 1993 USA GY"lllastics COllgress.

FRIDAY & SUNDAY • SEPT. 10 & 12 7:00 p.m.-10:00 p .m., 9:00 a .m.-3:00 p.m. Marriott Marquis, Atlan ta, GA

USGF·ACEP

Course Instr.: TBA (317) 237-5050 The above COllrse will be held ill COlljllllCtioll with the 1993 USA GY"lllastics COllgress.

THURSDAy-SATURDAY • SEPT. 23·25 Times: TBA Santa Clara, CA Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 Contact: Hiroshi Fujimoto (408) 373-1694 The above course will be held ill COlljllllCtiollwith the Regioll I Milli-Collgress.

THURSDAY & FRIDAY • SEPT. 30·0CT. 1 5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m., 9:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. Holiday Inn Eastgate, Cincinnati, OH (513) 752-4400 Course Instr.: Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 Contact: Vicki Haggard (513) 489-7575 The above COllrse will be held ill cOlljllnctiollwith the Regioll V Mini-Collgress.

THURSDAY & FRIDAY • OCT. 21·22 5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. BWI Holiday Inn, Baltimore, MD (410) 859-8400 Course Instr. : Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 Contact: Jan Greenhawk (410) 226-5943 The above collrse will be held ill COl1jllllCtiollwith the Regioll VII Milli-Collgress.

UOA GYMNASTICS

Leader Level Sport Science - Registration Form

Fill in the following form as completely and accurately as possible. please print or type.

Name __________________________________ __ Birthdate _____ Age __ (min . age is 18 years)

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Course Information 1. The textbook for the Leader Level Sport Science course is Successful Coaching. The textbook is included in the course fee.

Preregistered participants will receive their materials at the course. 2. The course fee is $75. USGF Professional Members may register at the reduced rate of $60. 3. Successful completion of this course fulfills the Sport Science requirement for PDP Levell! Accreditation. 4. Send completed form with payment to : USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Su ite 300, Indianapolis,

IN 46225 Payment:

D Check (Payable to USA Gymnastics) Check No. -----

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6 August 1993 TECHNIQUE

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A THEORY OF

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE FOR ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS

F ew would disagree that artistic gymnastics is among the most technically complex of all sports activities. The complexity of gym­nastics is due largely to its skill-intensive

nature - there is an almost endless variety of indi­vidual skills, or "tricks," from which the gymnastics performer may select.

In order to understand a sport as complicated as gymnastics, relevant and meaningful research must be conducted. In the last half of this century, literally hundreds, if not thousands of articles, books, theses, and dissertations have been published to further the knowledge of those of us in the gymnastics commu­nity. Many of these publications are the result of scien­tific investigation, others are quasi-scientific, and still others are based on personal opinion and anecdotal misinformation. What is most striking about this growing body of research , however, is the absence of theory. Theory is essential to the continued development of a disci­pline. Theory formation not only serves to explain and synthesize previous research efforts, it also gives direc­tion and purpose to future research.

In the normal course of scientific investigation, a great many individual facts, or observations, are col­lected through numerous studies within a particular

field of interest. As humans, we possess an insatiable need to explain the things we observe, and as a result we synthesize our observations into hypotheses. We then form more general explanations and eventually unite these explanations into a theory (see Figure 1).

New studies are then conducted deductively both to test the existing theory and to generate new observa­tions.

The Nature of Theory As stated previously, theory serves to synthesize

existing research in a science or diSCipline. In chemis­try, for example, Mendeleev's Periodic Table of the Elements represents a theoretical structure which beau­tifully summarized and synthesized a large portion of the research conducted in chemistry up to that tim Synthesizing information involves combining in vidual facts into larger categories which include and / or explain all of the units within that category.

Once information is synthesized into larger, more meaningful categories, it may be that patterns, or rela­tionships, emerge between the categories. These rela­tionships may provide explanations to many phenom­ena within a discipline. In the field of psychology, for example, Abraham Maslow theorized a "hierarchy of

...-____________________ .....J......;n;.;.;e:;.;e;.;;d;;.;;s~"....;i::.;n~w;.;,.hich human needs are organized into cat-egories and then arranged hierarchi­

8

Figure 1 THEORY

I \ MORE GENERAL EXPLANATION MORE GENERAL EXPLANATION

/ ~ \othe_ tOIl, \ HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

I \ I \ I \ I \ OBS OBS OBS OBS OBS OBS OBS OBS

BEGIN WITH OBSERVATIONS

Figure 1. Theory Development by Wa y of Inductive Reasoning. From R. L. Hoenes and B.S. Chissom ( 1975) . A Student Guide for Educ ational Researc h (2nd edition). p . 22. Statesboro. GA Vog Press. Reprinted wi th permission .

cally in terms of their importance for survival. According to Maslow's theory, biological needs must be met before social and spiritual needs may be satisfied. By giving order to indi­vidual observations which appear to be random, a theory explains and clari­fies details which were previously hid­den or unclear.

Along with syntheSiS and explana­tion, theory also functions to improve communication between individuals within a field of interest. The existence of theory allows professionals in a diScipline to clarify ideas and termi­nology which may have been vag or ambiguous in the past.

Finally, theory is heuristic. In other words, carefully constructed theory stimulates questions for future re-

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Gymnastics Performance Theory

search and helps to establish priorities for future re­search efforts. As an example, assume that you are being given an IQ test. The tester says to you, " ... two, four, six, eight ... " and then asks you to respond with some number of your own. You answer, "ten." You are correct, but how did you know?

After hearing the numbers called out, you theorized that the tester was referring to "the even numbered integers between zero and ten," and you simply had to complete the sequence. Your ability to theorize, or establish a pattern in the numbers, allowed you to understand the direction of future events.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a theory of athletic performance for artistic gymnastics. Though the model presented in this paper was derived from a taxonomic study of women's gymnastics, the model applies equally well to both genders at the level of theory.

Review of the Literature Applicable theories in the field of sport science are

rare, and in gymnastics they are all but non-existent. Though a more complete review of theories and classi­fication systems in sport may be found in Rudd (1991), a few of the more pertinent are discussed here.

In an early attempt to claSSify sport ski1ls, Poulton (1957) made the distinction between "open" and "closed" skills. An open skill involves performance in the context of a changing and unpredictable environ­ment. SpaCial and/ or temporal uncertainty existing in the external environment places restrictions on the performer which preclude predictions regarding the exact characteristics of the skill. A closed skill, on the other hand, is one which" ... can be carried out success­fully without reference to the environment." (p. 472) The nature of a closed skill is such that its characteris­tics may be known in advance. The skills performed in gymnastics represent examples of closed skills wherein the gymnast need only reprod uce skills and rou tines in competition exactly as they were performed in prac­tice.

Frederick (1979) composed a "synthesis" taxonomic system to classify movements in artistic gymnastics along two dimensions: complexity and utility for sur­vival. Six clusters of 13 gymnastics elements were classified from the simple to the complex. Frederick's utilitarian categories of skills include transport or vault­ing skills; primary skills, which involve force, balance, or flexibility; common skills such as cartwheels, saltos, and short circles; spoke-rim skills (kips); esoteric skills, or swings and leg circles; and parasitic, or twis ting skills. Although Frederick intended to provide a theo­retical system which is heuristic, the above classifica-

TECHNIQUE August 1993

tion system appears to be lacking both in internal consistency and parsimony.

Cratty (1966) proposed a three-level theory of per­ceptual motor behavior in an attempt to resolve a heated debate in physical education regarding the speci­ficity versus generality of motor skill learning, and to " ... synthesize the data of observations and of measure­ment." (p. 3) The base of Cratty's hierarchical model contains the "general components" of movement be­havior which, according to Cratty, are relatively fixed and unchangeable. The intermediate level consists of specific ability traits such as static strength and extent flexibility. The apex of the Cratty model contains the task-specific elements of a particular performance, such as the specific movement patterns of a task and the social characteristics of the performance environment.

Methodology In a study conducted over a two year period be­

tween 1989 and 1991 (Rudd, 1991), this author sought to determine, as preCisely as pOSSible, the anthropometric and ability related characteristics of the successful fe­male gymnast. The purpose of the study was to develop a classification system (taxonomy) which would aid gymnastics coaching professionals in selecting students for advanced training. It was soon clear, however, that unexpected relationships were developing between the major categories of athlete variables. The hierarchical Theory of Athletic Performance for artistic gymnastics was then proposed as a parallel result to the original taxonomy.

The taxonomy and theory were both included in the final study and defended before a panel of experts, which included specialists in women's gymnastics, qualitative meta-analytic research design, theory con­struction, and measurement and quantitative methods. Although a brief methodological outline of the study will be presented here, the reader is referred to the original work for greater detail.

The taxonomy and resultant hierarchy were gener­ated inductively using a qualitative meta-analytic ap­proach. A meta-analysis requires that all relevant past studies in a particular area of interest be "combined" using the appropriate quantitative or qualitative tech­nique, and then analyzed to test the significance of the variables in question. The techniques used in the cur­rent study included content analysis (Weber, 1985) for preliminary data analysis of over 200 articles, and con­notative clustering (Miller, 1972) for secondary data analysis of 130 articles.

The studies selected for secondary analysis mainly used the Pearson product moment correlation coeffi­cient (Pearson's r) to correlate scores on hypothesized

9

The purpose of the

study was to

develop a

classification

system

(taxonomy) which

would aid

gymnastics

coaching

professionals in

selecting students

for advanced

training. It was

soon clear,

however, that

unexpected

relationships were

developing

between the major

categories of

athlete variables.

The hierarchical

Theory of Athletic

Performance for

artistic

gymnastics was

then proposed as a

parallel result to

the original

taxonomy.

Performance

abilities are

influenced by, and

are therefore

subordinate to,

kinanthropometric

characteris tics.

(Carter, 1985).

Kinanthro­

pometry is the

study of the ways

in which the

dimensions of the

human body affect

its mechanical

function or

performance.

predictive tests of gymnastics ability (such as body mass index or somatotype) with some criterion perfor­mance (such as beam or vault scores in competition). A high r-value suggests that the predictive test accurately reflects some latent athlete characteristic which is re­quired for successful performance. Conversely, a low correlation between the predictive test and criterion performance suggests that the test does not suitably measure the physiological or mechanical requirements of the performance.

A "master list" was constructed containing all of the test variables used to predict gymnastics performance. Repeated connotative clustering was used to combine and classify variables into categories on the basis of similarities in the athlete characteristics which each variable measures. Variables and variable categories were included in the final taxonomy if they were found to be significant predictors of superior performance in a clear majority of the studies analyzed. Finally, the theoretical hierarchy of athletic performance was con­structed from among the broadest categories of predic­tor variables appearing in the taxonomy.

A number of delimiting factors guided the construc­tion of the final theory. First, the hierarchy as presented is limited to the psychomotor realm of human learning. No attempt has been made to incorporate cognitive, affective, or socio-economic variables into the model due to the relatively sparse and ambiguous nature of the literature in these areas. Second, the hierarchical model focuses on the preparation of the gymnast up to, but not including actual competitive performance (which may be represented as Level 8). The competitive aspect of athletic performance would require examina­tion of numerous affective variables (spectator effects, self-efficacy, etc.) which, again, are beyond the focus of the current study.

A final delimitation is that the completed model applies only to the sport of artistic gymnastics. Al­though a general hierarchy of athletic performance could be modified with little difficulty to meet the needs of other sports activities, the sport science litera­ture which supports the notion of specificity of motor abilities suggests that an athletic performance model should not encompass too broad a range of movement activities.

In order for a classification system to assume the role of hypothesized theory, relationships (in the present case, a hierarchy) between, broader categories must be established. A new literature review was therefore needed to support or refute the presence of any inter­ca tegory rei a tionships in the taxonomy. In other words, the particular ordering of categories must be supported by a preponderance of the scientific literature, and not just determined arbitrarily.

After an extensive review of the relevant literature, a number of "ordering principles" began to emerge. These ordering principles not only outline the relation­ships between taxonomic categories, they also serve to clarify the limits or "boundaries" of the final theory.

10

The ordering principles are listed below along with ? brief statement on each and a few of the primar) sources from which each principle was derived . Again, the reader is referred to the original study for a more complete discussion.

Principle #1. There exists a high degree of specificity and a low degree of generality in motor skill acqui­sition . (Henry & Rogers, 1960; Kirby, et al, 1981). The specificity hypothesis states that motor abilities such as strength, balance, etc. are specific to the task being performed, and that the amount of transfer of abilities from one task to another is relatively small. This principle mandates that motor abilities be classified and described very precisely, even to the level of specific joints and the direction of joint motions.

Principle #2. Athletes skilled in a given activity exhibit very similar neuromuscular response pat­terns during the performance of a given task. (Landa, 1974; Leggett, 1971). The principle of motor pattern similarity suggests that the neu­romuscularresponse requirements for a given skill are basically the same despite inter-indi­vidual differences in morphology and motor abilities. According to this principle, a single model should be sufficient to account for the overt motor behavior of all individuals par­ticipating in a given sport.

Principle#3. Psychomotor skills are based upon,and are therefore subordinate to (in a higher position hierarchically), performance abilities. (Fleishman, 1964; Sage, 1977; Schmidt, 1982). A number of writers have stated that abilities "underlie" skills or form the basis for skill acquisition. As Sage states, "Abilities serve as the foundation stones for the development of skills, which are specific responses for the accomplishment of a task. A skill is learned through practice and depends upon the presence of underlying abilities." (p. 376).

Principle #4. Performance abilities are influenced by, and are therefore subordinate to,kinanthl'Opometric characteristics . (Carter, 1985). Kinanthropometry is the study of the ways in which the dimensions of the human body affect its mechanical function or performance. The relationship between kinanthropometric characteristics and other categories of vari­ables, such as performance abilities, is illus­trated in the following quote by Carter, "Thus morphology, or physique, is related to the physiology and biomechanics of the human body in motion. Masses, levers, and forces are the cornerstones of human movement, and their quantification is the foundation for build­ing a more complete knowledge of human performance." (p. 106)

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Gymnastics Performance Theory

Results This investigation was originally intended to pro­

duce a classification system of morphologic and ability related characteristics of the advanced female gymnast in order to aid gymnastics coaches and program direc­tors in selecting potential athletes for their competitive programs. A hierarchical theory of athletic perfor­mance also emerged as a parallel result of this study and was included in the original paper. Although space limitations preclude a complete discussion of the variables and categories in the taxonomy, the hierar­chy (comprising the major categories of the taxonomy) is presented here (see Figure 2).

Levell of the hierarchy is represented by the time­function kinanthropometric category of variables. The items within this category are athlete characteristics which change only by the passage of time; i.e., they cannot be altered by the coach or by training practices. This category includes the age of the athlete, height, lengths of body segments, certain significant body diameters and segment ratios, and maturational and experiential measures.

Level 2 of the model represents the trainable kinanthropometric variables and includes those morphologic characteristics which respond to the ef­fects of training. Included in Level 2 are body weight, body composition, certain body segment circumfer­ences and diameters, skinfold measures, and somato­type.

Figure 2 I L7 ROUTINES

I L6 COMBINATIONS

I ~ SKILLS

SKILL COMPONENTS

Level 3 of the hierarchy includes the psychomotor abilities which may be broadly labeled as strength, flexibility, and anaerobic power. It would be incorrect, however, to suggest that individuals possess a general strength or power ability. The research supporting the specificity hypothesis (above) clearly indicates that motor abilities are specific to both the joint and the direction of joint motion involved in a skill. Included in Level 3, therefore, are seven specific strength compo­nents (shoulder flexion strength, for example), seven "types" of flexibility, and two movement-specific types of anaerobic power. Also included in Level 3 is a sub­category for task-specific error correction, or practice.

As strange as it may seem, the scientific literature in the areas of balance, kinesthesis, spacial orientation, coordination, and agility failed to establish any clear relationships between these "abilities" and gymnastics performance. Although more will be presented on this topic in a later paper, suffice it to say that these variables are probably highly task specific and should, for the time being, fall under the category of "practice."

It may not be possible to examine Levels 4 through 7 empirically using the scientific literature, because correlational studies in these areas would be meaning­less. It is for this reason that the upper four levels of the hierarchy remain, for now, a hypothesized structure only. It should, however, make intuitive sense to any individual who is knowledgeable in gymnastics that routines (Level 7) are composed of combinations (Level 6) of skills CLeve I 5) which are in turn composed of smaller, single-direction segments which this writer

has termed "skill compo­nents" (Level 4).

Examples of Level 4 "skill components" may be the glide portion of a glide kip, the hurdle be­fore a roundoff, or the hand contact phase of a handspring vault. Al­though skill components may be selected some­wha t arbitrarily, their purpose is to simplify the process of analyzing a skill to determine the abil­ity requirements of the skill.

PERFORMANCE ABILITIES The relationship that each level in the hierar­chy has to another is as follows: when consider­ing the characteristics of the performance (Levels 4 through 7), it may be stated that an element in any higher level "is com­posed of" the elements in a lower level (see above). Figure 2. A Hierarchy of Athletic Performance for Artistic Gymnastics

TECHNIQUE Aug ust 1993 11

As strange as it

may seem, the

scientific

literature in the

areas of balance,

kinesthesis,

spacial

orientation,

coordination, and

agility failed to

establish any clear

relationships

between these

" abil i ties" and

gymnastics

performance. It is

suffice to say that

these variables are

probably highly

task specific and

should fall under

the category of

"practice."

Most gymnasts

are selected for

team positions

based on the skills

which they

currently

perform.

Although skills

testing provides

good information

on current

performance

ability, it is a

relatively poor

indicator of

future

performance

capacity. Without

a doubt, the best

indices of "future

ability" are the

more stable

characteristics of

motor abilities

and body

structure.

The reverse, however, is not true: skills are not com­posed of routines, etc.

When considering the characteristics of the per­former, it may be stated that the elements in a higher level "are influenced by" the elements in a lower level. For example, performance abilities (Level 3) are influ­enced by the nature of an individual's morphology (Levels 1 and 2) . It may also be stated that the ease or difficulty that a gymnast experiences in performing skills, routines, etc. is influenced by his or her abilities and kin anthropometric characteristics.

As a final comment, variables in a lower category are more stable (less subject to change) than variables in a higher category. For example, routines and combi­nations are eaSily altered by the coach or gymnast, whereas motor abilities change slowly-over a period of months-and usually in response to training. Kinanthropometric characteristics are the most stable of all categories of variables.

Discussion Writers in the sports and physical education litera­

ture have alluded to the need for a consistent and parsimonious theoretical structure which may be used to translate knowledge into practice. This need is re­flected in the following quote by Frederick (1979), "This kind of theoretical work has been long neglected in our field but it gives promise of the discovery of new dimensions in gymnastics." (p. TS4)

Much information may be gained from the process of collecting all (or most) of the applied scientific work performed in a certain area of interest and then "sift­ing" through and organizing it until a broader picture begins to emerge. In the present case, the broad picture includes many things, either on or beneath the surface, which must come together for a gymnast to excel in his or her sport. Some things, such as gymnastics routines and skills are obvious to the reader; other things, such as morphologic characteristics, are less obvious. Still other things, such as psychomotor abilities, are poorly understood in general and should perhaps be more carefully studied.

But there are other dimensions to the model pre­sented here which may not be obvious at a glance. For example, Levels 1 through 3 of the hierarchy outline the characteristics of the gymnast whereas Levels 5 through 7 depict the characteristics of the task to be performed. Level 4, which is located in the center of the model, contains elements of both the performer (joint location and muscular action) and the performance (skill), and therefore may be used to conduct ability-based task analyses of gymnastics skills.

An ability-based task analysis can bridge the gap between biomechanics and the actual teaching pro­cess. In studies which use the techniques ofbiomechan­ics, the human performer is usually replaced, for the sake of accuracy and simplicity, by some mechanical model consisting of a series of line segments or geomet­ric solids, and a center of mass. The problem, as this

12

writer has experienced in the past, is that this type 0

study is difficult for the teaching or coaching practitio ner to translate into meaningful teaching strategies in the gym. Ability-based task analyses place the per­former back into the performance context by examin­ing the ability requirements of specific skills and then allowing the coach to compare these requirements to the abilities of a particular student-gymnast.

Besides providing a structure for conducting task analyses, the hierarchy of athletic performance and the taxonomy from which it was derived also outline for the gymnastics coach the physical characteristics which, according to the last 30 years of research, are important for successful high-level performance. This outline should help coaches and program directors to develop better criteria for athlete selection.

