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Técnicas y Herramientasde Apoyo a la investigación (THA)
II. Técnicas de Investigación Cualitativa
Sesión 3. Análisis de redes sociales
Alejandra Martínez Monés Noviembre 2009
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Social network analysis (SNA)
Considers relations and mutual effects of actors within groups and organisations
– Based on empirical data– Different levels of analysis (individual, sub-group,
community) Formal methods, mainly based on graph theory and
graph algorithms Fundamentals were presented as „Sociometry“
(Moreno, 1951)– Sociogram– Sociomatrix
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Social network analysisSocial network
Set of actors (a person, a department, a company) and relationships among them
Examples: – “is a friend of”– “is a neighbor of”– “distributes goods to”– “is a member of”
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Social Network AnalysisGraphical representation - Sociograms
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Social network analysis Types of networks
Mode– One-mode networks: one set of actors– Two-mode networks: two sets of actors.
Affiliation networks: relationships between actors and activities
Complete vs. egocentric networks
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Application areas of SNA for computer science
Human oriented disciplines– Computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL)– Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW)
Network Analysis– Identification of bottlenecks in computer networks– Fault-tolerance and –handling in distributed systems
Knowledge Structures– Growing interest in analysis of dynamic knowledge
structures, such as Wikipedia
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Social network analysis Some indicators
Centrality of actors– Degree based– Proximity / Closeness based– Betweenness based
Centralization of a network Prestige of actors
– Indegree and proximity Groupings: Cliques, Clusters, Positions
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Indicators - Examples
Individual: – Degree centrality: Activity of a node
C D (ni) = d(ni) = xi+
– Normalized degree centralityC’D (ni) = d(ni) / (g-1)
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Indicators - Examples
Global: – Density: Global activity of the network
= 2 L / g (g -1) L, number of links; g, number of nodes
– Degree Centralization: Dependency of a single actor
CD = 1<=i<=g [CD (n*) – CD( ni)] / (g-1) (g-2),
CD (n*) = maxiCD( ni)
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Social Network AnalysisSociograms
Who is central in this network?
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SNA – visualisation techniques
Teacher
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Intra-group
Inter-group
= 24,45%
CD = 63,6%
CD (x00) = 81,9 %
CD (x21) = 9,1 %CD (x32) = 9,1 %
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Data Collection and Transformations
Computer-mediated communication– Discussion Forums– Mailinglists– Web 2.0 applications, such as xing, facebook etc.
Archival records / artifacts– Bibliographies– Wikis– Versioning systems (e.g. CVS)
Automatically processable Potential for transformation between differenet
network types
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Limitations of the method
Frequently not all of the interaction takes place inside a computer environment– People going for a coffee and discussing their
homework
Interpretation is hard without „insider knowledge“, i.e. replication is difficult
Combination with other methods is useful „triangulation“
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Indirect networks through BSCW
( c ) ( d )
E n s e ñ a n z aM ó v i lB o l s aI m a g e nB i b l i o t e c a
Subproject 2 Final project
Density =17,54% = 35,48%
