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Everything about Grammar
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SUMMARY OF TENSES
pres
ent
past
futu
re
We use tenses of verbs to refer to actions or situations in the present, in the past and in the future
pres
ent
past
futu
re
There are different sorts of tenses:simple tensescontinuous tensesperfect tensesperfect continuous tenses
pres
ent
past
futu
re
present tenses
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
FORMThe present simple is formed with the infinitive of the main verb. The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of the verb to do + infinitive.
Examples I start ( he starts) work at 8.30 a.m. When do I start work?I don’t start work until 9.00 a..m. / He doesn’t start work until 9.00 a..m.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1. for habitual and repeated actions
Example I play blues harp and dobro guitar
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. for habitual and repeated actionsfor habitual and repeated actions2. with adverbs (or expressions) of frequency( often – usually – sometimes -seldom – rarely – always –
occasionally – never – twice a week - on Tuesdays – most of the time ....)
Example He often arrives late
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. for habitual and repeated actionsfor habitual and repeated actions2.2. with adverbs (or expressions) of frequencywith adverbs (or expressions) of frequency3. Certain verbs are usually only used in the simple form
verbs of the senses
see- hear- smell – notice – recognize
verbs of emotions want – desire – refuse – forgive – wish – care – love – hate – like – dislike
verbs of thinking think – feel – realize – understand – know – mean – suppose – believe – expect – remember – forget
ExampleDo you see what I mean?
She likes my brother very much.I suppose he realizes that now.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. for habitual and repeated actionsfor habitual and repeated actions2.2. with adverbs (or expressions) of frequencywith adverbs (or expressions) of frequency3.3. Certain verbs are usually only used in the simple formCertain verbs are usually only used in the simple form4. for something that is permanently true
ExampleWater boils at 100° C.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
I get up at 7.30 a.m. every day.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to
be + present participle of the main verb.
ExamplesI’m watching television.What are you doing?
He isn’t coming.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1. For actions happening at the moment of
speaking.
ExampleShe’s reading the newspaper.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. For actions happening at the moment of For actions happening at the moment of
speaking.speaking. 2. For a temporary state.
ExampleThe company is reorganizing its services.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. For actions happening at the moment of For actions happening at the moment of
speaking.speaking. 2.2. For a temporary state.For a temporary state. 3. For a definite arrangement in the near future. ExampleThey’re signing the contract tomorrow.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. For actions happening at the moment of For actions happening at the moment of
speaking.speaking. 2.2. For a temporary state.For a temporary state. 3.3. For a definite arrangement in the near future.For a definite arrangement in the near future.
verbs of senses see – hear – smell – notice - recognizeverbs of emotion want – desire – refuse – forgive – wish – care – love
– hate – like - dislikeverbs of thinking think – feel – realize – understand – know – mean –
suppose – believe – expect – remember - forgetverbs of possessing own – owe – belong - possesssome other verbs seem – appear (seem) – contain – consist – keep
(continue) - matter
Some verbs are not usually used in a continuous form
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
I’m adjusting the rotating speed
past future
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to
have + past participle of the main verb.
ExamplesI’ve finished.
Where have you been?
I haven’t talked to him.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1. Actions in the recent past with ‘just, recently,
already, at last, lately’
ExampleHe has just immersed the temperature probe into the molten steel.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. Actions in the recent past with Actions in the recent past with ‘just, recently, ‘just, recently,
already, at last, lately’already, at last, lately’2. General experience with ‘ever – never – before –
so far’ Example
This is the highest carbon ratio I’ve ever seen.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. Actions in the recent past with Actions in the recent past with ‘just, recently, ‘just, recently,
already, at last, lately’already, at last, lately’2.2. General experience with ‘ever – never – before – General experience with ‘ever – never – before –
so far’so far’ 3. The indefinite past: we are interested in what
happened, not in when it happened. ExampleI have seen the report. (I know what it is about.)He has sold the company.They have had lunch.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE1.1. Actions in the recent past with Actions in the recent past with ‘just, recently, ‘just, recently,
already, at last, lately’already, at last, lately’2.2. General experience withGeneral experience with ‘ever – never – before – ‘ever – never – before –
so far’so far’ 3.3. The indefinite pastThe indefinite past: we are interested in what : we are interested in what
happened, not in when it happened.happened, not in when it happened. 4. Actions starting in the past and continuing to
the present, with ‘for’ or ‘since”. ExampleThe operation has been suspended for two months.The firm has had a Belgian branch since October last year.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast
future
I ‘ve just arrived.
relationship with the present moment
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast
future
Have you been to France?