Having visited literally dozens of gyms across this country and in other countries, this writer is convinced that most gymnasts are selected for team positions based on the skills (Level 5) which they currently perform. Although skills testing provides good infor­mation on current performance ability, it is a relatively poor indicator of future performance capacity. Without a doubt, the best indices of "future ability" are the more stable characteristics of motor abilities (Level 3) and body structure (Levels 1 and 2).

The most far-reaching application of the hierarchy is . likely to be found in its ability to aid in the teaching c future teachers. Probably the most important piece o~ information that a prospective gymnastics teacher could receive is that skills are "made of" skill-specific abili­ties. For example, abilities such as abdominal strength (leg lifts and "L" hang), shoulder extension strength (straight arm lat pull), and shoulder flexion flexibility (back bends) are not merely important to the perfor­mance of a glide-kip, they are the very building blocks from which the glide-kip is made. The psychomotor research in this area is clear-mere skill repetition is only effective to a point. At some point, however, coaches should stop asking athletes to repeat skills which they cannot perform and begin practicing (1) drills based on skill components, and (2) exercises to develop the types of strength, flexibility and power which are unique to gymnastics.

The prospective gymnastics teacher / coach will come to understand that to use the hierarchy as a top-down model is to approach gymnastics deductively-start­ing from a known entity (such as a compulsory routine) and then working to match the specific requirements of the task with the growing and developing ability pro­file of the athlete. The bottom-up, or inductive ap­proach, is required for optional routine development, in which the specific abilities and morphologic charac­teristics of an individual gymnast (Levels 1 through 3) are emphasized to create a routine (Level 7) which ' unique to that particular athlete.

The future instructors of gymnastics will learn that the model is also cyclical rather than linear in nature. Neither human abilities nor morphology are static. To

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Gymnastics Performance Theory

,ractice previously learned skills and routines is to iurther develop the abilities needed for yet more ad­vanced skills and routines. The entire process of athlet­ics, and indeed the greatest challenge for any coach, involves trying to "raise" an individual's skills to the level of his or her abilities. Once this is done (or ap­proximated) the primary task is one of further develop­ing the required motor abilities in order to increase the potential for future skill learning.

The hierarchy of athletic performance presented in this paper and the taxonomy from which it is derived are far from completed. The need to adhere to rigorous standards of qualitative investigation has limited the present findings to the areas in the scientific literature which are well-developed and thoroughly researched. The model sheds no light, for example, on the affective aspects of the a thletic development process; nor does it address social or economic variables, student attrition, team cohesion, or interpersonal dynamics.

The present model does allow us to be systematic in our thinking and our actions, however. It affords us the opportunity to agree upon a common foundation (based upon a common language) from which to build for the future . Carter (1985) stated that biomechanics is the cornerstone for an understanding of human move­ment. If this is so, then a hierarchy which translates the language of biomechanics into human morphology ,nd abilities may provide a foundation for the profes-

sionals in our field to better communicate key concepts with one another, and for our teachers and coaches to better communicate training strategies to our athletes.

References Carter, J. E. L. (1985). Morphological factors limiting human performance. In

D. H.Clarke& H. M. Eckert {Eds.),Limils of Hilma II Performallce: Americall Academy of Physical Edllcalioll Papers (pp. 106-117). Champaign, II: Hu­man Kinetics Publishers.

Cratty, B.). (1 966). A three-level theory of perceptual-motor behavior. Qllesl, 6: 3-10.

Fleishman, E. A. (1964). The Slrllcl llre alld Measllremelll of Physical Filliess. Englewood Cliffs, N ): Prentice Hall.

Frederick, A. B. (1979). Towards a syntheSiS of gymnastics. Jll temaliolwl Gymllasl, (Technical Supplement) 21: TS2-TS5.

Henry, F. M. & Rogers, D. E. (1960). Increased response latency for compli­ca ted movements and a "memory drum" theory of neuromotor reaction. Research Qllarterly, 31: 448-458.

Kirby, R. L. , Simms, F. C, Symington, V. )., & Garner, ). B. (1981). Flexibility and musculoskeletal symptomology in female gymnasts and age-matched controls. Americall /ollnwl of Spar Is Medicille, 9: 160-164.

Landa, ). (1974). Shoulder muscle activity during selected skills on the uneven parallel bars. Research Qllarlerly, 45: 120-127.

Leggett, D. A. (1971). Neuromuscu lar patterning of skilled gymnasts. Un­published doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Miller, E. E. (1972). The development of a response taxonomy. In R. N. Singer (Ed.), Readillgs ill Molar Leam illg (pp. 41-45). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Pou lton, E. C (1957). On prediction of skilled movements. Psychological Bll llelill, 54: 467-478.

Rudd, W. S. (1991). A taxonomy of athletic performance for women's artistic gymnastics. Unpublished doctoral dissertat ion, 1l1inoisState University, Norma l.

Sage, G. H. (1977). Jllirodilclioll 10 Motor Behavior: A Nellropsychological Ap­proach (2nd ed .). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Schmidt, R. A. (1982). Molar COlilrol alld Leamillg. Champaign, II : Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.

Weber, R. P. (1985). Basic COli leli 1 Alwlysis. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage Publica­tions.

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TECHNIQUE August 1993 13

Nutrition

Nancy Marshall

USA Gymnastics Vice-Chair for Women

CELEBRATION OF HEALTHY SPORT

14

Soon after becoming Vice-chair for women last November, an agenda of topics was created relating to women's gymnastics. At the top of the list was

proper nutrition and eating disorders. Fortunately, there was already an effort within the organization to take a more aggressive approach toward these topics.

The following is a list of a few of those steps:

1. The creation of an advisory board consist­ing of professionals in the fields of medi­cine, nutrition, sport psychology, along with former gymnasts who can pool their expertise and perspective to offer guid­ance and direction to administrators, coaches, athletes and parents.

2. Production of a video, including testimo­nies of former athletes who have survived eating disorders, describing struggles and victories in this area. This video will be used to educate those adults in our sport who interact with young athletes.

3. Nutritional counseling at national team meetings and clinics.

4. Psychiatric counseling made available to all senior and junior national team mem­bers, parents and coaches who are strug­gling in this area.

5. A cookbook written by former Olympian, now registered dietitian, Michelle Dusserre. This resource will be filled with nutrition tips, personal advice from former athletes and recipes including nutritional analysis.

6. Continued articles in USA Gymnastics magazine and Technique journal as an on­going commitment to educate our mem­bership about proper nutrition and eating disorders.

In addition, USA Gymnastics assisted Mid USA Gymnastics in a "Celebration of Healthy Sport" weekend, held August 13-15 in Independence, Mo. The weekend was designed to provide healthy role models and valuable information to young athletes, coaches and parents involved in any competitive arena. Seminars and clinics offered healthy perspec­tives on the pursuit of excellence. The proceeds of the activities were donated to the "Christy Henrich Fund."

Christy is a former USA Gymnastics National Team member (1986-1991) and World Champion-

ships uneven bars event finalist (fourth in 1989). She is currently receiving medical treatment for an eating disorder and is in need of financial assistance to pay treatment expenses.

The following are a few of the ways USA Gymnas­tics has assisted with this effort.

1. Funding for Kim Zmeskal to present a clinic to local Missouri gymnasts in August, the pro­ceeds of which will go to Christy.

2. Funding for me to be available that same weekend to share with parents, my testimony as a former Olympic athlete and key prin­ciples for maintaining proper balance in our children's pursuit of excellence.

3. Funding for the expenses related to bringing in a keynote speaker for a fund raising ban­quet.

4. Produced a video of Christy for Mid USA Gymnastics and local Fund Raising efforts.

5. Donation of USA Gymnastics merchandise for use in raffles and door prizes.

6. Report on the clinic in USA Gymnastics.

Anyone interested in contributing to the fund can send donations to: United Missouri Bank, Mid USA Gymnastics, Benefit of Christy Henrich, 3500 South Outer Road, Blue Springs, MO 64015. (Make checks payable to Mid USA Gymnastics Benefit of Christy

Henrich.) .... _____ -----... _ .....

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

STAND r and training for the handstand-I doubt I

have written many articles regarding drill

1. Posture first

\

whether this is my last! The handstand is vitally important as it is the basis of many

elements such as the roundoff, the handspring, cart­wheels and walkovers. If your gymnasts learn it cor­rectly, these other skills are more likely to be correct.

t -- suck tummy in

II\~ 11 = -.0. "'""C ....,...--

1'--

1-

1-

2.

3.

4.

Body shape is important. Stiff shoulders will not give the ideal shape. Test for stiff shoulders as fo llows:

stiff shoulders

Learn to fall off balance. With a partner ...

stop here for correct handstand

~-~rr-

·normal· shoulders

~ .. @4-0

or against the wall.

/7"'\'1 correct for forward \::-walkovers, but not ~ for handstand

i!

5, Now learn to push off the fron t leg.

6. Once the gymnast is confident, get them to handstand against the wall-pushing the feet upwards. The gymnast may want to do this with a partner first.

J Practicing handstands with the chest next to the wall is very good for developing straight and strong handstands.

TECHNIQUE August 1993 15

Technique

Notes and illustrations by Meg Warren

Editor of the Association of British Gymnastics Coaches Newsletter

This article is reprinted by per­mission from the Newslelter of the Association of British Gymnastics Coaches (ABGC), 2nd issue, 1993, 3-8. USA Gymnastics once again ex tends its thanks to Meg Warren, Editor, for her continued w illing­ness to share A BGC articles with the US. gymnastics coaching com­munity.

PuBLICATIONS Use the order form on page 2 to order any of these publications.

Copies of the following tests are FREE and can be ordered by calling the USA Gymnastics Coaching Education Coordinator:

1993 PDP Level II J.O. Compulsory TESTS Men Item#PDPIO $0 Women Item#PDP20 $0 RhythmiC Item#PDPJO $0

_______________________________________ Additional copies of the 1993 PDP lrvel llTechnique Guide TEST - Women

Item #PDP21 $0

Coaching Coachillg YOllllg Atilletes (1981, Martens, paper, 200 pp) • This book introduces and explains the basics of coaching philosophy, sport psychology, teaching sport skills,sport phYSiology, sports medicine and parent management.

#13 518.00 Seqllell tial Gy"mastics 1/: Tile IlIstrllctor s Gll ide (1992; Hacker et a i, 108 pp) • Used in conjunction with USA Gymnas tics PDP Level I Coach Accred itation, this book is designed specifically for the gymnastics teacher to provide basic gymnastics ski ll progressions.

#3604 513.00 Rookie Coaches Gymllastics Gllide (1992, USG F / ACEI', paper, 80 pp) • A combina tion of coachi ng advice and gymnastics information for the entry- level gymnastics coach. This book is one of the required texts for USA Gym nastics PDP Level I Coaching Accred itation.

#3608 58.95

Competitive Men NEW 1993 Techlliqlle Gllide to Mell's Traillillg

(1993. 3-hole punched, shrink wrapped with tabs · 144 pp • USGF Publications)#3634 $25.00 FIG Code of Poillts (1993-96, FIG, paper) • The official international competitive guideline book wi th skill dif-

fi culty ratings. #1201 $39.95 IlIlIior Olympic Program - IOPC (1992, USA Gymnastics, 3-ring

binder, 130 pp) • Includes graded levels of compu lsory exercises as "veil as modified optionais. Competitions are cond ucted at the local, state, regional, and national levels. #1202 $29.95

Olympic Developmellt Progralll- 001' (1992, USA Gymnastics, paper, 41 pp) • This skills testing program is designed to identify talented and promising gymnasts as well as for the education and training of the coaches. #60 $7.50

Competitive Rhythmic FIG Code of Poillts (1992-96, FIG, binder, 213pp) • The officia l

interna tional competiti ve guid eline book with ski ll difficulty ratings. #1301 $39.95

Competitive Women NEW 1993 TecJlIIiqlleGuiae to Womell's Trn ill ;llg (1993 •

3-hole punched, shrink wrapped with tabs· 190 pp. USGF Publications) #3633 525.00

Elemwt SlIpplemwt (W.P., 3-hole punched, 52 pp) • Additional vaults and e lements (including illustrations and descrip­tions) for vaul ts and elements not lis ted in the Code of Poillts. The WTC has assigned va lues for use at j.O. level. This item is ready for insertion in the new Codes. #1116 $10.00

J.O. Techllical Halldbook - for Illdges alld Coaches (W.P., paper, 98 pp) • The technical rules and regulations for the j.O. program. This manual follows the Code of Poillts format and includes all the changes and adaptations of the Code for the J.O. level. Text is complete w ith exa mples of bonus, etc.

#111 7 515.00 Score Sheet Tablet for FIG optiO/lOls (W.P., paper, 200 sheets) • A

ringed tablet of score sheets for optional judging. Same as practice sheets used at the judges' courses. #1 118 55.00

Compll/sory Text (1992-96, USA Gymnastics, 3-ring binder, 203 pp). USGF junior Olympic Compulsory Program, Levels 1-4,5-7 and 10. USGF Pro-member price: #1111 524.95

on-member price: #1 110 529.95 FIG Code of Poillts (1993-96, FIG, binder, 226 pp) • The official

international competitive g uideline book wi th skill difficu lty ratings. #1101 $39.95

Elementary & Preschool Make the Team: GYlllllastics for Girls (1991, Whitlock, paper, 127

pp, Sports Illustrated fo r Kids: Little, Brown and Co.) • Designed for young girls expressing interest in gymnastics, this book includes tips, advice, il lustrations, and more to help them get started in a sport tha t is grea t fun and great exercise.

#3630 55.95 Desigllillg Prescilool Movem""t Programs (]992, Sanders, paper,

152 pp) • Both a detailed guide for developing a preschool / movement curriculum and a resource containing develop­mentally appropriate movement ac ti vities.#3626 $16.00

Developmelltal GYlllllastics (1990, O'Quinn, paper, 218 pp) • Gymnastics movement education program for kindergarden through 3rd grade. #3605 $19.95

Fitlless FilII: 85 Gallles alld Activities for ChildrclI (1992; Foster, Hartinger & Smith; paper; 112 pp) • Provides children with unique and enjoyable activi ties that consider muscu lar strength, muscular endu rance, fleXibili ty, and ca rdiorespira-tory fitness. Grea t fo r K-8. #3601 $12.00

Great Gallles for YOllllg People (1991; Gustafson, Wolfe & King; paper; 152pp) • Contains60 field-tested games and relays for upper elementary through high school. Included: complete descript ions, game diagrams, suggestions for rnodifications, equipment needed, and sa fety tips. #3623 512.00

16

Additional copies of the 1993 PDP Level II Tec1l11iqlle Guide TEST - Men

I Call Do Gy"mastics: Esselltial Skills for Begillllillg Gymllasts (]992, Hacker et ai, paper, 139) • This is the student version of Seqllell f;al Gymllastics II . Fully illus trated gymnastics movement sequences act iv ities: Learn to fall , Across the floor, Over the vault, On the beam, Around the bars, RhythmiC skills. #3611 $13.00

Movemellt Activities for Early Childhood (1992, Totsky-Hammett, paper, 152 pp) • 100+ child-tested movement ac tivities that make learning new skills fun for preschoolers. Four move­ment areas: locomotor, ball-handling, gymnastics ski lls, and rhythmic act ivi ties. #3622 $15.00

ThelllmpRopePrilller (1 991,Soli s& Budris,spiral. 104pp) • Part I is an introduction to rope jumping; Part 11 contains over 175 illustrations of speCific skills; and Part III provides an 8-lesson unit from the basic 2-foot jump to Double Dutch.

#3624 $15.00 The I IImp Rope Primer Video (]991, 1/2" VHS) • Video demon­

strationsof a ll the jump rope techniques included in the book, making them easy to understand and teach.

#3625 549.95

Gymnastics I Call Do Gymllastics: Esselltial Skills for Illtermediate Gymllasts

(1993, Hacker, et a l. paper, 179 pp, Masters Press) • The sequel to I Call Do Gy"mastics: Essell tial Skills for Begillller Gynl1lasfs. Intermedia te skill s for tumbling, vaulting, beam and low bar. The "Advanced Supplement" p rovides the instructor with suggestions for skill development on uneven bars, paralle l bars, rings, and pommel horse as well as more advanced turnbling skills. Grea t for recreation classes!

#3600 $14.95 Artistic Gymllostics: A Comprehensive Guide to Pelforming alld

Teachillg Skills for Begillllers alld Advallced Begil",ers (1991, Turoff, paper, 413 pp) • All of the skills covered in this text are A-level or easier. Each skill is presented w ith a description of how it should be performed, a short list of common prob­lems, and teaching suggestions. Covers men's and women's events. #50 $21.95

Creatillg Gymllastics Pyramids alld Balallces (1989, Fodero & Furblur, spiral. 120 pp) • Pyramid building is safe and fun with the thorough instructions and guidelines found in this guide. Chobse from 268 carefull y illustratt:'d and explained formations. #3614 $18.00

Dallce Workoll t: 1-5 (1992, USA Gymnastics, spiral, 46 pp) • Education'al program designed specifically for the develop­mental gymnast. The entire program is also available on Yz" VHS. . #2170 $15.00

Dallce Traillillg for Gy"",astics (]988, Pica, cloth, 160 pp) • For gymnasts, coaches and dance instructors. Purpose: to define the role of dance in gym nastics. #3629 $24.00

Gymllastics: A Gllide for Parellts alld Atilletes (]992, Feeney, paper, 171 pp) - An excellent book for beginners as well as experienced gymnasts. Contains information to guide pa r­ents and athletes in choosing a gyrnnastics program that will best suit the ir needs. Provides pertinent information on safety, cond itioning, and the guid lines of the sport.

#3612 $15.00

Health/Fitness Fitlless Leaders Halldbook (1989, Franks & Howley, paper, 276

pp) • For exercise leaders with li ttle forma l training but who are responsible for leading safe and effective fitness classes. Includes: evaluation, practical competencies, forms, helpful hints, injury prevention strategies, and much more.

#3619 $19.00 Marketillg Health/Fitlless Services (1989, Gerson, cloth, 136 pp) •

A rnarketing guide showing how to enhance the business side of an opera tion and achieve optima l profi t w ith minimal fina ncial risk. It takes the readers step-by-step through writ­ing and implementing a marketi ng/ business p lan.

#3616 $21.00 Ropics: The Next IlImp FOl1vard ill Fitll ess (1 992, paper, 168 pp) •

A great fitn ess program for all. Includ es 34 basic to adva nced rope techniques and variations. #3621 512.95

Selliors all the Move (]986, Rikkers, spira l, 256 pp) • Selected exercises and health / fitness progra m for seniors.

#3620 $26.00

Nutrition Helpillg Athletes with Eatillg Disorders (1993, Thompson and

Sherman, cloth, 208 pp, Human Kinetics) • This practica l gUide explains how sports medicine specia lis ts, sport psy­chologists, sports nutritionists, and coaches ca n identify, manage, and prevent the three major eating disorders in ath letes: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating dis· ord er not otherwise specified. #3631 $25.00

Coaches Gllide to Nlltritioll alld Weight COlltrol (1990, Eisenman, paper, 192 pp) • A practical guide to sports nutrition which translates the sciences of phYSiology, biochemistry and nu tri ­tion into easily applied in formation. Includes an excellent chapter on the signs of eating disorders. #17 522.00

Item#PDPll $0

Sport (General) loy alld Sadlless ill Childrw's Sports (1978, Martens, paper, 376

pp) • 36 articles based upon pertinence, succinctness & quality of writing. The book emphasizes the joy of sports, but also examines those events that create sadness.