Centralization CD=87,03% CD= 68,21%
Example – AO case study
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SNA Software
UCINet – Whole Network Analysis – NetDraw – Visualization – http://www.analytictech.com/downloaduc6.htm
Pajek – Network Visualization (Large Networks) – http://pajek.imfm.si/doku.php
SAMSA – SNA applied to CSCL scenarios– [email protected]
Teacher /evaluator
CSCLtool
Interaction through the computer
Participants
SAMSA
Interactionmaps
Configurationparameters
Actions
(Generic
XML format)
Eventlogs
QUEST
Answers to questionnaires
SNA indexes
Sociograms
Other SNA tools
(UCINET
NETDRAW)
DL file
Sociometries
SNA tools - SAMSA
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SAMSA - ExampleRaw source data (BSCW logfile)
User:[158009, 'stm1x06'] object:[162008, 'stm1x04_Diagrama_Estados'] Type:ReadEvent Time:1087083920.3 Members:[[158339, 'stm1x17', 'l5QcDnyhBmzkc'], [158099, 'stm1x09', 'SgBa8D7t4R3XQ'], [116766, 'stm1x00', 'Q5OG42nMsUCog'], ... Path: [[158012, ':stm1x06'], [156970, 'Ingeniería de software (03/04)'], [158541, 'El proyecto de la herramienta de encuestas'], [160233, 'Elaboración (primera iteración)'], [161426, '6. Diagramas de Estado']] On:[161426, '6. Diagramas de Estado'] Touched:[158012, ':stm1x06'] Icon:'/bscw_resources/icons/e_read.gif' Class:Document Content:application/pdfUser:[158249, 'stm1x14'] object:[161927, 'stm1-junio03.pdf'] Type:ReadEvent Time:1087134052.9 Members:[[158339, 'stm1x17', 'l5QcDnyhBmzkc'], [158099, 'stm1x09', 'SgBa8D7t4R3XQ'], [116766, 'stm1x00', 'Q5OG42nMsUCog'], [158129, 'stm1x10', 'kn/7H8eEIaSD6'], [157859, 'stm1x01', '8zEhF2Cl/XRlI'], [158399, 'stm1x19', '2GUzLTh.vkZNw'], [158009, 'stm1x06', '.MH/OmIqgz7HQ'], [158039, 'stm1x07', 'nhiUpoSQdFnWA'], [158249, 'stm1x14', 'bMckxPSGUQwts'], [158429, 'stm1x20', 'zpRVdxqaDKDkw'], [157979, 'stm1x05', 'qpE8BEv6DvK1M'], [158159, 'stm1x11', 'Ttibbr4C9YDdw'], [158309, 'stm1x16', 'gwkeGlWoNsn3Y'], [157949, 'stm1x04', 'ZbRd75nzzT39c'], [158219, 'stm1x13', 'dI/2GRyZPEbbI'], [158369, 'stm1x18', '1VpwTzrnjvteI'], [157919, 'stm1x03', 'JtWyaVVOJNo7E'], [158279, 'stm1x15', 'dE2Y.IRtuK30g'], [157889, 'stm1x02', 'xyAQS9GZf62Es'], [158069, 'stm1x08', 'wksiMtOrd/PK2'], [158189, 'stm1x12', 'RwmThVDSMhk0g']] Path:[[158252, ':stm1x14'], [156970, 'Ingeniería de software (03/04)'], [158473, 'Material académico'], [158531, 'exámenes']] On:[158531, 'exámenes'] Touched:[158252, ':stm1x14'] Icon:'/bscw_resources/icons/e_read.gif' Class:Document Content:application/pdf
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SAMSA - ExampleXML “generic” format
<ACTIVITY id="SP1“ act-goal="Subproyecto 1"/><SESSION date="09/10/2001"><ACTION>
<ACT.TIMESTAMP>08:42</ACT.TIMESTAMP><ACT.SOURCE ref="laox38"/><ACT.DESC>
<ACT.IND><ACT.IND.DOC type="ReadEvent"><DOC key="47951"
type="Note"><DOC.PATH>:laox38</DOC.PATH><DOC.PATH>Curso 2001-2002</DOC.PATH><DOC.PATH>GENERAL'],[17938, ]</DOC.PATH><DOC.PATH>Comentarios ... </DOC.PATH><DOC.PATH>SERIA MAS ... </DOC.PATH><DOC.CONTENT>None</DOC.CONTENT>
</DOC></ACT.IND.DOC>
</ACT.IND></ACT.DESC>
</ACTION>
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SAMSA - ExampleSocial Network (SAMSA output)
9 0 3 2 3 3 6 1 4 3 2 0 0 4 2 2 1 2 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 5 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
DL
N=19
FORMAT = FULLMATRIX DIAGONAL PRESENT
LABELS:
x00
x21
x22
x23
x24
x25
x26
x27
x28
x29
x31
x32
x33
x34
x35
x36
x37
x38
x39
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SAMSA - ExampleSNA indexes (SAMSA output)
GRUPO OUTDEGREE INDEGREE OUTFARNESS INFARNESS OUTCLOSENES INCLOSENESS
----- --------- -------- ------- --------- ----------- -----------
x00 44,00 3,00 55,00 101,00 32,73 17,82
x21 1,00 0,00 65,00 342,00 27,69 5,26
x22 25,00 8,00 72,00 100,00 25,00 18,00
x23 5,00 22,00 67,00 91,00 26,87 19,78
