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Tectonic LandformsTectonic Landforms
Landforms Landforms resulting from direct tectonic activity with little modification resulting from direct tectonic activity with little modification
by erosion (not structurally controlled landforms) Most are Holocene or by erosion (not structurally controlled landforms) Most are Holocene or
Late Quaternary in age)Late Quaternary in age)
Tectonic scarpsTectonic scarps
Fault valleys and fault block mountainsFault valleys and fault block mountains
Landforms associated with foldingLandforms associated with folding
Appalachian
Valley and Ridge
Province
How is this
landscape
formed?
Is this tectonic
geomorphology?
Tectonic scarpsTectonic scarps
ScarpScarp——any steep slope along edge of any steep slope along edge of plateau, etc. May be tectonic, erosional, plateau, etc. May be tectonic, erosional, depostional.depostional.
Tectonic scarpTectonic scarp--formed by direct tectonic formed by direct tectonic actionaction
–– Normal fault scarpNormal fault scarp
–– Thrust fault scarpThrust fault scarp
–– Fault line scarpFault line scarp
–– Strike slip fault landformsStrike slip fault landforms
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Normal fault scarpsNormal fault scarps Preserves original fault angle only when Preserves original fault angle only when
very recent. Erosion reduces angle very very recent. Erosion reduces angle very
quickly, especially in unconsolidated quickly, especially in unconsolidated
materials. materials.
East slope;
Colorado
Rockies D
U
Mountain front sinuosityMountain front sinuosity
J = LJ/LS : index of fault
activity. The higher the
value, the less active the
fault.
A-B: initial activity; C-D: maximum relief;
E: tectonic quiescence, dominance of
fluvial activity.
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Death Valley
Sonoma Range, Nevada
Normal Fault landformsNormal Fault landforms
Sierra Nevadas Ground View of fault
Sierra Nevadas Red Canyon fault-Hebgen Earthquake
1959
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Hebgen Scarp
2002, Denali fault, Alaska
Triangular facetsTriangular facets
Produced by stream
erosion of fault scarp
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Bottleneck canyon, Death Valley
Thrust faults don’t always Thrust faults don’t always
produce wellproduce well--defined scarpsdefined scarps
Section at left being thrust over lighter sandstone at right
Keystone thrust, Nevada
Termination of a fault scarpTermination of a fault scarp
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FaultFault--line scarpsline scarps
No fault movement in present erosion
cycle.
(a) Continuity of lava flow shows that
scarp is erosion rather than fault
related.
(b) Scarp faces toward uplifted
side.
Landforms produce by strikeLandforms produce by strike--slip faultingslip faulting
Shutter ridgesShutter ridges
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Garlock fault-left lateral Carrizo Plain-San Andreas
San Andreas
Offset drainagesOffset drainages
San Andreas San Jacinto fault
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Sag PondsSag Ponds
Alaska
San Andreas
Fault valleys and faultFault valleys and fault--block mountainsblock mountains
HorstHorst
GrabenGraben
TypesTypes
–– OregonOregon——flat lying rocksflat lying rocks
–– Basin and RangeBasin and Range——tilted, deformed rocks, grabens tilted, deformed rocks, grabens
and half grabens in arid climateand half grabens in arid climate——basins are alluvial basins are alluvial
desert basinsdesert basins——no throughno through-- flowing streamsflowing streams
–– New ZealandNew Zealand——humid equivalenthumid equivalent——through flowing through flowing
streams at bases of scarpsstreams at bases of scarps
Oregon typeOregon type--IcelandIceland
Reykanes Peninsula Thingvellir
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Basin and Range StructureBasin and Range Structure
Fault-block mountains-Nevada
GrabensGrabens
Garlock Fault, CA Panamint Range, CA
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Rift ValleysRift Valleys
Red
Sea
Dead
Sea
rift
Folding and LandformsFolding and Landforms
MonoclinesMonoclines
Topographic domesTopographic domes
–– Salt TectonicsSalt Tectonics
Salt domes; Gulf CoastSalt domes; Gulf Coast
Salt anticlines; Colorado PlateauSalt anticlines; Colorado Plateau
–– Igneous DomesIgneous Domes
Waterpocket Monocline, UtahWaterpocket Monocline, Utah
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East Kaibab monocline, Arizona
Uplift of geomorphic surfacesUplift of geomorphic surfaces
Shows relationship between geomorphology
and active tectonics.
AlaskaAlaska
11 ft. uplift during 1964 earthquake
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Moab anticlineMoab anticline
ASTER image of salt dome, Iran
Igneous domesIgneous domes
Laccoliths, Texas