? ? ?
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast
future
They have revised their report.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast
future
We have conducted experiments on this phenomenon for almost two years.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the present perfect of the verb
to be + present participle of the main verb.
ExamplesI ‘ve been writing code for our new data-mining program.Has she been trying to contact me?She hasn’t been writing at all.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USEWe use this tense for actions started in the past,
continuing to the present and probably continuing into the future. We often use it with “for” or “since”.
ExamplesI’ ve been trying to persuade him for ten years now.We ‘ve been practicing this routine since last Wednesday.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now2004
past future
I ‘ve been driving driving lorries for twenty years.....
1984
In this sentence, the duration is emphasized, either positively or negatively.
So I know what I’m talking about!So it’s high time I quit.
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now2004
past future
I ‘ve driven a Volkswagen for twenty years.....
1984
In this sentence, the duration is indicated, but the car brand is emphasized.
Clearly I have confidence in this car.
pres
ent
past
futu
re
past tenses
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive. The negative and interrogative are formed with the past tense of the verb to do + infinitive of the main verb
Examples They arrived at head quarters an hour ago.When did he finalize this deal?I didn’t finish until 12 o’clock.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1. For actions completed at a definite time in the past.
Example We signed the contract last Friday at 2 o’clock.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. For actions completed at a definite time in the For actions completed at a definite time in the
past.past.2. For actions which are already completed in the
past: the time is understood but not stated.
Example Did you arrive in time?
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuousUSE
1.1. For actions completed at a definite time in the For actions completed at a definite time in the past.past.
2.2. For actions which are already completed in the For actions which are already completed in the past: the time is understood but not stated.past: the time is understood but not stated.
3. The ‘unreal past tense’ is used after the verb ‘to wish’ and after words and phrases such as ‘if only; it’s time; suppose’ etc. The simple past tense implies that the speaker knows that the wish or the idea is impossible. Note that the wish refers to the present time. Examples
If I only knew his name.I wish I were at home now.If I were in his shoes, I would fix his wagon without much scruples.It’s time I went home.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
I arrived at 15.30 sharp.
15.30
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.
ExamplesI was watching TV at 8 o’clock yesterday.Where were you looking for my glasses this time?I wasn’t eavesdropping at all!
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1. To emphasize the continuity of the past action.
ExamplesShe was playing tennis with a friend.He was discussing production planning for the coming week.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. To emphasize the To emphasize the continuity of the pastcontinuity of the past action. 2. To describe an action in progress at a certain time
in the past.
ExamplesAt 6 p.m. I was still sleeping.
At a quarter past nine I was having breakfast.Prices were going up all the time.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. To emphasize the To emphasize the continuity of the past action.continuity of the past action. 2.2. To describe an To describe an action in progress at a certain time action in progress at a certain time
in the pastin the past. 3. To describe an interrupted past action. ExamplesWhen he arrived, I was studying the quarterly reports.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. To emphasize the To emphasize the continuity of the past action.continuity of the past action. 2.2. To describe an To describe an action in progress at a certain time action in progress at a certain time
in the past.in the past. 3.3. To describe an interrupted past actionTo describe an interrupted past action. 4. To express repeated past actions which caused
irritation, annoyance. ( with always, forever)
ExamplesHe was always trying to influence the personnel director.She was forever paring her nails during meetings.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
I was working all day yesterday.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast futureI was working all day yesterday.
past now future
I worked all day yesterday.
yesterday
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future1. I was working all day yesterday.
past now future2. I worked all day yesterday.
yesterday
While (1) emphasizes the continuity of the action, (2) only indicates that the action took place yesterday.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
I was watching TV at 8.30 last night.
8.30 p.m.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
3. I was watching TV at 8.30 last night.
8.30 p.m.