x24 3,00 3,00 77,00 113,00 23,38 15,93
x25 1,00 3,00 81,00 113,00 22,22 15,93
x26 0,00 16,00 342,00 69,00 5,26 26,09
x27 3,00 1,00 77,00 113,00 23,38 15,93
x28 2,00 4,00 79,00 113,00 22,78 15,93
x29 1,00 6,00 70,00 108,00 25,71 16,67
x31 0,00 2,00 342,00 97,00 5,26 18,56
Densidad normalizada: 14,33 %
Densidad: 29,53 %
La centralizacion(InDegree): 97,84 %
La centralizacion(OutDegree): 226,85 %
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SAMSA - ExampleSociogram (NetDraw)
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Tools - Quest
Quest (Questionnaire web-based tool)
Contact person: Eduardo Gómez Sánchez
Observations
SAMSA
Teacher /evaluator
DL File (UCINET format)
CSCL tool
QUEST
obs2xml
Participants
Answer to questionnaires
Interactions through the computer
el2xml
Event log
Interactionmaps
NUD*IST
Newcategories
Pedagogical tool
Evaluation tool or module
File
STATISTICPACKAGE
Categories
Statisticindexes
Tools - Quest
SNA indexes& sociograms
Actions
(XML)
Designs questionnaires RTF files
Tables
XML file
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Quest
Set of tools for:– Managing complete lifecycle of questionnaires
Editing Web Publishing Filling in and results storing Results processing
– Managing “administrative” aspects Course definition Group formation
At GSIC we use it for supporting collaborative learning scenarios
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Quest
QuestFormCreator:– Java Stand-alone application– Visual questionnaire authoring tool– Questionnaires can be saved as:
HTML file (for communications) XML file (for web publishing)
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Quest
Quest questionnaires:– Divided in sections– Each section composed of questions:
Free text Numeric Checkboxes Choice list Matrix …
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Design of questionnairesQuestFormCreator
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QuestServer
Web application Client side
– Web browser: FireFox as best choice
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QuestServerUsers
– Administrator: Creates/removes students, removes courses
– Teacher Creates/removes courses Invite/remove students/teaches Creates groups Publishes and closes questionnaires Publishes results Requests results files
– Student Fills questionnaires in, browses tables with results
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Tools - Iloca
Iloca
(Interactive Learning Observer for Computer
Analysis)
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Conceptos a observar:
P.P.O: Preocupado por el observadorCyL: Colabora y se levanta para hacer cosas.T: Teclea.T/R: Teclea con el ratón.NT: No teclea.C: ColaboranCyP: Contesta y pregunta.S.: Solo
P.: PreguntaA.: Aclaraciones de YannisA C.: Aclaración conjunta.I.D.: Intervención en el debate.R.: RatónA. en Y.: Aclaración en el ordenador de Yannis.I.: IntervenciónI/O: Intervención sobre el comentario de otro grupo.
Observación Directa Observadores: Grupo EMIC
Taller Buendía Palencia 4-03-2004 Nª Alumnos/as: 21
Zona de reunión
Interacción con…
Profesor
Grupo 08
Grupo 07
Grupo 06
Grupo 05
Grupo 03 Grupo 04
Grupo 02
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P.P.O
P.P.O
P.P.O
C
C
C
C
Observations
SAMSA
Teacher /evaluator
Configurationparameters
DL File (UCINET format)
CSCL tool
QUEST
obs2xml
Participants
Respuestascuestionarios
Interactions through the computer
el2xml
Event log
Interactionmaps
NUD*IST
Newcategories
Pedagogical tool
Evaluation tool or module
File
STATISTICPACKAGE
Categories
Statisticindexes
Tools - Overview
SNA indexes& sociograms
Actions
(XML)
iloca
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Nudist – Qualitative analysis
Non-Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Search and Theorizing o Nudist Vivo de Qualitative Solutions Research - QSR
34