#15 $19.95

Posters Bill of Rights for YOllllg Athletes (1984, AA HPERD) • Lists 12

important rights of athletes. #3603 $5.00 Safety Poster #1: Safety Gllidelilles (USA Gymnastics)

#6101 $5.00 Safety Poster #2: Respollsibilities of the Gy"",ast (USA Gymnas-

tics) #6102 $5.00 Safety Poster #3: Mat Safety (USA Gymnas tics)

#6103 $5.00 Safety Poster #4: Safety First! (USA Gymnastics)

#6104 $5.00

Sport Psychology Advallces ill Sport Psychology (] 992, Willis & Campbell, cloth,

272 pp) • Text providing broad coverage of resea rch, theory and practica l applica tions in exercise psychology. Real-life scenarios help readers understand how to apply theoretical models and research in the fitness setting. #3617 542.00

III Pllrsllit of Excellellce: How to Will ill Sport alld Life Throllgh Melltal Traillillg (1990, Orlick, paper, 208 pp) • Text covering basic sport psychology techniques of concentration, win-ning, lOSing, and competing successfully. #14 $14.95

Milldset for Willllillg (Curtis) • This coaching system is designed to Improve the mental prepa ration of athletes. It is an entire mental traini ng program which includes: coaching manual; athlete's log; cassette, and VHS tape #3606 $69.95

Sport Science Ergogellic Aids ill Sport (1983, Williams, cloth, 386 pp) • Theaids

are grouped into 5 categories: nutritional, pharmacologica physiologica l, psychologica l. and mechanical.#19 $28.95

Livillg A,wtOIllY (1990, Donnelly, spiral. 231 pp) • Designed for physical education teachers, coaches and / or trainers. Learn about the human body in a manner that is applicable to the daily ac tivi ties of your field. #16 $19.50

Physiology of Fitlless (1 990, Sharkey, paper, 432 pp) • An up-to­date guide to the prescription of exercise for health, fitness & performance. Thebook is divided int05 parts: aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, fitness & weight, control, fi tness & health, and fitn ess & lifestyle. #12 $17.95

Toward all Ullderstalldillg of HmllUlI Performallce (]980, Burke, paper, 311 pp) • Readings in exercise physiology for the coach and athlete. #18 $21.00

Sports (General) Dare to Dream (1992, Daggett, cloth, 235 pp) • Tim Daggett's

own accountofhis pursuit of a gymnastics dream. A positive, motivating and inspiring story. #3615 518.00

Portrait of all Athlete (1992, Durbin, paper, 88 pp) • This book emphasizes the id eals that make athletes successful in both sports and li fe. It features advice, motivation, and values that help you ng people understand what athletics can mean to their future. #3627 $8.95

Strength/Conditioning T.o.P.'s Mallllal (Sands, paper, 30 pp) • Complete explana tion

of the Women's Talent Opportunity Program. Includes full explanations of physical abilities tests, ski ll tests, and all required forms. Illustrated. #1120 $10.00

MeII's 1993 COllditiollillg Program - (1993; Sands, et a l; paper, approx . 25 pp, USGF Publications) • A comprehensive con­ditioning plan designed for the demands of men's gymnas­tics. The components of the plan includ e the Calis thenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Injury Pre­vention Exercises. Period ization char ts and illustrations of all of the exercises a re incl uded. #3632 $6.00

Developmellt of theCollditiollillg Factors ill Elite Gymllastics (19R9, Hullner, paper, 51 pp) • This booklet was originally devel­oped for the men's events, bu t also has broad applicability to the women's events. #1212 $16.00

Tile Fifth Evellt - (1992; Sands, et al; paper, 42 pp) • A com­prehensive conditioning plan designed for the demands !"vomen's gymnas tics. The componen ts of the plan inclu the Ca lis thenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Injury Prevention Exercises. #3613 $12.50

Strength/Power IlIlIIpillg ill to Plyometrics (1992, Chu, paper, 88 pp) • How to

develop a safe plyometric training program. Fea tures 90 fully illustrated example plyometric exercises. #3618 $12.95

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

-

A · DELTA AlRUNES SPECIAL DISCOUNT

Delta Air Lines is offering special dis­counted meeting fares! To take advantage of

• these savings, travel Delta round-trip from anywhere within the U.s., Canada, Bermuda,

• Nassau, Sanjuan, St. Croix and St. Thomas to your meeting site.

Delta and the Delta Connection carriers • offer over 5000 flights daily serving 45 states,

Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Wash-• ington, D.C., and 57 international destina­

tions. Delta has the best overall record for

1993 GRESS • passenger satisfaction of any major U.S. air­

line.** To take advantage of Delta's quality ser-

• vice, convenient schedules and special fares, follow these steps:

USA GYMNASTICS

USA Gymnastics has identified A Caring THEFAa5 • CONGRESS CHILD CARE

HOSTOTY

1. Call, or have your travel agent call 1-880-241-6760 from 8 am to 11 pm EST­daily.

2. Refer to File Number: L0864

Applicable restrictions must be met. Seats are limited.

Atlanta, Georgia

• Heart, Georgia's oldest and most respected • child care agency, to provide on-site care for "Based on conSlllller cOlllplaillt statistics colllpiled by the

• U.S. Departlllellt Of Trallsportatiol1 sillce 1971 . • children attending the 1993 Congress. Their convention package includes ser­

Pre-Congress Sessions: September 8-9, 1993 vices such as: age-appropriate activities; toys Congress Sessions: September 9-12, 1993 • and other playtime equipment; and child- •

CONGRESS DATES

CONGRESS HOTEL Atlanta Marriott Marquis 265 Peachtree Ctr. Ave. Atlanta, GA 30303 404-521-0000

HOTEL RATES Single/ double Triple/ quad

$ 99 $119

Reservatioll ClIt-Ot! date is Allgllst 19, 1993.

GROUND TRANSPORTATION Hotel Parking: $12/ day

adult ratios which guarantee quality supervi-• sian.

The contact person is Delores Young, Pres i-• dent of A Caring Heart, Inc. The address, •

phone and fax numbers are as follows: A Caring Heart, Inc_ 2100 Roswell Road, Suite 2000 Marietta, GA 30062 404-425-2885 or 404-977-3600 Fax: 404-971-8168 Payment for these services will be the com- •

plete responsibility of the parents. The hours • • and payment of services will depend on the

attendance. MART A (Metropolital1 Atlanta Rapid Transit Allthority): •

$1.25 one way from Hartsfield Airport to USA Gymnastics will provide a meeting

room at the Marriott Marquis for this service .• The meeting room will be divided into two the station in Peachtree Center (which

cOllnects to the hotel via covered walkway)

Official Car Rental Agency:

• areas-a nursery and a room set up theatre • style for movies and games for older children . •

If you register by September 3, there is a 10 Budget Rent a Car of Atlanta Contact: Melanie Parkins 404-530-3000 (call collect)

percent discount. Mastercard and Visa are . 1993 USA CONGRESS accepted. References are available by request.

• BE APART OF THE EXCITEMENT Atlanta Airport Shuttle:

You will receive a $2 discount coupon for round trip service upon registering for

Congress. R~(o:u:n:d;.:;tr~iP~~~~~iIl shuttle is .. $12 with discount coupon. One way from airport to hotel is $8 and the $2 discount coupon will not apply.

C.OR"~""­l'ro\ess\ono\ Me",b

ers

Early Registration ~lelei~ed \lliol \0 lI.ug. \)

S\'15 Late Registration ~lelei~ed o\\el lI.ug. \)

S\50 l\on_",e",bers

S1\0 Fill out regiltrotion form on next poge.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

DO YOU HAVE SPEOAL NEEDS? Registered Congress participants who may •

• need any special assistance, equipment, or access capabilities should contact S. Whitlock

• by August 1, 1993 in order that we may have. sufficient time to be of assistance.

CHAMPION ENTERTAINMENT On Thursday and Friday evenings, USA •

• Gymnastics Congress participants will have exclusive use of the Champions American

• Sports Bar. If your looking for a place to dance and have a good time after attending a full d ay of Congress sessions, we recommend • Champions.

Tasty food, special fun and games, videos, • g iveaways and contests, and even KARAOKE! Join the fun .

• Learn innovative and tested TRAINING TECHNIQUES from top coaches and former Olympians ...

• Hear the latest in SPORTS SCIENCE advances from leading experts ...

• See new GYMNASTICS PRODUCTS and the latest equipment...

• Enjoy the PERFORMANCES of the rhythmic athletes at the WORLD TEAM TRIALS ...

• Gather with FRIENDS at the annual BANQUET...

• Benefit by NETWORKING with other coaches, gym owners, program administrators, and judges ...

17

Presenters David Adlard Ken Allen Vladimir Artemov Dr. Dan Benardot Linda Beran Tammy Biggs Beau Biron Tom Burgdorf Bob Colarossi Robert Cowan Dr. Tom Crawford Dr. Joan Duda Marian Dykes Steve Elliott Terry Exner Candace Feinberg Jackie Fie Darla Franz Jolm Geddert Dr. Alan Goldberg Helena Greathouse Muriel Grossfeld Dr. Patty Hacker Cheryl Hamilton KelliHill Nora Hitzel Bill Hopkins Kathy Kelly TomKoll Patti Komara Roe Kreutzer Anna Liukine Donna Lopiano Karyn Lyon Connie Maloney Diane Massad Jennie McCarthy William McCarthy Dennis McIntyre Dr. Robert McKelvain Jeff Metzger Htdeo Mizoguchi Dave Moskovitz Dr. Larry Nassar Ellen Nyemcsik Paul O'Neill Billy Payne Gail Peeples Dr. James Rademaker Bill Roetzheirn Dr. William Sands Dr. Andrea Schmid Audrey Schweyer Kevin Scott Cindy Stone Jack Swarbrick, Esq. Gary Thibodeau Elaine Thompson Fred Turoff Mike West Whatizit? Steve Whitlock John Wojtczuk Catherine Yakhimovich Graciella Yanes Butch Zunich and others!

A

1993 USA GYMNASTICS

Congress Meetings The following list includes all confirmed group

meeting times received to date. Room assignments will be listed in the Congress Proceedings Book and posted in the Registration area at the hotel.

Wednesday, Sept. 8 Rm. size Time USGF/ ACEP Course I (LTS) Pt. 1 35 8:30 am-9:00 pm RSG-National Judging Course 35 1 :00-9:00 pm USGF/ACEP Course II (SS) Pt. 1 50 3:00-9:00 pm W-JO.P.c. 16 4:00-11 :00 pm

Thursday, Sept. 9 W- EPC 20 8:00 am-12 noon USGF/ ACEP Course I (LTS) Pt. 2 35 8:30 am-1 :30 pm USGF/ACEP Course II (SS) Pt. 2 50 8:30 am-II :30 pm W-NACGC Speaker: Donna Lopiano 75 9:00 am-1 :00 pm RSG National Judging Course 35 9:00 am-9:00 pm PDP Levell grandparent Course 100 9:00-11 :30 am A Caring Heart (child-care) 12:00-8:00 pm Safety Certification Course #1 100 5:00-10:00 pm W-Admin Board Committee 16 6:00-9:00 pm M-PC 15 6:00-9:00 pm W-Skill Evaluator's Examination 100 7:00-8:00 pm W-USECA 150 7 :00-10:00 pm M-NACGC open meeting 75 7:00-10:00 pm Welcome Party 400 8:00 pm-am M-USECA ?

Friday, Sept. 10 W-Admin Board Committee 16 7:30-8:30 am NHSGCA (Brinkworth) 50 7:45-8:45 am A Caring Heart (child-care) 8:00 am-8:00 pm USA GYM MERCHANDISE set-up 1 :00-7:00 pm W-Region I Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm W-Region II Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm W-Region III Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm W-Region IV Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm W-Region V Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm

Reserved Tables at the Banquet

If you would like to reserve a table at the 1993 Congress Banquet, Allison Melangton will be available at the Registration Desk on Friday, September 10 from 11 :30 am to 1 :30 pm ONLY. Reservations will NOT be accepted at any other time.

To reserve a table, the payment will be $5- NOTE: YOU MUST HAVE A FULL TABLE OF 10 PEOPLE OR THE TABLE CANNOT BE RESERVED.

RESERV A TraNS WILL BE ACCEPTED ON A FlRST COME, FIRST SERVED BASIS. There will be open seating available. Not all tables will be reserved.

18

W·Region VI Board Mtg. 16 6:00·9:00 pm W·Region VII Board Mtg. 16 6:00·9:00 pm W-Region VIII Board Mtg. 16 6:00-9:00 pm M-JOPC 20 6:00-9:00 pm RSG-Nat. Team Coaches Mtg. 20 7:00-8:30 pm USA GYM MERCHANDISE SALE 7:00-9:00 pm USGF/ ACEP Course III (SS) Pt. 1 50 7 :00-10:00 pm M-NACGC open meeting 75 7 :00-10:00 pm W-NACGC meeting 60 7 :00-10:00 pm Hospitality Party 400 8:00 pm-am M-NGJA 60 ?

Saturday, Sept. 11 A Caring Heart (child-care) 8:00 am-8:00 pm W-Region I Open Mtg. 100 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region II Open Mtg. 35 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region III Open Mtg. 100 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region IV Open Mtg. 35 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region V Open Mtg. 100 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region VI Open Mtg. 35 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region VII Open Mtg. 150 4:00-6:00 pm W-Region VIII Open Mtg. 150 4:00-6:00 pm M-JBGCA 35 ? Athletes Advisory Council Meeting 10

Sunday, Sept. 12 Executive Committee 15 8:00 am-1 :00 pm W-Test Administrators Meeting 35 8:30-10:00 am USGF Nat. Safety Certifiers Mtg. 75 8:30-10:30 am RSG-Written Judging Test 35 9:00 am-II :00 am USGF/ACEP Course III (SS) Pt. 2 50 9:00 am-3:00 pm W-State Chairmen Workshop 35 9:00 am-3:30 pm W-Meet Dir 's Course & Exam 100 9:30 am-II :30 am W-Judging Levell 0 Written Exam 75 10:00-11 :30 am W-Judging Level 8/9 Practical 75 10:00-11 :30 am USGF Safety Certification Course #2 100 10:30 am-2:30 pm W-Judging Other written exams 75 11 :30-1 :00 pm W-Judging Levell 0 Practical 75 11 :30-1:00 pm

Champion Entertainment Thursday evening will be hosted by the Women's

Program state and regional Chairs. Friday evening will be hosted by the United States Gymnastics Suppliers Association.

Congress Presenters The greatest assembly of gymnastics experience will

come together in Atlanta for YOU! Coaches, educators, business leaders, program administrators, judges an sport scientists are ready to share their knowledge and expertise. The 1993 Congress Presenters are listed in the far left column.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

• I

SEPTEMBER 9-12,1993 • ATLANTA, GEORGIA A

1993 GRESS USA GYMNASTICS

1993 PRE-REGISTRATION FORM Complete one form per person-please photocop1J form for additional registrations. Name __________________________________________________ _

Social Security No. __________________________________________ _

USGF Pro # ______________________ _ Exp. Date _______ _

Mailing Address __________________________________________ _

City ______________________ _ State ______ _ Zip _____ _

Name of Club Program ______________________________________ _

DayPhone ________________ _ Night Phone __________________ _

Check (.I) appropriate:

Program: 0 Men's Program 0 Women's Program o Rhythmic Program

o Judge Title: 0 Club Owner 0 Coach 0 Administrator

Minimum age for Congress registration is 16 years.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

PAYMENT Make check/ money order payable to: USA Gymnastics

Amount Enclosed L..I $ _____ --1

Charge to: 0 Visa 0 MasterCard

Card No. __________________________ _

Exp. Date _________ _

Signature ( r eq ll ired) ___________________ _

•~I-~· Please return this registration fo rm to: . II USA Gymnastics Congress

Pan American Plaza, Suite 300

GYMNASTICS 201 S. Capitol Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46225

T893

CONGRESS COSTS Fee includes:

• 1 Credential for entrance to regular Congress sessions, master clinics, and demonstra­tions on Thursday afternoon through Saturday. And .. .

• Free entrance to the Exhibit Hall featuring the industry's finest products. (Additional day passes into the Exhibit Hall are $5.00 each.)

• 1 Ticket to the annual USGF Banquet. (Additional Banquet tickets for spouses / guests are $40 each-available at registra­tion.)

• 1 Ticket to the Rhythmic World Team Trials (Additional tickets will be available on site.)

Note: You must register separately for the PDP Coaching Accredita­tion courses, Safety Certification course/exam, Skill Evaluators exam, etc. Forms will be available begin­ning with the June issue of Tech­nique magazine.

CANCELlATIONS: Registration is

non-refundable after August 15, 1993 NO EXCEPTIONS

No Pre-registrations after August 20, 1993 After August 20,

you must register "on-site."

19

USA GYMNASTICS

This is a tentative

schedule and

subject to changes

and revisions.

The finalized

Congress

Schedule will be

included in the

Congress

Program Book.

TENTATIVE 1993 CONGRESS ScHEDULE

Revised 6/15/93

9/8 7:30 am-9:00 pm Congress Registration Booth open

Wed. 8:30 am-9:00 pm USGF/ ACEP Sport Science 13.s-hr. LTS Course, Part 1 3:00 pm-9:00 pm USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 1, Part 1

9/9 7:00 am-9:00 pm Congress Registration Booth open

Th. 8:30 am-ll :30 am USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 1, Part 2

8:30 am-I :30 pm USGF / ACEP Sport Science 13.5-hr. LTS Course, Part 2

9:00 am-II :30 am PDP Level I Grandparent Course

12:00 noon-6:00 pm Exhibit Hall open - 'NOTE: "P]" below refers to Practice Judge session.

SESSIONS:

12:30 pm-I:45 pm 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

3:30 pm-4:45 pm

5:00 pm-6:I5 pm

5:00 pm-9:00 pm

WOMEN IUDGESa·Q, MEN ).O. CompBB New Code (PJ)' Basic skills )r.Nat.Testing ).0. Overview ).0. Update

Elite Vaulting ).0. Protocol Program update

RO Vaulting V&UB(PJ) Landings

USGF Safety Certification Course and Exam

6:00 pm-IO:OO pm Special Group meeting and certifications

Rh~thmiIiOth~ Intro L 1-4

).0. Update

Gymnaestrada RSG Pro-Mtg.

f..S.lEll QIHER lean Do! TBD

rO. Overview Computers

PSLessons MktingTech.

Style/text Delphi

8:00 pm-? Welcome Party hosted by Women's Prog. St. and Reg. Chairs & Reg. VIII - Champions Bar

9110 7:00 am-9:00 am Special Group meetings

Fri. 7:00 am-9:00 pm Congress Registration Booth open 11 :00 am- 7:00 pm Exhibit Hall open

8:45 am- 9:45 am Elite Bars Can We Talk? ODPupdate RSG/FIG Update Warm-ups 10:00 am-I1:15 am UBOpt.Skills Conditioning Pommel horse JOTraining Teaching 2 yr olds 11:30 am-I2:3O pm UB Skills/ drills BB (PJ) Mens ConditiOning Preparation Sleep Disorders 12:30 pm-2:00 pm

2:00 pm-3:I5 pm TOPs EliteFX Vaulting Motivation New Ideas!

3:30 pm-4:45 pm Conditioning EliteBB FX/TU JOElite (PJ) PS Programs 5:00 pm-6:I5 pm FlGUpdate Pro-shop 1997 Code Technique PSSession

6:00 pm-1O:00 pm Special Group meetings

7:00 pm-1O:00 pm USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 2, Part 1 8:00 pm-? Attitude Adjustment - Champions Bar, hosted by U.s. Gymnastics Suppliers Association

9111 Sat.

7:00 am-9:00 am Special Group meetings 7:30 am-I2:30 pm Congress Registration Booth open

10:00 am-3:00 pm Exhibit Hall open - Sport Science Symposium

8:45 am-IO:OO am Beam Basics 10:15 am-ll:30 am Basic Skills 1-4

11:30 am-I:OO pm

1:00 pm-2:15 pm Interm.TU

2:30 pm-3:45 pm Adv.TU

4:00 pm-5:I5 pm Regional meetings

5:30 pm-6:I5 pm Reception

FX(PJ)

Judge Tech.

Elite Judging

Elite Judging

6:15 pm-7:15 pm USA Gymnastics Awards Ceremony

7:30 prri~9 :30 pm USA Gymnastics Banquet 9:30 pm-1:00 am Dance

Men's Training

Parallel bars

Horiz. bar

Rings

Element Prog. PSBars Parents from Hell Schl-age curro

Stress Mgt. Communication

RSG Flexibility Coach/Counseling

9/12 9:00 am-12:30 pm Special Group meetings, Judges Certifications and Exams, and accreditations

Sun. 9:00 am-3:00 pm USGF / ACEP Sport Science 8-hr. Course 2, Part 2

9:30 am-1:30 am Meet Director's Course and Exam

10:30 am-2:30 pm USGF Safety Certification Course and Exam

1 :00 pm-4:00 pm USA Gymnastics Rhythmic World Team Trials

Promote Clubs

Inner Strength

Trampoline

Quality Mgt.

Legal Issues Nutrition

Sport Science Sport Science

Nutrition

OlympicQ&A

20 August 1993 TECHNIQUE

I. ~. , . '~ .

.. ,

~ '~

'.

SEPTEMBER 9-12, 1993 • ATLANTA, GEORGIA

Use this form to register for any of the 1993 USGF Congress tests, examinations, certifications, accreditations, etc., in which you plan to participate. PLEASE, one name per registration form.