8.30 p.m.
now future
past
4. I watched TV at 8.30 last night.
Whereas 3. indicates that the action started before and continued after a certain point in time, 4. indicates that the action happened (started) at 8.30
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future
I was browsing through your report ...
when he knocked at my office door.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb.
ExamplesI had never seen so many measuring tools.What assistance had he given?
He hadn’t expected this outcome.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1. We use this tense to describe one past action happening before another past action.
ExampleThe customer had left the shop by the time I found his order form.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. WWe use this tense to describe e use this tense to describe one past action one past action
happening before another past action. happening before another past action. 2. We use it when necessary to indicate the
sequence of two actions.
ExampleHe had already cleared the screen when I got behind his desk.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. WWe use this tense to describe e use this tense to describe one past action one past action
happening before another past action. happening before another past action. 2.2. We use it when necessary to indicate the We use it when necessary to indicate the
sequence of two actions. sequence of two actions. 3. We often us it when the second action is
understood, but not stated.ExampleI hadn’t realized! (until you told me.)
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast futurehaddinner
watched TV
1. When I had had dinner, I watched TV.
haddinner
watched TVpast now future
2. I had dinner before I watched TV.
In (1) the sequence of actions is expressed by the past perfect tense; whereas in (2) the sequence of actions is indicated by the use of before
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the past perfect tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb.
ExamplesShe had been working as a secretary for two years when she was promoted.What had she been writing all day?He hadn’t been listening to that tape for that long.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1. We use this tense to describe a continuous past
action happening before another past action. We often use it with for + time period.
ExampleWe had been waiting for thirty minutes when they arrived.
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
USE1.1. We use this tense We use this tense to describe a continuous past to describe a continuous past
action happening before another past action. action happening before another past action. We often use it with We often use it with forfor + time + time period.period.
2. We use this tense to emphasize the continuity or duration of the past action.Example
I had been waiting for my exam results for six weeks. (before I got them.)
past simple past continuous
past perfect past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
nowpast future10 minutes
1. I had been waiting for 10 minutes when she arrived.
nowpast
2. I waited for 10 minutes before she arrived.Whereas in (1) the past perfect continuous indicates both the sequence of the actions and the continuity of the first action; in (2) the sequence of the actions is indicated by before. (1.) emphasizes the duration.
pres
ent
past
futu
re
future tenses
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to
present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USEWe use this tense to express a pure future. Actions expressed in the simple future are bound to happen because of the course of time. This means that the speaker has no power over the events, that he cannot control what will happen. For this reason this tense is also called the uncertain future.. ExamplesHe will be sixteen years old next Friday.The baby will be born next month
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1. We often use this tense with particular verbs; such
as think – know – believe – suppose – expect – hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the future.
ExamplesI think Brazil will win.
I don’t suppose she will be promoted now
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. We often use this tense with We often use this tense with particular verbs;particular verbs; such such
as as think – know – believe – suppose – expect – hope think – know – believe – suppose – expect – hope to to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the futureknowledge and opinions about the future.
2. We often use it with particular adverbs such as: probably – possibly –perhaps to express uncertainty about the future. Examples
He will probably ask the general manager.This matter will probably not be raised before the commission’s first meeting
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. We often use this tense with We often use this tense with particular verbs;particular verbs; such such
as as think – know – believe – suppose – expect – hope think – know – believe – suppose – expect – hope to to express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, express beliefs, convictions, hope, expectations, knowledge and opinions about the future.knowledge and opinions about the future.
2.2. We often use it with We often use it with particular adverbsparticular adverbs such as: such as: probably – possibly –perhaps probably – possibly –perhaps to express uncertainty to express uncertainty about the futureabout the future.
3. The simple present is used in conditional clauses and time clauses. The simple future is used in the main clause (not in the if-clause). Examples
He ‘ll help you if you ask him.I ‘ll tell him the news as soon as I see him.He ‘ll be arrested the moment he sets foot on Schengen soil.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + going to + infinitive of the main verb.
ExamplesI’ m going to watch this football match on TV tonight.What are you going to do about this ?She isn’t going to give this party next week
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1. We use this tense to talk about present intentions
and plans for future actions.
