tekanan dan personaliti

7/30/2019 tekanan dan personaliti

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Emotional & Intellectual Basis ofStress

Apakah asas biologi bagi emosi?

Apakah peranan emosi dalam tekanan?

Adakah perasaan negatif sama dengantekanan?

Apakah peranan kata hati dalam

tekanan?Bagaimanakah budaya melihat peranan

emosi dalam tekanan?


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Apakah peranan emosi dalam tekanan?

Emosi negatif adalah bukan tekanan

walaupun sering dikaitkan dengan tekanan

Emosi yang negatif boleh mencetus tekanan

sekiranya dilihat sebagai ancaman yangtidak boleh ditangani

Emosi boleh menjadi sebahagian dari tindak

balas terhadap tekananEmosi boleh memarakkan dan mengekalkan

tindak balas tekanan melalui rumination


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Tekanan, emosi & kata hati (inner

dialogue)Lazarus: penilaian kognitif terhadap

mengakibatkan tekanan akan membawa

kepada tekanan emosimarah

permusuhan

iri hati

cemburu

Emosi ini dikatakan berkait dengan kata hati

yang negatif


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Tekanan, emosi & kata hati (inner

dialogue)Kata hati ini memberi tahu bagaimana harus

atau mesti bertindak

Selalunya reaksi yang berlaku adalah negatifdan tidak sihat

Menjadi halangan untuk menangani situasi

dengan lebihImplikasi:

tukar kata hati supaya lebih positif


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Bagaimana orang Jepun melihat

peranan emosi dalam tekananBudaya mempunyai kesan yang dramatik terhadap emosi

dan bagaimana harus bertindak terhadapnya

MORITA THERAPY: the 5 principles of feelings D. K.Reynolds

1. Feelings are not controllable by the will

2. Feelings must be recognized and accepted as is3. Every feeling, however unpleasant, has its uses4. Feelings fade in time unless they are re-stimulated5. Feelings can be indirectly influenced by behavior


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TYPE A Stress prone

aggressive, competitive, hostile, easily angered, hard

driving (2 things at once), time conscious, unable to

relax, cynical, not generally anxious

In response to stress:

tightened facial muscles, gestures, grimacing, explosive

speech, interrupt the interviewer, hurrying the pace

increased risk for CHD & all other causes of premature

death even when other risk factors are controlled

Anger (state) & Hostility (trait) may be esp. important


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*stress resistant:

*opposite type A, relaxed, easy-going, experience

fewer hassles than type A

*Typically not as successful as type A, but many aresuccessful nevertheless

*decreased risk of CHD, but if suffer heart attack, lesslikely to live why?


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*stress prone:*Feel helpless, hopeless, give up, little or no emotional

*response to stress, please others at their expense,

often

*depressed, behavioral inertia

*poor health: more likely to get cancer

*Seligman:*helpless is learned so is optimism!

*Interventions to increase optimism and decrease

*Helplessness, facilitates treatment and cure


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*Hardy Personality

*stress resistant

*Kobasa: studied business managers, supervisors, executives

* compared high stress/high illness vs. high stress/lowillness

*Hardy people thrive on pressure, characterized by the 3Cs

*Commitment: actively involved in life, sense of purpose &meaning

*Control:internal locus of control

*Challenge:perceive change as challenge and welcome it,adapt

*Hardy Social Support: a truly supportive social network


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Irrational, Illogical Personality

stress proneCharacterized as: evaluators, needy

Do not perceive situations accurately because of

should/must/ought, unrealistic expectations, and

irrational beliefsELLIS (REBT): most stress stems from negative thoughts

& irrational beliefs

ABC Model: A = activating agent

B = illogical beliefs

C = consequences bio psychosocial

A + B = C


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Role of Negative Self-talk

Promotes more stress and inhibits copingNegative self-talk often targets the self

Primary stressor: the initial trigger

Secondary Stressor: negativeself-talk

can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy and

lower self esteem


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Millons Model: 8 stress prone personality styles

1. Aggressive: mistrust others, defensive, fear losing

control, use anger, intimidation anddominance to retain control

2. Narcissistic: self absorbed, think they are unique

and special, lack empathy

3. Histrionic: crave affection, constant stimulation

interpersonal approval, flair for the

dramatic

4. Dependent: require high levels of support from

others,passive, submissive, fear loss of

support & rejection


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5. Passive-Aggressive: ambivalent, negative, pessimistic,

want independence but lack the skills to

achieve it

6. Compulsive: rigid, inflexible, maintain self-control

will only behave in socially approved

ways

7. Avoidant: want social contact but remain a recluse

because of extreme fear of rejection

8. Schizoid: no desire for interpersonal contact,

hypersensitive to social stimuli, fear

interpersonal contact, lack social

support


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The Intellectual Basis of Stress

Albert Ellis: emphasized the role of irrational, illogicalthinking on stress

Lazarus: described 5 intellectual resources linked to

personality & cognition

1. Intelligence: involved in stimulus appraisal, clears up

ambiguity

2. Life Experience: past successful experiences with a

stressor helps guide us through subsequent stressors


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3. Verbal & Written Communication: important to express

feelings, wants, needs, and desires

4. Creativity: thinking outside the box helps us to perceivethings differently and try new and innovative solutions

5. Problem Solving Ability: ability to find ways of coping

with our stress


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The Convergence of Intellectual &Emotional Factors

Lazarus & Folkman Stress Appraisal Model

Briefly,

Primary appraisal + secondary appraisal

= reappraisal

Leads to final appraisal

Primary appraisal: affected by situation factors & person

factorsSecondary appraisal: affected by coping dispositions &

coping resources

equally important, occur simultaneously, & are context

dependent Cited by 16,818


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Emotion-focused vs. problem focusedcoping

Emotion-focusedmanaging or reducing emotional distress looking on the bright side, seeking emotional

support, having a drink, using drugs

Problem-focusedsolving or managing the problem that is causing

distress information gathering, making decisions,planning, and resolving conflicts acquiringresources to help deal with the underlyingproblem


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*When is one better than theother?


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Stress, sex differences, and copingstrategies among college students

Brougham, R. et al. (2009)

college women reported a higher overall level of

stress and greater use ofemotion-focusedcoping

strategies than college men.

however the use ofemotion-focusedcoping

strategies dominated over problem-solvingstrategies for both men and women


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*situations in which something

constructive can be done willfavor problem-focused coping

*those situations that simplymust be accepted favor emotion-focused coping

*http://www.suu.edu/faculty/white_l/stress%2

0&%20pain/powerpoints/chapter_2.ppt

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