Name __________________________________________ _ ~--------------------------------

Address ________________________________________________________________________________ ___

City __________________________________ _ State ______ __ Zip ____________ _

Phone (day) __________________________ __ Phune (night) ____________________________________ ___

USGF pro # __________________________________ _ Expira tion Date ______ __

Check (-.J ) all appropriate "add-ons"

Safety Certification Courses-2 courses to choose from: 01. Thursday, 9/ 9, 5:00 pm-9:00 pm

02. Sunday, 9/ 12,10:30 am-2:30 pm

Professional Development Program (PDP) Coaching Accreditation 01. Level I Grandparent Course

Thursday, 9/ 9, 8:30 am-II :30 am (Criteria: USGF Pro-membership, Safety Certifica tion, and submission of a resume indica ting minimum of 4 years of coaching /administrative experience. Course includes both books and video clinic review. )

2. USGF / ACEP Sport Science Courses-2 courses to choose from. NOTE: Course enrollment is limited to 50 per course. First come, first served basis. You MUST pre-register for these courses. NO ON-SITE REGISTRATION.

o A. Part I: Wednesday, 9/ 8, 3:00 pm-9:00 pm Part II: Thursday, 9/ 9, 9:00 am-II :30 am

o B. Part I: Friday, 9/ 10, 6:30 pm-9:00 pm Part II: Sunday, 9/12, 9:00 am-3:00 pm

03. ACEP Sport Science LTS- This ·· Instr.uctor"s"' course is 13.5 hours in duration . NOTE: Course enro llment is lim ited to 35. First come, first served bas is. You MUST pre-register for this course. NO ON-SITE REGISTRATION. ,

Part I: Wednesday, 9/ 8, 8:30 am-9:00 pm Part II: Thursday, 9/ 9, 8:30 am-ll :30 pm

(Criteria: USGF Pro-membership, Safety Certification, and submission of a resume indicating minimum of 4 years of coa ching/ administrative experience.)

Women's Program examinations: 01. Level 1-4 Skill Evaluator's Examination

Thursday, 9/ 9, 7:00 pm-8:00 pm

02. Meet Director's Course and Exam Sunday, 9/ 12, 9:30 am-ll:30 am

Rhythmic Program

01. Rhythmic National Level Judges' Certification Course Wednesday, 9/ 8, 1:00 pm-9:00 pm Thursday, 9/ 9, 9:00 am-9:00 pm Sunday, 9/ 12, 9:00 am-II :00 am (written test) There is no fee for eighth cycle nationally certi fied judges who are registered for Congress.

02. LevelS Judges' Certification Course Thursday, 9/ 9, 9:00 am-12:00 noon

03. Level 6 Judges' Certification Course Thursday, 9/ 9, 9:00 am-12:00 noon

0 4. Level 7/ 8 Judges' Certification Course Thursday, 9/ 9, 9:00 am-l:00 pm

Sunday, 9/ 12, 9:00 am-ll:00 am (written test for 5, 6,7/8)

Pro­member

$60

$60

$35

$60

$60

$175

$9

$5

Congress Registrants

$40

$15

$15

$15

Non­member

$75

$75

N / A

$75

$75

N / A

$15

$10

Non-Congress Registrants

$60

$30

$30

$30

Sub­TOTAL

Total amount enclosed ______________ _

Make check / money order payable to: USA Gymnastics o VISA 0 MasterCard Card No. ____ _________________ _

Exp. Date

T893

Signature ____________________________________________ ___

USA GYMNASTICS

Registration is non-refundable after August 15, 1993 -No Exceptions

No pre-registra­tions after August 20,1993.

Please return this registration form to: USA Gymnastics Congress, Pan American Plaza Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46225

Notes and illustrations by Meg Warren

Editor of the Association of British Gymnastics Coaches Newsletter

lRAINING FOR UNEVENBARS

This is the third article from the Tamara and Victor Ya tchenko lectures gi ven in Jan uary, 1992, a t the ABGA Coaches Training Seminar in Great Britain. The pre­sentation included many useful drills and innovative progressions for basic and advanced uneven bars skills.

1. Warm-up

2.

For warm-up the gymnasts did six or seven casts with Victor assisting. If the gJjmnasts were good enough, the last one was taken to ha ndstand. If they were better still, four or five were taken to ha ndstand or one to horizontal and the next to handstand. Attention was given to correct body shape. Tohis was repeated. )

~ 0 ~ 0j~ " ~ \ "'-~ \

~/.O'~6 AO ~o ~0, ", I I' P 'J r. ~ \~ \\ ~.~

Glide-kip, cast to handstand Victor assisted with this drill.

/~ r (-0 t

A~:-<~~ PO ~ . '0. =""", ~ -.-/'

After the first handstand, the gymnasts then swung down into another glide kip-ready for the cast to handstand. This drill was repeated three or four

() ;,0 _() tim:~> ~\\ D( 1 , 0 If

;;"! ",-" 1,,\, ' ), Y ~ '0, // -.::..~ J ~ ? ~ , '>i ~

1-'

22

3. A.

Drop to clear hip circle This drill was done to finish in a "dished" position away from the bar,

~------------------~

-

B. Glide kip cast to handstand, short clear kip circle to handstand, If necessary, Victor would stop the

gJjll1nasts in handstand to correct body II shape. . ~ Repeat twice. ~'c, '0 ~ \ ( l~

~:-.. '\/,/ .lC>- ~ VI) . ' • • !~ -~ ~ \\ "-J /Ii

/ ~...::::-"v- ' ~ q q, I'

"" '--;::, C. One of the gymnasts was not ready for

the above drill-so, Victor had her do a cast, backward hip circle maintaining a "dish" shape all of the way around, Then , from this shape, she developed the drill into a short clear hip circle to

4.

A.

handstand with Victor assisting, ~

~'" -0 ., , '\ ~

Victor spotted this drill by bending down and taking his near arm under the bar to reach for the gJjmnast's arm. His second hand was placed on the gymnast's thigh. As the gJjmnast swung through, he moved his first hand to support the gJjmnast's

r,

'h,"~ P~ ~ \\~ I? {j\\ 0( \\\

Backaway Victor had the gJjmnasts swing several times, and then release to fall to their backs on a stack of skill cushions.

/11\~~~Yy7 f (/ , """- --- -::r

,-~ ............... - ----.J,. I r------j

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

[

B.

c.

D.

E.

F.

SPOTTING: Victor held the gtjmnast's thigh and upper arm while standing on a spotting block.

The next drill was done with the mats positioned so that the landing area was safe-stacked skill cushions. The gtjlnnasts performed two or three "bea t swings" and then released, still supporting ...

A rl)~ \\ V ~/~ A

~\(I "'"'-=--~ ! /,

F- - --,

The next drill was similar to the above, but involved the gtjlnnasts rotating in somersault with Victor supporting each gtjlnnast in the waist

area. ! ,),~ )~ ;I \1

(

Victor then had the gymnasts swing and drop to their backs onto the stacked skill cushions .

Next, the gtjmnasts swung and rotated through somersault to a front landing on the skill cushions with the arms forward. (

0(

Finally, the gymnasts executed II cast from the HB (with mat over LB). This was accomplished from one (or two)

TECHNIQUE August 1993

5.

6.

A.

swing(s) to a release to a landing on the back.

@'1~~ rf!, f ~ ~ iZ!:_ [I JJ' f ( -,

With some of the gtjmnasts, Victor just had them swing/swing to somersault to front landing position. Depending on each gymnast's ability and experience levels, the backaway was done to front landing, to stand or to a landing on the back. Victor had one of the gymnasts do a tucked position backaway-this was 1 112 to back.

To prevent some of the gtjmnasts from throwing their heads backward, Victor had them hold a piece of foam under their chins.

Gienger training drills One gtjmnast worked on the backaway to overrota te to finish in a back landing. Victor then took her through the Gienger which was a stra ight backaway with 1;1 turn. During the somersault, the gymnast showed a strong ann flair. (The Gienger was very straight!)

Drills for learning Tkatchev, Front­away and Undershoot-front action The gtjll1nasts practiced counter-swings to counter-action forwards to front lying on a stack of skill cushions.

'L ~\ ~~-> \\~1 ,:dl ,, }~.

y ~l!~ J,

B.

,..---.---------- - 1

The next drill demonstrated was a front saito from a counter-swing action.

Uneven Bars

23

Training for Uneven Bars

24

c.

The gymnasts landed on their backs with Victor spotting.

The above drill progressed to having the gymnasts swing between the bars several times to a front landing o~ the skill cushions.

NOTE: the gtjlnnast must show a strong action before the reLease.

SPOTTING: Victor spotted this with one hand on the stomach and one on the back. He followed them through to the front-drop landing.

D. Next , Victor had the gtjmnasts execute "Front-aways" to land on the stomach from a swing facing the LB. (1/4 rotation onLy)

"'~~A "----._~ . ~ I

--::::::..0.-"'--""'" ------"'" (-~--.-

E. The finaL step in this drill series was to have the gtjlnnasts continue the salta rotation (3/4) to Land on their backs on the skill cushion stack.

7.

A.

Drills for the Tkatchev Victor had the gtjmnasts walk through to show a hollow position as be/ow.

LB.

/r'\\ JY I~\ ~

(7 rJ/j/ I:

)

B. Victor then had the gymnasts swing through to a lifted hollow shape ("dish") with assistance (spotting).

~'5 LB t~ ... . ~~ ~~l~\\ r~~

The final figure shows the emphasized shou lder action on the swing between the bars.

C. Next , Victor had the gymnasts stop their feet, release the bar, and rotate

forwards.

~V j\~-(-l---l

D. The next drill was performed on the skill cushions. The gtjmnasts performed a backward roll to "Tkatchev action". Victor emphasized that the shoulder action must be venj strong.

E.

\\ ~ l \~~

r~iA '-_ ~~) The above drill was repeated, but with even stronger action to have the gtjmnasts arrive in a straddle sit position on the skill cushions.

F. For the next drill, Victor took the gtjmnasts to a single HB and had them swing forward to a high arched position.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

G.

H.

I .

J.

8.

A.

This was followed by a swing to high arch, release and sit on the bar. (A

second coach was used to push in rubber protection to cover the bar

where the gtJmnast sits).

Finally, the gtJmnasts performed the same drill to arrive in a standing position on the bar.

If the action was incorrect, Victor had the gymnasts counterswing to rotate

forward to a landing on stacked skill cushions.

Finally, the gymnasts were to catch with legs together. The gymnasts did this in straddle position.

SPOTTING: The coach needs to be careful of the wide legs!

Training for giant swings

First, attention was paid to the cast. The gymnasts were to cast with straight arms taking the shoulders backward.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

From the "dish" position, Victor emphasized the "pressing down" of the shoulders on the downswing.

~------:;'~O !?~ C( ~ ~ ~~~ L B

~ //\\ B. Run and swing forward

o ,;:J

/1~Y ,I t

(' p(J '--=, (( (

C. After this, the gymnasts performed one or two swings to a position above the

D.

E.

~r. J /)

~ /~~ ~\/' ~/

Victor recommended reinforcing this with a backward roll to handstand position.

The swing between the bars must be correct . Victor showed how the coach can catch the gtjlnnast's ankles to achieve the desired arch swing through position

between t4ho~

)7 ;­)

Uneven Bars

25

This article is reprinted by per­mission from the Newsletter of the Association ofBritish Gymnastics Coaches (ABGC), 2nd issue, 1993, 3-8. USA Gymnastics once again extends its thanks to Meg Warren, Editor, for her continued willing­ness to share ABGC articles with the u.s. gymnastics coaching com­munity.

By Rik Feeney

t

'IHE PREss RELEASE

When was the last time that you saw an article about your gymnastics club in the newspaper? Throughout the year several opportunities will arise that will allow

you to obtain free publicity, by way of news articles about your club. Articles could be about an exceptional gymnast winning the all-around, staff accomplishments, team awards, or almost anything that you can make newsworthy to present to your local paper.

You may have tried getting your paper to cover events you considered newsworthy only to have them turn you down. Perhaps there was another big sporting event going on, or a photographer was unavailable, or they simply put you off until the story was effectively over and no longer news.

After giving the matter some thought, I believe that it is possible to get an article in the paper almost every time you submit one. The problem isn't that you don't have a good story, the fact is that there may not be anyone with the ability or the time to write it at your local paper.

26

Consider these factors:

1. Almost anyone you talk to can tell you the basics about major sports like baseball, foot­ball, basketball, and hockey. Looking at the sports section you can see these are the sports most often covered. A sport like gymnastics is so specialized that even its terminology is

An example ofa biography produced by USA Gymnastics,

difficult to understand for some of us who coach the sport. Many parents from your own club don't have a clue what their child is talking about when the child tells them of the new skill they learned in gymnastics class that day.

It is my feeling that many sports writers are in the same boat. They may not feel comfortable writing an article about a sport of which they have little or no knowledge.

2. There are several other sports activities for the paper to cover. In many instances an editor must focus his manpower on the sports that have the largest following (i.e. football, base­ball, basketball).

A sportswriter who has a number of articles to finish concerning the "major sports" may not have the time to write an article about your gymnastics program. A sportswriter may spend half the day attending sport­ing events like a football game in the afternoon, fol­lowed by a basketball game at night. The reporter must then collect scores and information from all the game~ he missed during the day, and then write up each for the following days' paper. This may leave little time to cover the gymnastics scene.

The solution to this problem is to write the articles yourself. I know that as club owners and coaches we already wear a number of hats, however, publicity for your club is extremely important in keeping your en­rollment at an optimum level.

If you do not feel you have the time or the ability to write these articles, you can always find an interested parent or staff member who has a flair for writing to do the job.

The key element in putting together an article that a newspaper will publish is to find an angle that will interest the readers of the newspaper. Answer the question every newspaper editor asks, "What about this topic will be of interest to my readers?" and then fill the article with the who, what, when, where, why (and sometimes how) about the particular subject.

Newspaper articles can be about a team gymnast who has won a state title, a team that is going across country to a big invitational, a staff member who has achieved an award or certification, an exhibition you have planned at a local event, anything that people in your area will find interesting.

Once you have decided on a topic, write the stor: and type it on a piece of paper (8 Yz x 11), double spaced, with about a one inch margin all around the paper. Across the top of the page in bold letters should be the words "News Release." After a couple of spaces on the

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

name of a contact per­son.

If there are any enclo­sures with the article be sure to note them on the bot­tom of the last page. Simply type, "Enclosures:" and then list what you have enclosed. Enclosures may include a black and white picture of your subject, tickets to an event, or background information.

If at all possible, always include a picture with the article you are sub­mitting. Pictures are attention getters and will draw people into an article they might have otherwise passed over. Some newspapers can print from color pictures, but for best results you should submit only black and white prints.

When submitting the picture be sure to list the names of the people in the picture from left to right (and back to front) so the paper can use this information as a caption under the picture. The best way to do this is to print the information on a piece of paper and then tape it to the back of the picture.

Once you have prepared your article and any ac­companying material (i.e. a picture) you can then write a cover letter to the editor of the paper. Be sure to find ou this / her name and spell it correctl y. Your chances of having the article used are much better when directing your mail to a specific person rather than a "To Whom It May Concern" letter.

The Press Kit If you really want to make an impression you can

submit your article with a press kit. A press kit can be put together using any laminated folder (the brighter the color the better) which includes: a "Bio" or resume all about your subject, background information about the club, previous articles or reviews done on your program, a synopsis of all the awards your program has received, current brochures, and anything else that is pertinent to the article. The information should be on separate sheets of paper, each page clearly titled .

Whether you submit a press kit or not, always include as much background information about your club or gymnastics program as possible.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

chance of a staff writer being embarrassed be­cause of using incor­rect terminology like

"Jennifer Gymnast performed her bar routine flaw­lessly ending with a perfect

Once you have finished writing the article

you can place the symbols ### at the bottom of the page

and the editor will know this is the end of the article .

cartwheel," or the editor having to find excuses why he can't send someone out when his staff is already overbooked. When your local newspaper editor re­ceives this package the chances are quite high that he will publish the article.

A few days after you have submitted an article, follow up by calling the editor to offer any assistance, if necessary, or at least to let them know that you are avail­able to answer any questions.

After the article is published, write a quick note of thanks to the edi­tor or writers involved in get­ting your piece into the pa­per. The next time you submit an article, they will remember you in a favor­able light.

As Perry White used to say to Jimmy Olsen, "Great Caesar's Ghost! Don't just sit there . Go out and get a story together. " I look forward to reading about your club!

27

General Gymnastics

,USA GYMNAES'Il{Al)A SHOWCASE

Dates: October 8-10,1993

Site: Lawrence Central High School Indianapolis, IN

Host: USA Gymnastics

Event Coordinator: Christine Ebert USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza Suite 300 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (317) 237-5050

Host Hotel(s): TBD - this information will be included in your

next information packets.

Participation Fee: Basic fee = $20 per participant. This includes:

• Showcase T-shirt • Accreditation Card/Badge • Merchandise information • Right to participate in Club/Team Display • Entry into all event sessions

Awards: The Gymnaestrada Showcase is NOT a com­petition, however, the Local Organizing Com­mittee (LOC) will present some special "fun" awards. In addition, every credentialled par­ticipant will receive a Gymnaestrada Show­case T-shirt and some other sponsor give­aways.

Credentials: All registered participants will receive a cre­dential permitting entry to all Gymnaestrada Showcase events and activities.

Concessions: Food and novelty concessions including a booth of USA Gymnastics Merchandise will be available during the Showcase. If your group or company is interested in booth space, please contact Christine Ebert.

Ticket Sales: The LOC will sell tickets to the general public for the Saturday performances and the Sun­day Gala performance. These will be $3.00 each.

General Schedule: NOTE: This telltative schedllie is sllbject to chal1ge based IIpOll the

l1umber of participatil1g grollps.

Friday 4:00-5:00 pm Arrival and Check-in

5:00-6:00 pm Opening Ceremonies Welcome and Orientation

TECHNIQUE August 1993

Saturday

Sunday

6:00-9:00 pm

9:00-11 :00 pm

8:30-9:30 am

9:30-12:30 pm

12:30-2:00 pm

1:30-4:30 pm 4:30-6:00 pm

6:00-8:00 pm

8:00-10:00 pm

9:00-10:00 am

10:00-12:00 noon

12:00-1 :30 pm

1 :30-2:00 pm 2:00-4:00 pm

GG Workshop sessions

Social Gathering

Opening Ceremonies Rd 1 of Group Performances

Lunch Rd 2 of Group Performances

Gala Showcase rehearsal

Dinner

Social Gathering

Mass Display Training

GG Workshop Sessions

LUNCH Warm-up for Gala Showcase

Gala Showcase Performance

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 1. Performance areas-2 performance areas will

be available: A. 42' x 42' Floor exercise mat (NOT a spring

floor) This will have an open "fringe" area 10' wide surrounding the floor.

B. 60' x 60' Open floor without mats (basket­ball floor)

2. Performance length (time)-Displays are to be a maximum of 15 minutes in duration. This includes entrances/ exits and the placement/ removal of any equipment.

3. Number in group-Club teams consist of ten (10) or more participants and no less than ten (10) participants must be working at all times throughout the Display.

4. Music-Each group must provide a cassette tape to the Local Organizing Committee (LOC) and an individual who can direct and assist the A V table personnel.

5. Equipment-The LOC will provide only the sound system and basic floor areas. All other equipment and props must be supplied by the Groups. (Remember that you will need to get all cif this on and off stage quickly!) In GG, "equipment" might include traditional artistic gymnastics or rhythmic equipment as well as non-traditional equipment, such as ladders, chairs, parachutes, bi- or unicycles, umbrellas.

6. Theme-While the LOC has not selected a particular theme for this 1st U.S. Gymnaestrada Showcase, we ARE looking forward to the selection of groups to attend the FIG Gymnaestrada in Frankfurt, Germany in 1995. Since the U.s. has only had minor participa­tion in previous Gymnaestrada events, the European community is extremely excited about our participation as a full-fledged del­egation in 1995. They want to see what we have to offer! Therefore, we encourage you to consider American themes and American cul­ture when choreographing your group's per-

29

Steve Whitlock

Director of Educational Services and Safety

Announcing

1ST USA

GYMNAESTRADA

SHOWCASE

1ST USA

G YMNAESTRADA

SHOWCASE

formance. This doesn't mean that all of you should use Yankee Doodle Dandy or America the Beautiful as your music selection! Think about how your group can uniquely identify some aspect of our diverse culture or your group's unique niche in our society that offers a high quality performance exemplifying Americana.

7. Staging-Prior to each group's performance, they will be provided with a 15 min. warm-up and a 15 minute staging just prior to their performance.

GYMNAESTRADA SHOWCASE GALA PERFORMANCE • The Gala Performance will be conducted on

Sunday afternoon and is open to the public. All registered groups are invited to partici­pate in the Gala. In order to keep the Gala program within a 2 hour time-frame, the groups should be prepared for a five minute presentation. This can either be a five minute excerpt from the 15 minute presentation or a program that is specially choreographed for the Gala.