ExamplesI ‘m going to pass my exams next month.I ‘m going to spend two weeks in Spain this summer.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. We use this tense to talk about We use this tense to talk about present intentions present intentions
and plans for future actionsand plans for future actions. 2. We also use going to in order to express
subjective certainty on the part of the speaker.
ExamplesThis boat is going to sink.
It’s going to rain, by the look
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1. We use this tense to indicate definite future
arrangements, actions planned in the near future. We nearly always use a future time expression with it.
ExamplesHe ‘s starting his new job next Monday.I’ m taking the 11 o’clock train to Berlin
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. We use this tense We use this tense to indicateto indicate definite future definite future
arrangements, actions planned in the near arrangements, actions planned in the near future.future. We nearly always use a future time expression We nearly always use a future time expression with it.with it.
Note: do not confuse intention ( to be + going to + verb) and arrangement (to be + present participle).
ExamplesI’m going to stay in London. = intentionI’m going to London next weekend = arrangement
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the infinitive of the main verb. The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of to do + infinitive
ExamplesThe plane takes off at 7.30 local time.The match begins at 14.00 hours.You leave from Kennedy airport at noon, and arrive in Paris at 15.00 hours GMT.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USEWe use this tense to talk about planned future actions. We usually use it to describe travel plans, time tables, departures, arrivals. ExamplesThe bus leaves at 15.30.The reception starts at 19.00 hours.The ferry leaves Dover at 12.30 tomorrow and we arrive at Calais at 13.15.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed with the future simple of to be + present participle of the main verb.
ExamplesWe’ ll be flying to Rome this time next week.What will you be doing this time next week?They won’t be sitting in the classroom at 6 o’clock tomorrow.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE We use this tense for actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
ExamplesAt 11.45 next Friday, I ‘ ll be doing my chemistry exam.
I’ ll be hiking through the States this time next year.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
on the time diagram
This time next week I’ll be taking my driving test.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
nowpast future
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1. The future continuous is also used to express long-
term arrangements, especially for travelling.
ExamplesThe band will be travelling through Scandinavia at the end of the month. They will be giving three performances there.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. The future continuous is also used to express The future continuous is also used to express long-long-
term arrangements,term arrangements, especially for travelling. especially for travelling. 2. The future continuous is also used to ask very polite
questions about future activities. By using the future continuous tense, the speaker asking the questions shows that he does not want to influence the other person’s decision in any way at all.Examples
Where will you be having dinner, Sir? (secretary to boss)What will you be having, Madam? (waiter to customer)
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USE1.1. The future continuous is also used to express The future continuous is also used to express long-long-
term arrangements,term arrangements, especially for travelling. especially for travelling. 2.2. The future continuous is also used to ask The future continuous is also used to ask very polite very polite
questions about future activities. questions about future activities. By using the By using the future continuous tense, the speaker asking the future continuous tense, the speaker asking the questions shows that he does not want to influence the questions shows that he does not want to influence the other person’s decision in any way at all.other person’s decision in any way at all.
3. The future continuous is also used to make deductions about what is happening at the moment of speaking.
ExamplesHe will be working in his garden now. Otherwise, he would have heard the phone.She hasn’t begun making up the beds. She will still be doing the washing up.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed with will + have + past participle of the main verb.
ExamplesThey ‘ll have finalized their business by noon.Will they have copied all that material by Friday morning?They won’t have organized this course by the end of this year.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USEWe use this tense to describe actions which we know will (or will not) be completed by a certain time in the future.
ExamplesI ‘ll have finished this book by the end of the week.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
on the time diagram
ExamplesBy the end of next week, I’ll have finished my exams.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
nowpast future
end of next week
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
FORMThis tense is formed with the future perfect tense of to be + present participle of rthe main verb.
ExamplesBy the end of this year, we ‘ll have been experimenting with this polymer for more than three months.How long will you have been living in that shack by the end of this year?I won’t have been living here for more than five years by the end of this year.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
USEWe use this tense to describe continuous and repeated actions which begin before a certain time in the future and will probably continue after that time.
ExamplesBy the end of this academic year, I’ll have been teaching for 30 years.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
on the time diagram
ExampleBy the end of this academic year, I’ll have been teaching for 30 years.
going to ... present continuous
present simple
past futurenow
end of this academic year