• In order to assist the LaC in pre-planning the order of the program, we ask that the USGF Office receive a videotape of each group's 15 minute and 5 minute programs no later than September 20th.

• All participating groups participate in the March-in.

• Based upon the review of the videos sent to the USGF, some groups may be asked to pro­vide a longer program for the Gala-this will be at the discretion of the Lac.

WHAT IS GENERAL GYMNASTICS AND THE GYMNAESTRADA?

General Gymnastics is the term used by the FIG to describe that aspect of gymnastics which is leisure­oriented and offers a range of exercise programs essen­tially from the field of gymnastics with and without

~-----------------------I

I GYMNAESTRADA SHOWCASE INFORMATION FORM

I 0 YES, weare interested in attending the 1993 GYllll1aestrada SllOwcasein Indianapolis in October, 1993. I 0 Please send the $5 videotape (total cost including postage) of former FIG World Gymnaestrada

I events and more information including Registration Forms, hotel information, etc. Enclosed please find a check for $5 (payable to USA GYllll1ast ics) to cover the cost of the GYllll1aestrada videotape and

I mailing.

I Contact Name _______ ____________ ______ _

I '1 I T,te _________________ __________ _ __

I Address ___________________________ _

I I City ----------- State ___ _ Zip ______ _

I Phone Oay _________ _ Night ___________ _

I I Organization you represent: --------------- -------

I Address ___________________________ _

I I City ------------ State ___ _ Zip ______ _

L _______________________ ~

30

apparatus. The GYI1111aestrada is the world event con­ducted every four years by the FIG where the nation~ come together to celebrate General Gymnastics in ten fantastic days of gymnastics performances and exhibi­tions.

The previous Gymnaestrada was held in Amsterdam in 1991 and the next Gymnaestrada will be conducted in Frankfurt, Germany in 1995. The FIG has given permission to the National Federations to use the term Gymnaestrada in association with their own national GG festivals. This and next year's Gymnaestrada will be used by USA Gymnastics to select the official U.S. delegation for participation in the FIG Gymnaestrada in Frankfurt, Germany in 1995.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE GYMNAESTRADA SHOWCASE?

• To promote the value and diversity of gym­nastics to both members and the wider public community.

• To increase participation in gymnastics irre­spective of age, gender or ability.

• To provide an incentive and motivation for Recreational gymnasts to display their tal­ents.

• To provide the opportunity for all partici­pants to share their knowledge, ideas and new developments in General Gymnastics.

• To assist in the general and technical educa­tion of Coaches.

• To be a "stepping stone" towards participa­tion in a World Gymnaestrada.

WHAT KINDS OF PERFORMANCES (EXHIBITIONS) ARE PERMISSIBLE?

Almost anything! Large and small group displays. Artistic gymnastics, Educational Gymnastics, dance, Rhythmic, aerobics, calisthenic exercises, clown, and many other possibilities exist! Group participants may be male, female, or mixed groups of all ages-children to seniors. This can be a fantastic activity for many of your Club members who don't get the chance to travel and otherwise participate in USGF J.O. competitive programs. Participants don't need to be national or elite caliber to participate in this even t! We encourage you to involve everyone who attends the Gymnaestrada Show­case from your organization to be active performer / participants-not just the team kids, but the recre­ational program participants, the coaches and parents as well! The idea here is that everyone is a participant in the benefits of gymnastics. The slogan of FIG General Gymnastics is "Gymnastics for ALL!"

Each group that responds using the Form below will receive a videotape compiled from former Gymnae­strada gatherings to give them an idea of the wide range of performance possibilities. (Cost for video + mailing is $5)

Yes, we are interested! What should we do next?

Don't procrastinate! Use the Form below to indicat your interest. The LaC will immediately mail the nee essary registration forms and other information. Start building enthusiasm with your group and working with your choreographer.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

•

UST 5·28

USA GymnOlfiG Pholograph © Dove Bt.,k

.. ~]

James and Meg Stephenson

Illustrations by James Stephenson

j

Everyone in the sport of artistic gymnas­tics-coaches, athletes, judges, and re­searchers-has responsibilities, and of these, safety, enjoyment, and improvement

are three of the most important and universally shared. They extend from the individual to the global perspec­tive.

Improvement can be gauged by comparing what is performed today with what was done several years ago. Much of that improvement can be attributed to the creativity of those involved in gymnastics and their quest to be diverse and original.

The Code of Points has been developed in an effort to bring uniformity and simplicity to officiating the sport, as well as to promote the proper use of each event's apparatus. But what is proper? Are there ways of using the equipment that have not yet been considered? Are there new skills or categories of skills yet to be discov­ered?

Not long ago, the idea of crossing the straps while swinging on rings would have been perceived by some as ludicrous, a comical misuse of the apparatus. There are many examples of situations where some brave and creative individual took the initiative to attempt some­thing new: round-off entry vaults, using the side or single bar of Il)en's parallel bars, men using leaps and aerials on floor, one-arm vaults, flair work and hand­stands on porrimel horse, orchestrated floor music, and side giant swings on horizontal bar, and so on.

This creativity is one of the most admirable contri­butions that can be made in the area of improvement. However, it would be a futile expression if there were not such a wonderful capacity in our sport for diversity, the promotion of creative thinking, and the ongoing quest for exploration into new and untapped areas. This open-minded tolerance is even more of an impor­tant quality than the individual contributions that it makes welcome. And in a sport that proclaims itself to be artistic, such an attitude is, by definition, required .

Because of this, the elimination of prone landing tumbling skills from the new women's Code of Pain ts is a decision of great concern and ominous overtones. The rationale for the deletion of the prone landing skills has been that they are "too masculine," and that "they were overrated."It's baffling that a front flip to prone is "too masculine" when a straddle jump to prone (Shoushounova) is not.

All of us are critics, and each of us could find different skills or choreography to be too something­too cute, too abstract, too feminine, or too circus-like. But safety should be the only regulator, not personal artistic preference. When subject to such censorship,

32

VALUL IN COOL (TP FUT) A / PI\OP~to PRONt e

VALU~ IN COD(. (TP FElT ) C / PMPO:'lD PRONt. 0

VALU(. IN coot (TP rUT ) C / PROPO:.tD PRON(' D

VALU~ IN COOL ( TP .FUT ) D / PROPO:'lD PRONl t:

VALU~ ,N 'OD~ (TP FUT) ~ / PROPO~,," PRONt C

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

VAW" IN '00(. ( TO fi£T ) B / AAOPO~tD P,,"ON(. C

VALUt IN (00(. (TO rUT ) P, / PROPo:,tD P,,"ON(. C

VAUlt IN (OO( (TO ~£T ) C / PROPo!>lO PIIDN(. D

VALUt IN CODt. (TO raT ) C / PROP06U P,,"ON( D

TECHNIQUE August 1993

Commentary

VAWl IN coo(. (Tt1lUT) A / PROPO~(D PRONt B

rf .. , VALut IN CODt. (TO raT) C / PROP06tD PRON( 0

gymnastics is not advanced, but set back. The more restrictions and requirements put onto optional exer­cises and the fewer the skills from which we are al­lowed to choose, the less unique and diverse gymnas­tics becomes.

At the NCAA women's coaches meeting on April 22, 1993, a decision was made to retain the prone landing skills for collegiate competition and to award them new and different values. The concept is simple and sensible. Each skill landed in a prone would go up one value from that of the same skill performed to the feet. For example, a front flip in the tuck position is rated an" A" in the new code; therefore, a front flip in the tuck position to prone would be rated a "B." A tucked backward full and a half twist to the feet is rated a "C"; the same skill to prone would be rated a "D." This proposal passed overwhelmingly and will be recommended for approval by the NCAA committee for the 1994 season.

In art, there are no boundaries. That same liberty, that power to choose without inhibitions or restric­tions, is what guarantees the continued creative growth of artistic gymnastics.

33

When subject to

censorship,

gymnastics is not

advanced, but set

back. The more

restrictions and

requirements put

onto optional

exercises and the

fewer the skills

from which we are

allowed to choose,

the less unique

and diverse

gymnastics

becomes.

DOES A Low FAT DIET EQUAL A LEANER BoDY? I

n this day and age of low fat, no fat, re­duced fat and fake fat foods, you undoubt­edly hear strong messages that if you eat fat, you will be stricken by not only heart

disease and cancer, but also obesity. Hence, you may be restricting your fat intake, assuming that you will be healthier in the long run and leaner today.

Case in point, Paula, an already lean yet avid diet­and-exerciser who came to me determined to lose those

Nancy Clark, MS, RD finals three pounds. Paula runs five miles every day after work, either swims or lifts weights before work and bikes 40-50 miles on Sa turdays. "I don' t eat any fatty foods; I have shredded wheat, skim milk and fruit at breakfast; a salad (no dressing), bagel and fruit at lunch; pasta and vegetables for dinner. I snack only on rice cakes, fruit and pretzels. I haven' t had junk like cookies or ice cream for two years. I just can' t under­stand why I haven' t lost weight..."

Confusion abounds not only among athletes, but also among the researchers who have yet to come up with the definitive verdict as to whether or not you' ll lose weight by eliminat­ing fat from your diet. The fo llowing re­search reports in­clude only a few that add to the confusion:

34

• While eating the same num­ber of calories, normal weight women lost an average of 1 lb. of body fat when they ate a low fat diet (20 % fat) for four months, as compared to m ainta ining weight on four months of a 40% fa t diet (similar to the typical American diet). The news broke that if you eat less fat, you will lose body fat, but this study involved only 28 normal weight women. What about overweight women, people genetically predis­posed to obesity, people on the occasional diet and / or yo-yo diet-

ers - would they respond the same? (JADA Jan 1989)

• Women who ate a low (15-20%), moderate (30-35%) or high (45-50%) fat diet for two weeks each tended to eat 11 % fewer calories on the low fat diet and 15% more calories on the high fat diet as compared to the moderate fat diet. The conclusion: people tend to con­sume fewer calories if they eat low fa t foods. But these women were restricted to only 20 food items. Does a research environment re­flect true food choices? (AmJ Clin Nutr 46:886, 1987)

• Lean men who ate breakfasts that varied in fat (and calorie) content and then were moni­tored for the rest of the day compensated by eating their normal amount of calories. With these subjects, the low fat diet did not lead to a calorie deficit; they ate their required calo­ries regardless of fat intake. Compared to

women, are men better able to regulate their food intake? (Amer J

Clin Nutr 56:84-92, 1992)

Numerous other studies

a dd to the confus ion . Confound­ing factors include: 1)

the type of subj ec ts­gene tica ll y

heavy people may differ from

gene tica ll y lean people in their abil­

ity to lose weight; men may lose weight more easily

than women, 2) the eating environ­ment and available food

choices-the reality of day to d ay ea t-on-the-run com-

monly differs from co trolled research labor" tories, 3) the duration of the stud y-most studies

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

are short-term; what hap­pens in the long run?, 4) the psychology of diet­ing-in the long run, does the denial of fat lead to bingeing? Thus, until The Defini­ti ve Stud y is accepted, I offer you my thoughts and sug­gestions based on my experience with sports-active clients who exist in the "real world."

I've noticed that over­weight people who cut fatty foods out of their diets tend to lose weight because they choose to eat fewer calo­ries. That is, instead of having 700 calories of bacon and eggs for breakfast, they eat 400 calo­ries of cereal and banana as part of a conscious effort to lose weight . In contrast, when genetically lean people (including ath­letes such as Paula who want to lose 3 pounds, but already are very lean) eat a low fat diet, they tend to eat more calories of carbohydrates to compensate for the reduced fat calories. (Paula ate her fill of calories in rice cakes, pretzels and other low fa t foods. No wonder she didn't lose weight!)

I encourage my clients to consider the theory that weight control is based on a calo­rie budget, not only a fat budget. Fat loss occurs when you burn off more calories than you eat. That is, if you require 2,400 calories but eat only 2,000 calories, you will lose fat . The kind of calories may be of less conse­quence. That is, if you choose to spend 300 of your 2,000 calories on high fat peanut butter instead of bagels, you can still lose body fat. Fatty foods that fit into your calorie budget

TECHNIQUE August 1993

Nutrition

are not inherently fatten­ing. You can appropriately

eat 20-30% of your ca lo­ries from fat (400-600

calories, 45-65 grams of fat). Within nu­tritional reason, you should spend your calories on the foods you want to eat. Otherwise, de­nial may lead to food binges.

Note that if you have already eaten your 2,400 calories

and then succumb to 300 calories of peanut

butter, you will gain fat. Excess fat calories are fat­

tening. Excess fa t calories are easily stored as fat and are more

fattening than excess carbo-hydrate calories be­

cause your body has to work hard to convert excess carbohydrates into

body fat.

The good news is that the food industry is devel­

oping many delicious new fake fat products that will help you

control fat intake for health, if not weight, reasons. At a recent luncheon

sponsored by the makers of Simplesse, I was pleasantly surprised by the great taste and texture of the fake-fat foods, especially the cheeses. (I'm eagerly awaiting the introduc­tion of alfredo sauce for fettucini!) Despite the low fat nature of the luncheon, I easily ate more than 1,000 calories of these tasty foods . Caution: Low fat does not mean low calorie nor weight reduction ... 1

Nancy Clark, MS, RD, nutritionist at B05t0I1-area's SportsMedicine Brookline, helps people suc­cessfu lly control weight. Her popular Nancy Clark's Sports Nutrition Guidebook is filled with helpful tips. Sent $16.50 to NESP, PO Box 252, Boston, MA 02113 .

Want Winning Nutrition Advice?

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• have more strength and stamina

• prevent energy lags • eat a convenient sports diet

• lose weight while maintaining energy to train

• gain freedom from food obsessions

Nancy Clark, RD, Sports Nutritionist SportsMedicine Boston, MA

"For top performances and eating pleasure,

I recommend you use Nancy Clark's Sports Nutrition Guidebook. "

BILL RODGERS, WORLD·CLASS MARATHONER

"Filled with a wealth of practical ad­vice, this is an outstanding book by America's premier sports nutritionist."

MARY ABBOn HESS, RD, PAST PRESIDENT, AMER. DIET. ASSOC.

ALSO AVAILABLE: Teaching materials for coaches and health professionals. • Sports Nutrition Slide Show:

75 slides with script • Sports Nutrition Handouts:

16 ready-to-duplicate master copies

ORDER FORM Enclo,ed i, S ____ for ,ending me:

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35

Alternative ProgrammingAI N ON 'IE '11

Yvonne "Sam" Sandmire

NACGC/W President

Head Gymnastics Coach

Boise State University

1910 University Drive

Boise, Idaho 83725

GYMNASTICS CLUB CoACHES!

How would you like to ...

• Earn an extra $10,000 to $35,000 / year?

• Become a part-time collegiate coach?

• Coach high-level competitive gymnasts?

• Add 10-20 team members to your gym during non-peak hours (make more efficient use of your facility)?

• Have a local college where your gymnasts can compete after graduating from high school?

If you answered yes to any or all of these questions, THE TIME TO ACT IS NOW!

Gender Equity, the HOT issue right now, is compel­ling colleges to add women's sports. For economic reasons, most are adding women's soccer or softball or field hockey. You can show the university, college, or junior college in your town how you can run a women's gymnastics program for them out of your club for less expense than the other options they are considering. A contractual agreement could allow the college to rent your facility and equipment, pay your salary and pro­vide recruiting, transportation, uniforms and even schol­arship funds. The program could begin small and grow larger each year. It's a WIN-WIN SITUATION for everyone involved! To find out how to start a collegiate gymnastics program, read on.

36

1. Figure out how much you should charge to run a college program. Budget items to be considered include:

A. Coach's Salary

B. Facility and Equipment Rental

C. Travel to and from Competitions

D. Uniforms, Tape, Personal Equipment

E. Administrative Costs: phone, postage, of­fice supplies and printing

F. Scholarships, if any (Division III does not allow scholarships, Division I and II do)

G. Insurance-may be covered by your club insurance, which could make it more at­tractive to a college administrator who might otherwise be worried about medi­cal/legal costs.

H. Miscellaneous

The important thing is to be realistic. Start small enough that the college will be able to fund your sport, but large enough to cover your costs and time. Do your homework! Find

out what other sports at that college cost. Emphasize large participation numbers. Col­leges are looking at adding sports with the lowest cost for the largest number of partici­pants.

2. Get an appointment with the athletic director at the college. Present your proposal along with all of the positive aspects of collegiate women's gymnastics. Examples:

A. Academics

• 25 % of all college women's gymnastics teams have an average GP A of above 3.0.

• 10% of all college women gymnasts are All-American Scholar athletes (3.5 GP A or above) .

B. Potential Revenue

• Of the top 20 attendance figures for NCAA women's sports in 1992, seven of them were gymnastics competitions.

• The #1 attendance figure reported was a gymnastics program which averaged 12,557 fans per meet.

C. Low Cost

• Compare your proposed figure to other sports on campus and to sports they are considering adding. Again, do your home­work first!

• Show how "contracting out" the gymnas­tics program to you and your club can save them money on the cost of facilities, sala­ries and benefits, office space, etc.

D. Increased Participation Numbers for Women

• Help them achieve gender equity by add­ing a women's sport.

E. Interest in Gymnastics

• 1.5 million young people in the U.S. do gymnastics at least once a week.

• Women's gymnastics beat out even the "Dream Team" as the most watched Olym­pic event in 1992.

• Women's gymnastics is always the first sporting event sold out at the Olympics. Only the opening ceremony sells out faster.

Good luck in your pursuits. This is a great opportu­nity. DON'T MISS OUT! Do It Now! Please contact me or the college coach nearest you if you have any ques­tions or need any help.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Corrections p.33 I. C. Change to read One 8" manufactured skill cushion (min imum S' by 10') may be used for all

FIG English Code Corrections: vaults at the Jr . Olympic optionallevels. II . A. 2. a. Change to read ... Two different nUI11-

p.56 #2.201 bered vau lts must be performed.* (Two different Delete hang or. ~ groups are not required) Change second symbol to: p . 34 B.l. Add asterisk * showing eagle grip. p. 37 I. A. Change toread: *For the J. O. optional levels,

p.88 #7.105 one8" manufactured skill cushion (minimumS' by The illustration is incorrect. Add the 10') may be used per event. The use of any other following correct illustration: unauthorized type of matting will receive a deduc-

ttir'M tion of 0.30 taken from the average by the Chief Judge.

p.38 C. 1. at end of 1st sentence add ... is not awarded the value part or Special Requirement credit .

p.39 D. 4. Add ... An 8" skill cushion MAY NOT be

p.125 #2.302 Add (two seconds) used in the mount phase.

p.41 F. 1. Add examples: USGF Element Supplement Corrections: Cast to handstand = B

Cast above4So but not within 10° of handstand p.4 Vault = devalue to A

#5.1.310 B vault. Change # to Cast between horizontal and 4So = devalue to 0 S.1.210 Value part

#5.1.411 E vault. Change # to p.42 top of page #2 delete ending . .. ; however, com-S.1.SlO positional credit may be given. p.19 #5.6.412 Change 108°

p.43 I. B. 1. b. Second (.) Delete. Counterswing Y2 to 1800

p.26 Uneven Bars turn grasp LB is listed in USGF Supplement as A-Part #S-6.110 on page 18. Therefore, this

#5.8.510 E part. DELETE this combination can be considered as two ele-element. ments. In the FIG Code, p.45 C. 5. Change deduction from 0.10 to read up to this is #8 .405 - D. 0.20

Corrections/Additions to the 1993 Jr. p.49 I. A. Delete + 0.30 (There are no + 0.3 connec-

Olympic Technical Handbook for tions on Bars)

p.51 III. C. Add • An extra swing following an element Coaches and Judges WILL negate the bonus. Revised 7/ 8/ 93 p.53 Add F. *For the J. O. optional levels, one 8"

Please check this errata sheet carefully, as several thillgs l/ave beell manufactured skill cushion (minimum S' by 10') added sillce the origillal correctioll sheet was distributed. may be used per event. The use of any other unau-p.12 13. h. 2) Change to read *Both vaults with the thorized type of matting will receive a deduction of

same number (*Two different groups not requ ired) 0.30 taken from the average by the Chief Judge. 13. j. Add asterisk * II. A. 1. a. Add an asterisk *

p.13 C. 4. a. Change to read No music or music with II. A. 1. b. Add an asterisk * by Chief Judge voice during Floor Exercise. p.55 Topof page4. Add .. . An 8" skill cushion may not C. 4. b. Delete the words on Vault or. be used in the mount phase. Change 6. 4. to 6. c. C. 4. c. Add each before the deduction of 0.10

p.57 E. Add • Not eligible for bonus p.14 D. 3. b. 3) Add Bar setting is included in the SO

p.58 G. 1. b. Change to read-No "C' acrobatic e/e-second touch warm-up. ments are allowed. If a "C' acrobatic element is

p. 18 F. 1. Change to read In State and below .. .. performed ... F. Add 3. The use of open scoring at the Regional G. 2. b. Change to read-No " 0 " acrobatic ele-Championships is at the discretion of the Regional ments are allowed. If a "0 " acrobatic element is Board. performed ...

p.20 H. Delete (Exception: Vault) p. 59 J. 2 Change to read ... *The legs must be together p.24 Top of page-Co Add asterisk * in vertical, with hips over shoulders in a balanced

p.27 C. 2.b. Example: Add symbols kvI / ® position to receive Value Part credit. If this position is not achieved to within 10° of vertical, devalue

p.28 g. Change to read ... When any Special Connec- one level ifelement is completed on the beam. If the tion or a "O/E" or restricted "C' element is position is not achieved to within 10° of handstand, performed by a Level 8 gymnast. and the gymnast never arrives at a position on the h. Change to read ... 1A171en an "E" or restricted beam (fa lls without arriving in some type of sup-"0" element or Special Connection containing port position on beam), it receives 0 value part such elements is performed by a Level 9 gymnast. credit.

p.29 II. B. Add to end .. . contrary to the technique of the element.

p.60 #3 Change "must have legs together" to read .. . Must have legs in same plane, either to-

TECHNIQUE August 1993 37

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For use in both start-up and established programs

Saves time

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program, has developed and implemented her proven teach-

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these methods, enroll­ment doubled in each facility within six months. Now, with the publication of the Gymtastics! Resource Book & Activity Card System her successful methods are avail­able to you!

The Gymtastics! Activity Card System ., 300 Activity Cards in 10 Sections Easy-to-use categories include:

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38

p.64

p.68

p. 70

p.71

p . 73

gether or straddled. A split po­sition used for counterbalance or any other handstand with overarch and legs separated re­ceives "8" credit.

D. 11 . Delete asterisk

2. c. Change Tuck jump 1800

turn (B) to ... Tuck jump 3600

Turn (C) and change symbol o

to: V1 Note at bottom of page: change the word "prin­ciples" to parts 12.5.3 Second bullet (.) un­der Note: Change the word "saltos" to elements

1. 1. last sentence: Change number in parenthesis from "12.5.3" to (#12.5.4) 1. 3. last line: Change to read ... Use 12 .5.3 for 8 + C = +0.10 (Change in direction) Total = +0.20

p . 74 III.G.Changetoread ... When any Special Connection or a "C' acro or "D/E' element is performed by a Level 8 gtJm­nast. III. H. Change to read .. . When a "0" acro or any "E" element or a Special Connection containing a "0" acro or any "E" element is per­formed by a Level 9 gtJlnnast.

p. 75 Delete *If the gtJlnnast uses an unauthorized mat .. . and change to read: *For the J. O. optional levels, one 8" manu­factured skill cushion (mini­mumS' by 10') maybe used per event. The use of any other unauthorized type of matting will receive a deduction of 0.30 taken from the average by the Chief Judge.

p.76

p.78

p. 79

p.81

p.82

p.84

D. Coach on Floor Exercise mat-add an asterisk *

E. 1. b. Change to read-No "c" acrobatic elements are al-lowed. If a "C' acrobatic ele­ment is performed . .. E. 2. b . Change to read-No "0" acrobatic elements are al­lowed . If a "0" acrobatic ele­ment is performed ...

H. 1. Delete asterisk

1. B. 1. a. Add 4) The addition or deletion of an "A" acrobatic element forward or backward with hand support will not change the series.

2. f. 1) Change (C) after each Switch leg leap to (8)

Example#4-2nd paragraph (under symbols) : Change

last two lines to read ... eligible for ... bonus of 0.20 for the Indirect Acro connection of C + A + C.

p.92 3. d. Sentence below symbols, change to read .. . Not in same line; not counter saltos.

p . 95 Principle 13.5.4 a. 2) Add (8) after Flic-flac with 3600 twist

p.96 Top of page-3) Ring Leap (C) ... Change to (8) c. B + B + D 2) Add ... (8) after Flic-flac with 3600 twist

p. 98 III. C. Add • If the gymnast goes out of bounds, the out of bounds deduction of 0.10 is considered to be a neutral deduction and will not be added to the execution/landing errors when bonification is be­ing considered. III. G. Change to read . .. When any Special Con­nection or a "C' aero or any D/E element IS

performed by a Level 8 gtJmnast. III. H. Changetoread .. . When a "0" acroorany "E" element or a Special Connection containing a "0" acro or any "E" element is performed by a Level 9 gymnast.

May Technique, Equipment and Resource Companies, page 31.

Under Gymnastics Business Products /Videos /Soft­ware include: Mahoney Systems ......... (704) 392-7044.

Club Highlights - Special Olympics

The Broadway Foundation, Broadway Gymnastics School, Santa Monica, California. Michael and Mary Cates, club owners, have always included special chil­dren in their gymnastics school. Michael is a former master teacher at the Marianne Frostig School for the Developmentally Disabled. Their enrichment program for ages four through adulthood is run alongside their competitive program and classes for Olympic hopefuls and the offspring of TV and movie celebrities. Equal care and concern are given to all the children. Interven­tion and stimula tion are the keys to encouraging motor and gymnastics skill development as well as building self confidence, a positive self-esteem and appropnate social interaction skills. The foundation applies for state and corporate funds and grants to help support the program. For more information, please contact the Broadway Gymnastics School, 1657 12th Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404.

Safety Certification Reminders • 1993 Coca-Cola USA Championships

This is a reminder that in order to receive a credential for participation in the 1993 Coca-Cola USA Championships in Salt Lake City, all coaches and judges MUST BE SAFETY CERTIFIED. Vio­lation of the mandate could result in suspension of individual USGF membership, a fine, and/ or disqualification of the participating athlete.

• 1994 Safety Certification Mandate As of January 1, 1994 all coaches, judges and officials participating in USGF sanctioned com-

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

petitions at the REGIONAL level and above must be Safety Certified.

For Rhythmic coaches, judges and officials, safety certification is a requirement for participation in competitions at the J.O. NATIONAL level and above.

USGF Men's Additional Special Requirements

To be effective at 1993 USA Championships ONLY

Composition: Difficulty Exercise Presentation Special Requirements

Bonus Pts.

Difficulty: • 1D 2C 3B 4A • Minimum of 10 parts.

2.40 5.40 1.20 9.00

+1.00 10.00

Base score

• Deductions for missing parts comes out of diffi­culty. Note: Additional D's will replace a lower value part.

Additional Special Requirements: FX 0.50 Bonus Points Minimum

(Dismount must be of D Value)

PH 0.50 Bonus Points Minimum

SR 0.50 Bonus Points Minimum 2D Strength Re­quired (Dismount must be of D Value)

V 9.8 vault

PB 0.50 Bonus Points Minimum (Dismount must be of D Value)

HB 0.50 Bonus Points Minimum 2D Value flight elements attempted, or 3 flight elements attempted (Dismount must be of D Value)

Deductions for missing "Additional Special Require­ments":

Taken from exercise presentation A. Less than 0.50 Bonus points shown 0.2 B. Each missing D strength part on R 0.2 C. Less than D dismount performed 0.2 D. Less than 9.8 vault shown 0.3 E. Each missing release attempted 0.2

* Additional bonus of 0.20 for "E" dismount which is stuck.

* Additional bonus of 0.10 for "D" dismount which is stuck.

(Regardless, final score cannot exceed 10 points)

** Additional matting up to 8" is allowed under horizontal bar for releases. No additional matting is allowed for dismounts or vaulting.

Impact of Coaches I have corne to a fright­

ening conclusion. I am the decisive ele­

ment in the gym, on the field, or in the classroom.

It is my personal ap­proach that creates the climate.

It is my daily mood that makes the weather.

As a coach, I possess tremendous power to make an athlete's life miserable or joy­ous.

I can be the tool of tor­ture or an instru­ment of inspiration.

I can humiliate or hu­mor, hurt or heal.

In all situations it is my response that de­cides whether a cri­sis will be escalated or de-escalated and an athlete human­ized or dehuman­ized.

-An Adaption of Haim Ginott

Everyone Brings Horne the Gold with Crown!

10·99 100-499 500-999 1000 & up

/ 12" Marble & Metal Trophy

Only

$4.95 ea.

over 100 pes. $5.95 under 100 pes.

Free Engraving

Specializing in Gymnastics A wards!

To order, or for free catalog oj trophies, plaques & medals, call:

CROWN~TROPHY , One Odell Plaza, Dept. GA3T, Yonkers, NY 10701

1-800-227-1557 In NY 914-963-0005

Coaches Education

PDP LEVEL I VIDEO CLINIC INSll{UCTORS

Due to the large number of inquiries regarding how to find the PDP Level I Video Clinics, the following lis t of people includes those individuals who have pur­chased the Level I Starter Kit and are able to administer the video clinic.

How do I become a Level I Administrator?

turned to USA Gymnastics with a $5.00 process­ing fee. You must score 80% or better in order to receive a certificate of recogni tion.

Christine Ebert

Educational Services

To become a Level I Clinic Administrator there are three requirements: 1) Level I Accreditation; 2) Profes­sional Membership; and 3) Safety Certification. Once you have reached the Level I Accreditation status, you may then purchase the Level I Starter Kit through the USA Gymnastics merchandise department. This kit contains 15 workbooks and the Level I Video.

3. Level I Video Clinic-This portion of the Level I Accreditation requires all coaches participating in the Level I program to participate in a clinic conducted by a Level I Clinic Administrator. This video clinic combines the information from the Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide and Sequential Gymnastics II, and presents the coach with prac­tical situations with workbook exercises. Once you have completed the clinic, complete the video clinic application form and have the clinic ad­ministrator sign it, and return it to USA Gymnas­tics.

AK Corolynne Crouch, Amharoge AL KOlhyCombers, Birmingham Ri(ky Garcio, Mounlain Brook Joel Inman, Birmingham WoyneStough, Pinson AR Bi lly Glogon, POIogould Rondy MlMullin, Forl Smilh DonnoMeine<ke, FoyeHeville ScoHWright, Conwoy CA limAllen, Polmdole Robert Corter, Oroville JomesDoHo, Los Bonos Adliono fe inbelg, fPOAP Glenn Gork, Lancoster Mike Guzman, Concord Broodwoy Gymnoslics Sc:hool, Sonlo Monico Dioblo Gymnsliu School, San Romon Golden GliesGymnosties Joanna flilz , Lodi Poul Housladen, MounlainView lodyHUllberl, MdGnleyvilie [n(ore Inc., Wainul Creek Jim Kinney, Sonlo Cruz Ron Ludwig, MounloinView Menlo Pork Gymnasli(s Peggy McCOfmick Suson Robinene {31, Pieosonton Vielorio Romand, Madera Santa Maria YMCA Irvine Sc:hoolof Gymnosli(s, SanloAna Sleven Sc:oH, Son Moleo Eric TOlmon, Orongevale Tereso Weskomp, Antio<h DebbieWollmon, Havoto U.S. Gymnsti<s TrainingCenler YMCA Sports Center

PDP Level I Criteria PDP Level I Accreditation requires the completion

of three components:

When a coach completes all three of the above listed requirements he / she is granted PDP Level I Accredita­tion and will receive a final certificate of acknowledg­ment for their achievement as a PDP Level I Accredited Coach.

1. Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide ($8.95)---Coaches should read the guide and review the principles for teaching gymnastics successfully. A self test is included when you purchase the guide from USA Gymnastics. Complete the test and return it to USA Gymnastics with a $5.00 processing fee. You must score 80% or better in order to receive a certificate of recognition.

2. Sequential Gymnastics II ($13.00)---Coaches should read and study the principles of using the se­quential program, supervision, organization, equipment, terminology, and landing techniques. Once the book has been read and reviewed, a self test, which is included when you purchase the book from USA Gymnastics, should be taken and completed. The completed test should be re-

eo Ron8areno, Fort Collins AlIStor GymnosticsA<odemy, liHlelon Lorry Dordono, Denver DanielJenkins, ColorodoSprings Grond Junelion Gymnastics, Grand Junclion Steve Loke, Wheolridge Derick Moellenbeck, Colorado Springs Thornlon Reueolion Depl., Thornton Porn Turner, Longmonl a WolioceAnderson, Horwich liz Cornish, Bristol lone Heslord, (linton loan Hicks, Shehon D. Moffa, Watertown fL Jomes Cormen, West Polm Beoch Broadway Gymnastics, Oviedo Tumblebee Gymnostics, Miomi Brodely Harris, West Polm Beoch Brion Koy, orongeGty Gndy Ke<k, Orange Pork ChrislinoWhite, LokeWorth The G"ot .. Hollywood YMCA GA AdrionnoMorvets, Columbus Peoch Stole Sports Center GregoryShelnun, Newnan HI Pol Gardner, HickomAFB lisoVice, Koiluo Woiokeo SelllementYMCA 121. Hilo IA Ron Winters, Urbondole 10 Palouse Empire Gymnoslics, Mos<ow lohnSohlein, BoiSt! ShoronWillioms, Rigby

40

IL Norberl Bendixen, Mundelein

~:i~ ~~~e~~S~~~~~ Mundelein Robert Fornham, Elgin Bren Gorlond, Allinglon Heighls Down Ko<her, Peoria Ellen Lodno·Former, Downers Grove DovidMcOorney, Believilie MidWest Acodemy 01 Gymnastics, Worrenville Mol ine Gymnastics BarboroMoore, Peolia RondolPeebles, Chothom JeonneWanzek, Glenview IN Monli Edwords, TIpton Gymnosticsin Molion Inc. Hoosier Gymnostics, Plainfield Koko Molion Inc. Summit Academy of Gymnastics, Leo USAGymnoslit5, lndianopolis KI Gerold Corley, Lenexa Mark Forgler, Wich ila Potricio Martinson, Shownee Mission RebeccoWeber, M(Pherson KY Loulo Hall, louisville Lou's Academy, Holpinwille Russell Mikes, Louisville loonneMilChell, Burlington Ch,istineSalomeh, Louisvilie Sleven Sc:hoenboechler, louisville LA Susie Morris, Ruslon MA lennil .. Hull·llonell, Ch",yVolley InelMoY, Wrenthom KolhieenMc Noliy, fitchburg

MO ChipSlevenson, lourel ME Mark Benson, Scoroorough MI GKWG, Kolomozoo ludy fri eheil, MountMorris Helen Fry, Saginaw Groce Gonyon, Muskegon O.A.K. Gymnostit5, Holland NoncyHones, Brighton Lonny Milh, Trenton MN Mark Benlie, GrondRopids Gleoson 's Gymnostics Sc:hool, Eagon lindoHonSt!n Mike Hunger, Chomplin KristineMyhre·Smith,GrondMorois HoncyPoHer, St. Paul MO All Americon Gymnasti(s, SI. louis KolhyAtwoler, dorkson Voliey Sorohlockson, Springlield MiMill .. , Mobelly ItChodesYMCA, ltChOlI" RobinWeidmoier, St.Joseph MI lohnBellY, dOlksdole Joonn Froncinques, long Beoch Kips Gymnoslics, Honiesburg MT BiHerrootGymnostics RebeuoPrice, Biliings Ne RobinAYles. El i zobe thG~ Don Dovis, Raleigh YMCA of Durham, N.c., Durhom Robert Kohut, Winston Salem Louis liguori, Aberdeen

USA Gymnastics is working hard to make it easier for the gymnastics community to find clinics in their area. If you wish to find out when a Video Clinic is being offered please refer to the list below and conta the appropriate individual(s) in your area. If you ar Level I Accredited and wish to become a Level I Ad­ministrator, you may order the Level I Starter Kit, item #3695, $60.00, through the USA Gymnastics Merchan­dise Department. Use the order form on page 2.

PDP Level I Video Instructors The individuals and/or clubs listed below have

completed Level I Administrator requirements and are permitted to conduct Level I Video Clinics.

lake Norman YMCA, (ornelius lomesSmilh, Ashevilie Connie Wagoner, Durham Durham YM CA, Durham NO Connie Kleven, Medina HE NoncyBoker, Columbus Bud Benok, Omoho PhilCohoY, Omoho James Reichart, P!oHsmouth Mike Sianner, Popill ion NH JoonGeel, Albuquerque Hoshuo Sc:hoolof Gymnostics Tony Retrosi, Dover Nl I,ene Cunnninghom, Modison Kim Forrest, Samerville Phil Frank, Gnnaminson Kate Hickie, Toms River fileen Houghlon, Mr. Loulel Mike KIOtchko, Garwood Mike Millhonowski, Woll lonothonScholfer, Lawrencevilie TOloYomogu(hi, Keorny NM louise Jonecky, Los Alamos KorenSchworting, LosCruce5 Koren Sto<kham, Albuquerque NY lonet8ocon, Poughkeepsie BonniewKyle Blomphin, Coledonio Kothie·SueCecil, Monticelio Chl is Chokos, l<henedody

~~~ ~~ih:~/~:~;!~ocuse OH Michele Bleh, Gndnnoli

Community Educolion & Re<reolion, Hudson Dovid FOlister, Broodview Heights Roy Guro, Avon loke B&BGymnoslics, Enon Midwest Gymnostics, Dublin Mots Gymnastics Acodemy Marge Kiley, Gn<innoti Robert Putnam, Miomisburg loycelyne Textoris, Akron The Cholk Box, Ashtobulo OK Suzy Borto, Bartlesville Kathy Boeckman, Okeene Kevin Chumley, Tulso 8en Fox, Hormon Sherry Grubel,Alvo Judy Tucker, doremole OR Tereso Hayes, Hillsooro Lynn Stroud, Portlond PA OizobethCoop .. , Woodlyn lennilel Evons, Chombersburg lelhey FUlhs, Philodelphio Roinbow Gymnastics Inc, Chombersburg RussKehl .. ,8100moll KrumKrum, Bloomsburg RI Rilo Beou!ieu, Coventry FloncesRobertson, Covenlry GoiISaulhworth, E. P,ovidence Ie Kimberly Oomogolski, Monning Theresa Podron, tlorlh Chorleslon 10 luono lohnson, Yonkton TN ChlisCook, Molyvilie

Trocey Oovie, JohnsonGty Kermo Thomas, Johnson City Rober1 Volley, Hendersonville TX FilnessArhlelic(enler, Bellville 8eauBiron,Wo{o McAl len Boy> & Gills Club. McAllen OianeBrown, Plono Kay Brown, Poris Toni Connolly, Pompo Bob ClOwley, AmOlilio Mark England, Austin Doug Fitzgerold, Wo(o Maverick Gymnosli(s, Amarillo Allen Gymnastics TomiJoso, Pearlond BruceKirk, HOLISlon lellyMilon, FI. Worlh Martin Parsley, Jocksonville RichTrevino, DeSolo WA Michael Cennome, SeoHle OeoolOh ISloel, MopleVolley David Mockey, Federal Way Brion Muenz, To{oma Lori Reid, Yokima Jesus Rios, £I Paso TInaR~novieh, Weolherford ItephonieSodl .. , Bellinghom WI ThomosAuer,Racine ScompsGymoosli(~, Kenosho Kolhy Johnson, Greendole 8orbJonusko, Delovon WV Beverly Mognum, Moe Ar1her Elo ine Mauck, Morlinsburg WY AnneHe leonard, Douglas

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Coaches Education

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTPROGRAM LEVEL II EXPERIENCE VERIFICATION Name _______________________ _

Social Security Number _________________ _

Birthda te __________ _ Age _________ _

Address ________ ______________ ___

City _ _ _________ _ State Zip _____ _

Phone: (day) _________ _ (night) _______ _

Safety Certifica tion: 0 NO o YES exp o da te _______ _

PDP Accredita tion: 0 Level I o Level II

Job Description (please print or type)

I coach and/or teach the following: (check a ll tha t apply) OMom & Tot

o Cheerleading

Women:

o Preschool o Developmental

o Tu mbling

o Levels 1-4 o Levels 5-7 o Levels 8-10 o Elite

Men:

o Class 5-7 o Class 1-4 o Elite

Rhythmic:

o Levels 1-4 o Levels 5-7

o Levels 8-1 0 o Elite

Do you actively coach at competitions? (check a ll that apply)

If yes, list number per year. o Local 0 Sta te__ 0 Regional__ 0 Na tional

References (o ther than your current employer)

ONE

Name _______________________ _

Position ______________________ _

Rela tionship _____________________ _

Address ______________________ ___

Phone _______ _

TECHNIQUE A ugust 1993

TWO

Name _______________________ _

Position _________________ ______ _

Rela tionship _____________________ _

Add ress _______ ________________ _

Phone _______ _

THREE

Name __________ _ _ ___________ _

Position _______________________ _

Rela tionship ____________________ _ _

Address ______________________ _ _

Phone ______ _ _

Employer's verification 1, __________________________ __ , acknowledge that this

info rmation is true and accura te fo r the period w hich the above listed

coach has been employed by _______________ ___

Signature

Additional information (please print or type)

d a te _______ _

41

Coaches Education

Dave Moskovitz

Coaching Development Coordinator

PDP LEVEL II:

SKILL CoMPONENTS Now AVAILABLE

The Coaching Development Committee has com­pleted the gymnastics specific skills testing compo­nents for Level II Accreditation. These components will identify the coach as having achieved:

PDP Level II Accreditation-Men's Artistic Gymnastics;

PDP Level II Accreditation-Women's Artistic Gymnastics;

PDP Level II Accreditation-Rhythmic Gymnastics

As indicated previously, coaches may choose to gain accreditation in more than one discipline by com­pleting the gymnastics specific skills testing compo­nent for each discipline.

Level II Components The following general components apply to coaches

from all disciplines:

1. USGF Professional Membership-At Level II it is essential tha t coaches ha ve membershi p in the USGF as the primary professional gym­nastics organization. Professional members receive Technique and USA Gymnastics maga­zines, the official publications of USA Gym­nastics.

2. USGF Safety Certification-The importance of safety in gymnastics is well recognized. The USGF Safety Certification program is consid­ered as a standard in sport for the body of information provided by this program. Safety Certifica tion is entering its third four-year cycle beginning in 1994.

3. USGF/ACEP Sport Science Course-This eight-hour course focuses upon basic infor­mation from the sport sciences. The text is Successful Coach ing by Dr. Rainer Martens. Participants who successfully complete the course are entered in the USGF and ACEP coaching databases.

4. Coaching Experience/Background Question­naire-Basic information regarding previous and current coaching experience is obtained through a questionnaire. This questionnaire requires verification by current or past em­ployers or supervisors and a listing of at least three professional references.

The following skill specific components have been identified:

42

5. Junior Olympic Competitive Program Exami­nation*-

Men 's Artistic Gymnastics: This wri tten exami­nation has been prepared to assess familiarity

with the Men's JOCP, Classes 7-4. This exam focuses upon informa tion tha t is key to under­standing the program, compulsory exercise content and judging concerns-from a coaches point-of-view. Item #PDPlO

Women's Artistic Gymnastics: This written ex­amination has been prepared to assess famil­iarity with the Women's J.O. National Pro­gram, Levels 5-7. This exam focuses upon information that is key to understanding the program, compulsory exercise content and judging concerns-from a coaches pOint-of­view. Item #PDP20

Rhythmic Gymnastics: This written examina­tion has been prepared to assess familiarity with the Rhythmic Gymnastics J.O. Program, Levels 5-7. This exam focuses upon informa­tion that is key to understanding the program, compulsory exercise content and judging con­cerns-from a coaches point-of-view. Item #PDP30

*These items may be ordered, at no charge, from the USA Gymnastics DepartmentofEdu­ca tional Services and Safety.

6. Basic Skills Materials and Examination­

Men's Artistic Gymnastics: 1993 TECHNIQUE Guide to Men's Training represents an effort to supply the recreational and competitive coach with information regarding skill train­ing, condi tioning, and flexibility necessary for preparation of the intermediate to advanced level gymnasts. Item #3634 $25.00

Women's Artistic Gymnastics: 1993 TECH­NIQUE Guide to Women's Gymnastics repre­sents an effort to supply the recreational and competitive coach with information regard­ing skill training, conditioning, and flexibility necessary for preparation of the intermediate to advanced level gymnasts. Item #3633 $25.00

Rhythmic Gymnastics: This component will be assessed through the use of an exercise work­book being developed in conjunction with the Levels 1-4 program. The program materials, videos and the PDP Workbook are scheduled for completion in September, 1993.

NOTE: Attaining Level II Coach Accreditation is a ONE-TIME effort-as long as a coach meets all the above components, they will earn Level II "active" status. In order to MAINTAIN "active" vs. "inactive" status, the coach must simply maintain the USA Gymnastics Profes­sional Membership and Safety Certification components.

It is expected tha t most Level II coaches will continue their on-going education by partidpating in PDP Level III. Components for Level ill Accreditation will be identified in 1994 and published in Tech­nique journal.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

Rhythmic Code of Points

CODE CLARIFICATIONS

Following the questions asked by the judges during the Intercon­tinental and the Continental courses, the FIG / RSG / TC finds it neces­sa ry to give the following specifica tions:

CHAPTER II Specifications rega rding the "List of difficulties". A. Small va riations requ ired by the technique of execution do not

change th e difficulties lists.

B. Small va riations in the shape of one of the body parts (ex.: ... w ith free leg a t the horizontal, whether s traight, half-bent, or bent) do not change the difficulty.

C. Add to the "List of Difficulties A: Balances": (pp 32-35) Balallce all

aile foot, witii frollt, side or back splits, witii or witiioll t tlIe lIelp of aile lIalld, witii a ciiallgeofdirectioll oftlIegYlllllast (3/4 tllm III ill illllllll all tlIe sallIe foot).

D. In case of disparity between the written text and the drawing, the written text ,·vill prevail.

CHAPTER IV Specifications rega rding "Broken Appara tus" (p. 65) A. Add point 2.5.4. to § 2.5:

In case of use of a replacement apparatus the penalties given by the Judge-Coordinator will be the same penalties as those required under points 2.2.2. and 2.2.3.

Specifica tions regarding 3.3. (p . 65) The following specifica tions are va lid only for the jumps or leaps.

B. Series of jumps or leaps - A series of jumps or leaps of level A (3 successive jumps or lea ps), without intermediary steps, counts as 1 difficulty A if the jumps or leaps are the same; they wi ll count as 2 or 3 difficulties A if the jumps or leaps are of different types (except in the case of rope exercises). A series of jumps or leaps of level B (3 successive jumps or leaps) without intermed iate steps if they are the same, or with one or two steps, if they are different, will be counted in the following manner: the first2asa unity(= difficulty D)a nd the third as an isolated jump or leap (= difficulty B).

A series of jumps or lea ps of level A and B (3 successive jumps or leaps), provided that the conditions for transitions specified in the Code are present, will always be counted as in the preceding case; the firs t 2 as a unity and the third as an isolated jump or leap. Ex: A - B - A = C + A

A-B-B=C+B B-A- B =C+ B B-B-A=D +A

A - A - B = one difficulty A if the 2 jumps or leaps are the same, or 2 difficulties A if the jumps or leaps are different; plus difficulty B.

In all cases, a series with more than 3 identical jumps or lea ps will count only as a series of 3 jumps or leaps.

Specifications regarding 3.1.3. (p. 66) C. All the difficulti es A and B mentioned in the special cases are va lid

only for the 4th difficulty B (free choice), and for difficulties C and D.

Specifications regarding 3.8.3. (p. 75) D. Unaesthetic element All throws and ca tches of the apparatus

performed between the legs with hips thrust forwa rd are consid­ered as unaesthetic elements, and therefore will be penalized (0.1 0 point).

SpeCi fi cations rega rding 3.9.2. (pp 77-80) E. Risk taking

Fordifficulties A, B, C,and Dof jumps or leaps, the catch of the ball outside the visual field may be performed wi th 2 hands, provided that the catch is executed during, the fli ght. All ca tches of the apparatus (ba ll, hoop and clubs) by means of direct blocking on the floor with a part of the body or with 2 same body parts (2 legs or 2 arms) are va lid as risk taking, provided that the genera l norms are met.

pecifications rega rding 3.10.1. (p. 80) f. The "Note" under 3.10.1. must be modified as follows: TlIe bOllllS

will be givell ollly if all cOlllpositioll reqllirellleJIts are lIIet. Specifica tions rega rding 4.5. (p. 8) G. Virtuosity - The bonus for vir tuosity ma y be given even if the

gymnast has a 0.05 point penalty (only once) for uncertainty or slight lack of precision.

TECHNIQUE August 1993

CHAPTER VI (HOOp) Specifications regarding 2. (pp. 101-102) A. The variety on the roll s on the floor will be provided either by means

of impulse, or by the length of the rolls, or by their floor pa ttern and direction. The variety in the body movements used in conjunction with the rolls does not sa tisfy the requirements for "different rolls" in the composition.

B. A throw wi th rotation of the hoop arou nd an axis satisfi es the requirements fOTrlifterrll1 rofntiolls ,olleo/whicll ,af n millimlllll ,nrolllld tlIe axis of tlIe 1I00p.

Specifications regarding 3 (p. 102) C. Special cases-TlIrow wit II IIlOre tilOlI 2 rotatiolls of tlIe 1I00p arolllld all

axis, ill COlljllllctioll wit II a body 1II0velllellt of level A. This must be understood as a ~ throw.

CHAPTER VII (BALL) Specifica tions regarding 1.3.5. (p. 107) A. Balance of the ball on the palm of the hand is va lid, provided that

there is a movement either of the arm with the ba ll or of the whole body, as written in the Code. The "Note" is valid; however, point 3.3.4. of chapter IV (Statism) must be taken into considera tion.

Specifica tion regard ing 3. (p. 108) B. Special cases

The2 jumps or leaps and the 2 minimum bounces, mentioned in the first case listed, may be either the same or d ifferent. A succession (ellchnfllle11lellt) is lHcre ilnportant than a series and therefore must contain a minimum of 4 rolls. Ball balallced as a part of tlIe body (witiioll t beillg assisted by aile or two hands .... means that, for this specia l case, ba lancing the ball on one or two hands is not va lid.

General norm, va lid for all apparatus All the ca tches of the apparatus (a rriving either from a throw a bounce, or on the floor, performed during a body movement of level B wi ll always count as a difficulty B with appara tus.

CHAPTER VII (CLUBS) Specifications regard ing 1. (pp. 111-115) A. The clubs are always considered as one apparatus when dea ling

with composition, and as2 apparatus when dealing with execution. Regarding the small rotation movements of the wrists, with clubs held by the body or by the neck, it should be specified that the body movement difficulty will only count when the rotations of the wrists are performed during a difficulty, and not together with either the preparation of that movement or immediately following the difficulty itself. This means that it follows the same criteria as that for "static apparatus".

The types of mills are the two indicated in the Code: Therefore, a "series of mills" includes a minimum of 2 circles.

CHAPTER X (GROUP EXERCISES) Genera l specifications A. The group gymnasts are considered asa unity when the judges look

a t the composition, and as 6 separate gymnasts when the judges look at the execution.

B. Therefore, a difficulty of body movement, or an exchange per­formed once by all 6 gy mnasts and then once by 2 or 3 gymnasts is a combina tion in which the other 4 or 3 gymnasts perform a different difficulty, w ill count as 2 difficulties.

Specifications regarding 6.2.2. (pp. 147-148) C. The following penalty is missing from the list of penalties for the

judge-coordinator for Execution: gymnasts communica tion s among thenlselves w ith voice during an exercise: 0.50 point.

Specifica tions regarding the Chart of Difficulties by Exchange (p. 156) D. In the Summary Chart for "Diffi cu lties by Exchange", the difficulty

A listed in point 7.3.4., §4, should be added in case of two appara tus per gymnast.

ApPENDIX X A. The ribbon for junior group exercises should ha ve a minimum

length of 5 m.

43

RSG FIG/TC

Moutier, June, 1993

REGISTRATION FORM - WOMEN'S ARTISTIC JUDGE'S CERTIFICATION EXAM Please pre-register by: September 1, 1993

Judges Number (ifapp'n'c.lble) ---------------------------

Current Rating(s)

Name

Phone ( __ )

Address ___________________________________________________ ___

City ________________________ _ State Zip ______ _

Registration Fee: $15 per exam part. Total Enclosed: ___________ _ NO REFUND ON TEST FEE. $20 fee for registration at Congress .

New Judge (Never tested before) 0 Yes 0 No

Make checks payable to Judges Certification Inc.

Copy of current rating card or exam results letter sent by Certification Office will be required to verify the exam you 're eligible for:

Check those which apply: Form A is for the first time you test Form B is for the second time you test on a previously failed exam.

o This is the first time I have tested to become a rated official.

o Practical Exam (video) 0 Level 8 o Level 9 o Level 10

o Optional Level 8

o Optional Level 9

o Optional Level 10

o Compulsory LevelS

o Compulsory Level 6/7

o Form A o Form B

o FormA o Form B

o Form A o Form B

o FormA o Form B

o FormA o Form B

WOMEN'S PROGRAM COMMII'I'EE CONFERENCE CALL

June 21,1993 The Conference ca ll comenced at 10:00 AM I.. ROLLCALL WABC WTCC EPCC JOPCC

Kathy Feldmann Marilyn Cross, absent Roe Kreutzer TomKoll

Athlete Rep Michelle Dusserre VP for Women Na ncy Marshall FIG-WTC Jackie Fie, absent WPA Kathy Kelly II. CRITERIA FOR NOMINATION FOR REGIONAL ELITE PRGRAM COMMITTEE Recommendation to accept the proposal made by the Elite Ad Hoc Committee: that the criteria for nomination for the Regional Elite Program Chairman be any coach who has qualified an athlete to the USA Championships at the Junior or Senior International level within the last four years. Motion - M. Dusserre Second - T. Koll PASSED Approved by Mike lacki lillie 1993

44

WOMEN'S ARTISTIC

JUDGE'S CER11FICATION EXAM September 12, 1993

USGF Congress, Atlanta Marriott Marquis Hotel, Atlanta, GA

Schedule:

8:30-10:00 am

10:00-11 :30 am

10:00-11 :30 am

11 :30-1:00 pm

11 :30-1 :00 pm

TA Workshop

Level 10 Theory

Level 8 / 9 Practical

Level 10 Practical

Level 9, 8, 6/7, 5 Theory

Please pre-register by: September 1, 1993

Registration Fee: $15 per exam part. $20 fee for registration at Congress. No refund on test fee . Make checks payable to Judges Certifica­tion Inc. $20 fee for registration at Congress.

Return completed Form and payment to:

Varina French, P.O. Box 328, Borrego Springs, CA 92004 (619) 767-4331

WOMEN'S TECHNICAL COMMII'I'EE CONFERENCE CALL

June 24,1993 I. ROLLCALL Meeting called to order a t 6:00 PM EST by Chai rman, Marilyn Cross Members Present: Region I Joanne Pasquale Region Il Karen Wisen Region III Carole Bunge Region IV Linda Beran Region V Carolyn Bowers Region VI Cindy Sielski Region VII Cheryl Hamilton Region VIIl Marian Dykes ETC Audrey Schweyer EPCC Roe Kreutzer JOPCC Tom Koll ABC Kathy Feldmann WPA Kathy Kelly JOPC Connie Maloney II. J. 0 COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS TO WTC Recommendation to accept the J. O. P. C. proposal "to allow a one­judge panel at Level 6 & 7 compulsory LOCAL meets only. A Level

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

6/7 rating and one year's experience is required. Pre-meet informa­tion and judges' contract must indicate the number of judges per panel." Motio n - M. Dykes

Second - C. Bowers

PASSED - 5 for, 4 against

:ecommendation to accept the J. O. P. C. proposal "to allow the Regional Boards to decid e if open scoring is to be used at Regional meets. II

Motion - M . Dykes

Second - C. Bunge

PASSED

III. OPTIONAL JUDG ES' RATINGS

Commi ttee discussed the possible problem of meets being conducted w ith severa l levels of optionals w hich would create a lack of judging opportunities for the Level8and possibly Level 9 judges. The WTC w ill present a recommenda tion to JCl in regards to the requirements to "test up."

IV. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF JUDGES TO USGF COMPE­TITIONS

The Committee reviewed this chapte r in the Rilles alld Policies a nd mad e revisions fo r the 1993-94 edition.

Approved by Mike Jacki Jlllle , 1993

RSGJ.O. PROGRAM COMMII'I'EE MEETING

June 25-27, 1993

Atlanta, Georgia ROLLCALL

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

Region 4 Region 5

Alia Svirsky Jan Williamson Jackie Scherrer

Ca rol Lat Gwen Hillia rd

Region 6 Maureen Broderick Region 7 Cathy Harrelson (arrived 6/26) Region 8 Cindy Stone Judges Rep. Diane Massad Coaches Rep. Tracey Ca llahan Molna r (a rri ved 6/26) Athletes Rep. Karyn Lyon Glover (arrived 6/26) Coaches Assoc. Susie DiTulio (non-voting) Rhythmic Program Nora Hitzel (non-voting)

Meeting was ca lled to order by Nora Hitzel a t 8:10 PM, Friday, June 25, 1993) II. USA Gymnastics Report

ora Hitzel reported on several items: RhythmiC promotional brochure and video w ill be available at Con­g ress. Level 1-4 Program material will be presented at Congress. Rhythmic gymnastics w ill be presented to directors and s taff of Girls Incorporated centers nationwide at the Regiona l Conferences in Octo­ber. The firs t USA Gymnastrada will take place October 8, 9, 10 in India­napolis, I Rhythmic National Cha mpionships and the Junior O lympic Champi­onships w ill be presented at the Event Bid seminar hosted by USA GymnasticS in Augus t. Severa l cities w ill be invited to bid on these events for 1994. Therefore, d a tes for these events ca nnot be solidified until after all bids have been reviewed . The pOSSibi lity of television coverage for Na tional Championships was presented. This w ill affect the site and da tes for the Na tional Champi­onships.

III. CONGRESS ora Hitzel asked for volunteers to work the rhythmiC question/a nswer

booth a t Congress. Suggested lecture topics:

Element progressions and techniques related to 1994 Level 8 appara­tus. Level 1-4 for new coaches and judges. RhythmiC professiona l members are strongly encouraged to investi­ga te sessions o ther than those speCifica lly deSignated for rhythmics. Genera l topics to look for include psychology, nutrition, business management .

TECHNIQUE August 1993

World ChampionshipsTrials w ill be held at Emory University in Atlanta on Sunday, September 12 at 1 :OOPM. Congress fee includes one ticket to the event; additional tickets available on site. IV. 1994 SCHEDULE

Junior O ly mpic Championships The committee by consensus p roposed the following d ates for the Junior O lympiC Championships:

April 29-May 1 - (first choice) April 22-24 - (second choice)

If a bid is not received after the Bid City Seminar, the Olympic Training Center wi ll be the proposed site. Regiona l Championships Regiona l Chairmen w ill be responSible for setting the dates for their respective Regional meets and w ill present the regional schedule at Congress. The last possible date for Regional Championships will be April 10.

V. 1993 DATA An overview o f finances and entries at loca l, sta te and regional competitions showed tha t the majority of meets a re profitable to the host orga nization . VI. REGION STRUCTURE Beca use of the continued low numbers of a thle tes, clubs and professiona l members in Regions 3 & 4, Hitzel proposed a regional restructuring for rhythmic gymnastics tha t would offer more equity throug hout thecountry. Discussion of the implications was lengthy. Pros: distribution o f the rhythmic population w ill lead to better

fina ncial stability qualification to the Junior Olympic Championship will be more equitable regions w ill be administra tively more effective regiona l meets w ill be more prestigious

Cons: 2 less representative on the)O Program Committee loss of the current networks

Motion to table the proposal for one year and discuss at next year's meeting after further investigation.

MOTION - G. Hilliard SECOND - D. Massad DEFEATED - 3-8

Motion to accept the proposed realignment as presented. MOTION - J. Scherrer SECOND - C. Harrelson TIE - 5-5 (1 absent)

Motion to accept the proposed realignment for 1994 with Kentucky and Ohio remaining within current region for one year, after which a further decision will be made with regard to corrent placement of Kentucky and Ohio.

MOTION - K. Glover SECOND - T. Molnar PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

Recommended that Nora write a leller to affected professional members concerning the regional realignment. (Letter was sent to all professional members June 30, 1993.) VII. 1994 RULES AND POLICIES I.&lli2 It was recognized that Level 5 gymnasts had difficulty identifying the correct fl oor patterns as related to a second gymnast on the floor. A suggestion to reevaluate the floor patterns to eliminate d iagonals and allow each gymnast her own space resulted in the following actions:. Motion to divide floor in half parallel to side 1 with the judges sitting on the same side. Gymnasts wi ll face the same direction.

MOTION - C. La t SECOND - M. Broderick DEFEATED - 5-6

Motion to divide floor in half in either direction (not along the diagonal) with judge placement at the discretion of the meet director. Gymnasts will face the same direction.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - K. Glover PASSED - 8-1

1=L6 Discussion regarding fo nnat of Level 6 competitions w ith respect to having one or two gymnasts competing at a time revea led several possibilities for meet forma ts. The meet format shou ld be based on number of competitors, ava ilable judges, length of sessions. Motion to recommend to the technical committee that Level6 judges will judge both composition and execution. When there are two judges per routine, th e average of the two scores will count as the final note. When there is only one judge, her score alone will count as the final note.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECOND - C. Harrelson PASSED -11-0

Motion to have each regional director take a vote from all Level 6 coaches in her region to decide the Level 6 forma t (one or two gymnasts compet­ing) at the Regional Championships. All other mee ts will be decided upon by the meet director and the format must be noted in the meet information.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - M. Broderick PASSED- 8-3

Motion to add ribbon awards to Level 6 s imilar to the awards system for LevelS. For each event every competitor will receive a colored ribbon based on the following: 5.0-6.0=blue; 4.0-4.95=red; 3.0-3.95=white; 2.0-2.95=yellow; 1.0-1.95=green All-around certificates for all competitiors and all-around medal awards will continue to be presented as stated in the 1992-93 Rilles alld Policies.

MOTION - C. Stone SECO D - M. Broderick

45

PASSED - 11-0 Recommendation to have choreographers clarify the Level 6 floor pat­terns for1994 routine to facilitate 2 athletes at a time without interaction. New floor patterns will not be mandated. Nole: Level 6 routines are to be perfo rmed as described in the text. In other word s if the text does not specify tha t a part may be reversed , then it may not be reversed. This is different from the Level 7 & 8 compulsories which may he reversed but only in their entirety. Level 7 Discussion of the inclusion of an optional routine for 1994. Data showed that the top gymnasts at the Ju nior Olympic Championships did not perform the op tional hoop routine. Also, gymnasts w ho d id perfor m the optional placed near the bottom of the group. Coaches seemed to like the compulsory program and praised the routines [IS great teaching tools. Motion to include only four compulsory routine, no optional for Level 7.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECO ND - C. Harrelson DEFEATED - 3-7 DEFEATED

Motion to keep the Level 7 program the same as 1993 with three compulsories and the option of performing one optional routine or a fourth compulsory.

MOTION - T. Molnar SECOND - M. Broderick PASSED - 8-2

Motion to make ribbon the optional event of choice. MOTION - C. Harrelson SECON D - M. Broderick PASSED - 11-0

Motion to include all 12 ribbon routine elements as written for the compulsory routine as the Level 7 optional composition requirements plus any additional requirements as decided by the technical committee.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECO ND - C. Stone PASSED - 11-0

Motion to require the Level 7 optional music be between 60 and 75 seconds.

MOTION - C. Stone SECON D - C. Harrelson PASSED - 11 -0

Motion to allow gymnasts performing the optional routine to use the Level 7 compulsory ribbon music provided the starting position and placement on the floor is different from the compulsory.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - T. Molnar PASSED - 11-0

Motion to amend the awards system for Level 7 & 8. Medals will be given as currently stated for all-around competitors. In addition, rosette rib­bons will be awarded for individual events according to the 50% rule up to 6th place. (This is a change for the LevelS awards and is an addition to the Level 7 awards.)

MOTION - M. Broderick SECO D - C. Stone PASSED - 10-1

LevelS Discussion tha t the requiremen ts for Level 8 optionals did not allow the judges to distinguish between a well-executed basic routine and a well­executed more complex routine. Motion to retain the current Level S optional body skill requirements with the addition of two A elements (lleap, 1 pivot) of choice.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECO ND - J. Williamson PASSED - 1O-1

Motion to retain the current composition requirements but score compo­sition from 3.S with a bonus of .2; .1 for musicality, .1 for a B difficulty. Execution score to be based on 3.9 with a bonus of .1 for expression.

MOTION - A. Svirsky SECO N D - G. Hilliard PASSED -11 -0

Motion to alter the published Level S program for~to RFX, Rope, Hoop, Ribbon.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECOND - T. Molnar PASSED - 11-0

Motion toalter the published Level S program for l222 to RFX, Ball, Clubs, Ribbon. Motion: K. Glover Second: M. Broderick 11-0 PASSED VIII. MEET LIMITS Certain states and regions have grown to the poi nt of self-sufficiency in their s tate and regional competitions. In vited guests from outs ide the s tate or region have ca used these meets to become too large in some cases. Other areas rely on out-of-state or region competitors to rnake their c0 I11 petitions financiil lly viable. Motion to allow the meet director in conjunction with State and Regional chairmen to close entry into state and regional meets with first priority for acceptance going to in-state and in-region competitors who meet the entry deadlines.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - D. Massad PASSED -1O-1

Motion to require meet information be sent out 8 weeks before the scheduled event, with deadline for entry 4 weeks before the event.. Meet director must notify out-of-state/region entries of acceptance at least 21 days prior to the event.

MOTION - C. Stone

46

SECOND - M. Broderick PASSED -11-0

Recommendation to coaches not to make travel arrangements until confirmation has been received. Motion to mandate a qu alifying from the State Meet to the Junior Olympic Regional Championships to be determined by a vote within each region and announced at the USGF Congress.

MOTION - T. Molnar SECOND - G. Hilliard PASSED -10-0 (1 absent)

Motion that meet fees be non-refund able except for medical reasons which are validated by a physician.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - M. Broderick PASSED - 11 -0

IX. TEAM/CLUB COMPETITIONS With the inclusion of team competition in the O lympic Ga mes for 1996, a new program was proposed fo r the Junior OlympiC Program. The term "team" refers to what has generally been known as "group."The term group will no longer be used in rhythmic gymnastics. Motion to include a Junior Olympic Team Competition for 1993-94.

MOTION - C. Stone SECO ND - G. Hillia rd PASSED - 11-0

Motion that the 1993-94 Team program be 4 hoops. MOTION - T. Molnar SECO ND - C. Stone PASSED - 11 -0

Karyn Glover was asked toact as chair of an ad hoc committee to de termine format and requirements for the 1993-94JO Team program. Karyn accepted and will be working with volunteers Tracy Callahan Molnar and Jackie Scherrer. A report from the ad hoc committee will be completed by July 23, 1993, sent to the Rhythmic Program Director, approved by the JOPC and presented at Congress. Club Competition Motion to recommend a club competition be held within each region, the criteria and awards to be determined by the region members.

MOTION - M. Broderick SECOND - C. Stone PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

X. JO CHAMPIONSHIPS Based on the accepted regional reorganization, certa in JO Championships criteria were amended. Motion that each region will qualify five Level 7 and five Level 8 athletes to the JO Championships and those 10 gymnasts will comprise the regiona l team.

MOTION - C. Stone SECO ND - T. Molnar PASSED - 10-0 (1 absen t)

Motion to include a "wild card" team atthe JO Championships comprise .... of the top five Level 7 and top five Level S athletes based on regional scores after the regional teams have been determined.

MOTION - C. Stone SECO ND - T. Molnar PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

Motion to require that one athlete from each region lead off on one event, athletes from the wild card team will lead off on two events.

MOTION - K. Glover SECON D - C. Stone PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

Motion to determine the regional team score by adding the four highest event scores form each event from both levels 7 & 8.

MOTION - C. Stone SECOND - T. Molnar PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

Motion to require safety certification for coaches at the Junior Olympic Championships.

MOTION - C. Lat SECOND - M. Broderick PASSED - 10-0 (1 absent)

X. FOREIGN ATHLETE POLICY Motion to recommend to the USGFBoard of Directors that gymnasts with USA permanent resident status be treated as ci tizens w ith regard to awards and advancement within the RhythmicJunior Olympic program (Level 5-S). Foreign athletes without permanent resident status will fo llow current rules.

MOTION - A. Svirsky SECOND - K. Glover PASSED -7-4

Nole: The Rhythmic Program Director will fo rward this recommendation to the Athlete's Council for deba te and recommendation to the Board of Directors. XI RECCOMMENDA TION TO THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Recommendation to the technical committee that judges who are affili­ated with a club will not be allowed to judge meets where in which club affiliated gymnasts are participating. An exception may be made if no other judges are available. Recommendation to send four copies of th e judging contract. Two copi pe; will be retained by the judge; one each will be sentto the reg ional jud, coordinator and the meet director. Due to the lack of commun ication between judges, regional judg ing coor· dinator and rneet directors, a recommendation was made to the technica l committee tha t the head judge sho uld contact the meet director to consult about the meet format, set-up, rotations .. etc. Meeting ad journed a t 2:20PM on June 27, 1993.

August 1993 TECHNIQUE

EDUCATION/EVENT CALENDAR Start No. Discip- STI

\ Date dals line Event C~ CO Contact Phone 8/12/93 R Sr. National Team Training Camp C~ o. Spgs CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 8/14/93 1 MWR USGF / ACEP Sport Science Course (TBA) Indianapolis IN USA Gymnastics 317-237-5050 8/15/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (12:00 noon-6:00 p.m.) Oldsmar FL Toni Rand 305-972-4947 8/15/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) St. Louis MO Eddie Smith 314-878-5294 8/17/93 6 R Junior Olympic Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 8/19/93 5 W J.O. National Team Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 8/19/93 4 MW USGF Coaching Workshop at Lake Owen Camp Cable Wl Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 8/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (1 :30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.) Cable Wl Steve Whitlock 317-237-5050 8/20/93 3 M Region VI Men's Gymnastics Symposium S. Hadley MA Mike Jacobson 508-771-2118 8/20/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course Indianapolis IN Ed Gibson 219-736-5600 8/21/93 2 MWR USGF/ ACEP Sport Science Course (6:00-9:00 & 10:00-3:00) Cable Wl Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 8/22/93 9 W 11th Int'l Junior Tournament Yokohama/Sabae JPN Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 8/24/93 6 R Jr. Elite Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 8/25/93 4 MW Coca-Cola National Championships Salt Lake City UT Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 8/27/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (8:00 a.m.-l:00 p.m.) Salt Lake City UT Suzanne Suckow 317-237-5050 8/28/93 3 MW International Gymnastics Symposium Ankara TUR Atilla Orsel (4) 310 44 70 8/28/93 1 W Broadcast Coca-Cola National Championships NBC Julie Bejin 317-237-5050 8/28/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course (4:00-8:00 & 9:00-1:00) Papillion NE Christine Ebert 317-237-5050 8/29/93 1 MW Broadcast Coca-Cola National Championships NBC Julie Bejin 317-237-5050 8/29/93 1 MW USA Gymnastics National Team Meeting Salt Lake City UT Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 9/8/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science LTS (8:30 a.m.-9:00 p.m. & 8:30-1 :30) Atlanta GA Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 9/8/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course (3:00-9:00 & 8:30-11 :30 p.m.) Atlanta GA Christine Ebert 317-237-5050 9/9/93 4 MWR USA Gymnastics National Congress Atlanta GA Kathy Brown 317-237-5050 9/9/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (5:00 pm-9:00 pm) Atlanta GA USA Gymnastics 317-237-5050

9/10 / 93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course (7:00-10:00 & 9:00-3:00) Atlanta GA C. Ebert 317-237-5050 9/12/93 2 W National Team Training Camp (In'l - W) Atlanta GA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 9/12/93 1 R World Championships Trials Atlanta GA Nora Hi tzel 317-237-5050 9/12 /93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:30 am-2:30 pm) Atlanta GA USA Gymnastics 317-237-5050 9/16/ 93 3 M FIG Men's Coaches/Judges Symposium Logano SUI Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 9/18/93 1 MWR Safety Certifica tiion Course (8:00 a.m.-3:00 p .m.) Waukesha WI Ralph Drueke 414-782-3430 9/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certifica tion Course (9:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m.) Westminster MD John Perna 410-848-2771 9/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certifica tion Course (11 :00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) New York City NY Joan Hicks 203-924-8666 9/19/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course 00:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) Raleigh NC Don Davis 919-790-9400 9/23/93 4 W Region I (Nor-Cal) Mini-Congress Santa Clara CA 9/23/93 4 MW National Health & Fitness Exhibition Dublin IRE 9/23/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course Santa Clara CA H. Fujimoto 408-373-1 694 9/24/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (5:00-10:00 pm.) Tacoma WA Leigh Eaton 206-874-1363 9/24/93 5 R Junior Elite Training Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 9/25/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (Times TBA) Santa Clara CA Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 9/28/93 6 M Regional Development Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 9/ 30/93 4 W Region V Mini-Congress Cincinnati OH Jeff Metzger 513-489-7575 9/ 30 / 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course 12:00-4:00 p.m.) Cincinatti OH Jeff Metzger 513-489-7575 9/30/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course (5:00-9:00 & 9:00-1 :00 p.m .) Cincinnati OH Jeff Metzger 513-489-7575 10/3/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) Flemington NJ Cathy Finkel 201-586-1808 10/8/93 2 MW China Cup Beijing CHN Cowan / Kelly 317-237-5050 10/8/93 3 MWR USA Gymnaestrada Showcase Indianapolis IN Christine Ebert 317-237-5050 10/8/93 3 W National T.O.P. Testing Indianapolis IN TOPs Coord. 317-237-5050

10/14/93 4 W National Team Training Camp (Nat. - W) Colo. Spgs. CO Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 10/14/93 3 MW 29th Annual Texas Coaches Meeting (GAT) Austin TX B.Schenk 512-441-9811 10/ 15/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Rochester MI Jerry Reighard 517-774-6696 10/15/93 2 W Michigan State Congress Rochester MI Judy Freiheit 313-742-2151 10/21/93 2 MWR PDP Level II Sport Science Course (5:00-9:00 & 5:00-9:00 p.m.) Baltimore MD Jan Greenhawk 410-226-5943 10/22/93 3 W Region VII Mini-Congress Baltimore MD Jan Greenhawk 410-226-5943 10/24/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00-3:00 pm.) Baltimore MD Jan Greenhawk 410-226-5943 10/24/93 1 MW Broadcast San Jose Gymnastics Spectacular ESPN Julie Bejin 317-237-5050 10/26/93 6 R World Championships Team Training Camp Lake Placid NY Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 10/27/93 4 Olympic Congress of the USA New York NY USOC 719-632-5551 10/28/93 6 M Regional Development Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 10/29/93 3 W Region VI Mini-Congress Marlboro MA Kathy Feldmann 617-784-5830 10/30/93 9 MW South African Cup Durbin/ Pretoria RSA Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050 10/31/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Baltin10re MD Jan Greenhawk 410-226-5943

II / TBA W Catania Catania ITA Ka thy Kelly 317-237-5050 11/4/93 4 R Rhythmic World Championships Alicante ESP Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 11 /5/93 1 MW Inagural World Gymnastics Challenge Toronto CAN Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050

11/12/93 15 MW Nikon International Sydney AUS Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050 11/12/93 4 M Jr. Team Olympic. Development Program Evaluation Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 11/20/93 MW Chunichi Cup Nagoya JPN Cowan / Kelly 317-237-5050

"" Tentative

TECHNIQUE August 1993 47

USA GYlllnastics

Non-profit Organi zation U.5. Postage

PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, IN

SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES Sunday, August 1

So. Burlington, VT- 10:00 am-4:00 pm Champlain Valley Gymnastics 21 Berard Dr. So. Burlington, VT 05403 Course Oir.: Woodie Clifton (802) 863-4714

Thursday, August 5 Wood ward, P A - 5:30 pm-9:30 pm Woodward Gymnastics Camp P.O. Box 93 Woodward, PA 16882 Course Oir.: Michael Rizzuto/ Dave Moskovitz Phone: (317) 237-5050 Tllis course will be held ill conillllctioll with tile USA Gymnastics Summer (CHlches Workshop.

Sunday, August 15 Oldsmar, FL- 12:00 noon-6:00 pm Gemini School of Gymnastics Oldsmar, FL Course Oir.: O.J. Milem (904) 641-9966 Local Contact: Toni Rand (305) 972-4947 This COl/1st ruifl be held ill coni"llctioll with the women's stale elill ic.

St. Louis, MO- 10:00 am-4:00 pm St. Louis Gymnastics Center 315 W. Pacific St. Louis, MO 63119

Course Oir.: Eddie Smith (314) 878-5294

Thursday, August 19 Cable, WI - 1:30 pm-5:00 pm Lake Owen Camp HC 60, Box 60 Cable, WI 54821 Course Oir.: Steve Whitlock/ Dave Moskovitz Phone: (317) 237-5050 This collrse will be held in COlljll1lclioll with the USA Gymnastics Slimmer Conches Works/lOp.

Friday, August 27 Salt Lake City, UT- 8:00 am-l :00 pm Call USGF for further details. This course will be held in conjunction with the U.S. Championships.

Thursday, September 9 Atlanta, GA- 5:00 pm-9:00 pm Atlanta Marriott Marquis 265 Peachtree Center Ave. Atlanta, GA 30303 Call USA Gymnastics for further details. This COl/1st will be held ill conjullction with fhe USGF No/jOlla /Congress.

Sunday, September 12 Atlanta, GA-1O:30 am-2:30 pm Atlanta Marriott Marquis 265 Peachtree Center Ave.

Atlanta, GA 30303 Call USGF for further details. This COllrse will be 11t?ld ill conjllnctioll with the USGF Natiollol Congress.

Saturday, September 18 Waukesha, WI-8:00 am-3:00 pm Holiday Inn 2417 Bluemond Rd. Waukesha, WI, 53186 Course Oir.: Ralph Oruecke (414) 782-3430

Sunday, September 19 New York City, NY-II :00 am-5:00 pm Sutton Gymnastics 20 Cooper Square New York City, NY 10003 Course Oir.: Joan Hicks (203) 924-8666

Raleigh, NC-I0:00 am-5:00 pm North Raleigh Gymnastics 7221 Becky Circle Raleigh, NC 27615 Course Oir.: Don Davis (919) 790-9400 Local Contact: Jean Davis

Westminister, MO-9:00 am-2:00 pm Perna Gym Club 3100 Littletown Pike Westminster, MO 21158 Course Oir.: John Perna (410) 848-2771

I---------~-------------------I

Participation Registration Fonn Please make checks payable in I Name: Mr. / Mrs./Ms. full to USA Gymnastics Safety I

Certification Soc. Sec. # ___ ___________________ _

Address: ______________________ _

City: ____________ State: ____ Zip ____ _

Telephone: (H) _________ (W) ______ ___ _

Course Director: ____________________ _

Course Location: _________ _____ Date: ____ _

Organization Represented: ________________ _

If USA Gymnastics Member, List Type and Number _______ _

Form of Payment: o Check o Visa o Mastercard

Name on Card: _____________________ _

Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225

00 NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE • FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

Registration Form Received:

Confirmation Mailed:

Number: ______________________________________________ ~ -------------------------

Expiration Date: Signature: I L ________________________ ~~ ___ ~

Friday, September 24 Tacoma, WA - 5:00 pm-9:00 pm Lakewood YMCA-Board Room Tacoma, WA Course Oir.: Leigh Eaton (206) 874-1363

Saturday, September 30 Cincinnati, OH-12:00 noon-5:00 pm Course Oir.: Dave Moskoviz/Steve Whilock (317) 237-5050 Local Contact: Jeff Metzger (513) 489-7575 This cOllrse will be Ile/d ;11 [onjllllctioll witll tlU! Region V Mil/i·Congress.

Sunday, October 3 Flemington, NJ- 10:00 am-6:00 pm Gymnastics Unlimited RO#5 Box 80 Flemington, NJ 08822 Course Oir.: Cathy Finkel (201) 586-1808

Friday, October 15 Rochester, MI Gymnastics Training Center of Rochester Course Oir.: Jerry Reighard (51 7) 774-6696 Th is cOllrse will be held;lI [O f/ju llctioll with the Michigall State Congress.

Sunday, October 24 Baltimore, MO-9:00 am-3:00 pm Baltimore Holiday Inn Course Oir.: Billy Bob Taylor Local Contact: Jan Greenhawk (410) 859-8400 This course will be held ill conjllllctioll with the Regioll VfI Mini,Collgress.

1. The text book for the Certifica­tion Course is the USGF GYM­NASTICS SAFETY MANUAL. This textlreference manual is to be purchased and studied prior to course participation.

2, The course will take approxi­mately six hours, including the test.

3. Certification is good for four years.

4. The Course/examination fee is $100.00. USA Gymnastics mem­bers and second cycle recertifica­tion is $75,00. Retest cost is $25.00. For groups of at least 5, contact the USA Gymnastics Department of Safety and Education.