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V@CUF\YCXNXFN HV@\FN HF OKY HC@ ANGNC

ENIVGXNXFN HF CYXK\CF' ECGKYKECF C XFKGKACF

YRFICNGCN_N\FN CYXK\CF

GVI\N\F HF GCIF@

Ikk|hk`nxk| xcc`ceci?

Gfixk| v`cu. h|. Afk|af F@NIJF

Nlykguf`x?

Xfkhk| XCLF\

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V@CUF\YCXNXFN HV@\FN HF OKY HC@ ANGNC

ENIVGXNXFN HF CYXK\CF' ECGKYKECF C XFKGKACF

YRFICNGCN_N\FN CYXK\CF

Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v c |kgvggvc ` inh|vg mci|cc hf

|fzcyxf` n|mnx

n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn

Ikk|hk`nxk| xcc`ceci?Gfixk| v`cu. h|. Afk|af F@NIJF

Nlykguf`x?

Xfkhk| XCLF\

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IVR\C@Y

IVR\C@Y........................................................................................................................................9Gcyxn hf nl|fucf|c.........................................................................................................................8C`x|khvif|f ..................................................................................................................................6

INRCXKGVG > ..............................................................................................................................:C`yxngn|fn |facmvgvc ikmv`cyx ` \km`cn c `ifrvxvg mci|cgk| hf |fzcyxf n`xcikmv`cyx.................................................................................................................................:

>.>. Ycxvncn c`xf|`nck`ng...........................................................................................................:>..9. Yfiv|cxnxfn c |fr|fycv`fn ikmv`cyx.................................................................................>.8. \fzcyxf`n n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn..................................................................>6

>.8.>. Fxnrf ` |fzcyxf`n n`xcikmv`cyx................................................................................>5

>.8.

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Gcyxn hf nl|fucf|c

N.I.@.Y.N.Y. N|jcun Ik`ycgcvgvc @nck`ng rf`x|v Yxvhcf|fn N|jcufgk| Yfiv|cxcc

N.Y.\.C. N|jcun Yf|ucicvgvc \km` hf C`ek|mncc

I.N.R. Ikkrf|nxcun Na|cikg hf R|khvicfI.@.\. Ik`ycgcvg @nck`ng \km`

H.\.Y.R. Hc|ficn \fack`ng n Yfiv|cxcc Rkrk|vgvc

H.A.Y.R. Hc|ficn Af`f|ng n Yfiv|cxcc Rkrk|vgvc

E.H.I. E|cn hf I|vif

C.N.Y. `x|fr|c`hf|fn Na|cikg hf Yxnx

M.N.C. Mc`cyxf|vg Nenif|cgk| C`xf|`f

M.N.@. Mn|fn Nhv`n|f @nck`ng

@.D.U.H. Ikmcyn|cnxvg Rkrk|vgvc rf`x|v Nenif|c C xf|`f

K.@.V. K|an`czncn @ncv`cgk| V`cxf

R.I.\. Rn|xchvg Ikmv`cyx \km`

R.M.\. Rn|xchvg Mv`icxk|fyi \km`

R.@.G. Rn|xchvg @nck`ng Gclf|ng

R.@.. Rn|xchvg @nck`ng |`fyi

R.Y.H. Rn|xchvg Ykicng Hfmki|nx

Y.\.C. Yf|ucicvg \km` hf C`ek|mncc

Y.V.N. Yxnxfgf V`cxf ngf Nmf|cicc

X.K. Xfj`ci Krf|nxcu

X.U.\. Xfgfuczcv`fn \km`

V.M. V`cxnxfn Mcgcxn|

V.@.Y.\. V`cv`fn @nck`ng n Yxvhf`cgk| \km`c

V.\.Y.Y. V`cv`fn \frvlgcicgk| Ykucfxcif Ykicngcyxf

8

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C`x|khvif|f

Yfikgvg ZZ n nhvy rf yif`n mk`hcng fuf`cmf`xf cmrk|xn`xf' in|f r|c` n`uf|av|n c

ik`yfic`fgf gk| nv zavhvcx ev`hnccgf ykicfxcc kmf`fxc c nv yijcmlnx iv|yvg cyxk|cfc hf r`

nxv`ic. Kmf`c|fn n nycyxnx ` nifnyx rf|cknh gn nrn|ccn c hcyrn|ccn v`k| `kc ik`ifrxf c

chfkgkacc rkgcxcif. R|c`x|f fx|fmfgf nifyxvc yfikg yf `vm| c nrn|ccn |facmv|cgk| xkxngcxn|f'

r|fivm ifg enyicyx' `nzcyx ynv ikmv cyx.

\facmvg ikmv`cyx n ekyx ifg in|f r|c` nmrgkn|fn c hv|nlcgcxnxfn yn n c`egvf`nx c

x|nvmnxcznx n gvmf `x|fna c n gynx v|mf nh`ic ` mfmk|cn mvgxk| rkrkn|f. R|c`x|f |cgf

`fef|cicxf in|f nv izvx r|nh ikmv`cymvgvc y-n negnx c \km`cn. Nifyx ef`kmf` y-n mn`cefyxnx

iv k ek| nxx hf l|vxng ` n|n `knyx|' `ix v|m|cgf yv`x |fycmcxf c nyxzc hf ykicfxnxfn

|km`fnyi.

C`yxnv|n|fn |facmvgvc ikmv`cyx ` \km`cn n r|kukinx' rf g`a mngek|mn|fn

c`yxcxvccgk| ev`hnmf`xngf ngf yxnxvgvc' k cmf`y in`xcxnxf hf yvef|c`n vmn`' mnxf|cngcznx r|c`

hcyx|vaf|fn xkxng ynv mkhcecin|fn c|fuf|yclcg n mcc hf hfyxc`f c`hcuchvngf. Rf g`a `vmf|kcc

krk|xv`cxc in|f y-nv a|lcx y `a|knf |`hv|cgf v`vc rn|xch mc`vyivg hn| ` ngf i|vc r`zf

yvegn v` rvxf|`ci u`x hc`yr|f Mkyikun' rkrk|vg |km` n ev|`cznx c ffmrgf mfmk|nlcgf hf

uf|xcingcxnxf mk|ng' hf |fevz ng ikmr|kmcyvgvc' hf nxnnmf`x en hf v` ycyxfm lc`f `ijfanx hf

ungk|c vmn`f v`cuf|yng niifrxnxf.Hvr fuf`cmf`xfgf hc` >3:3' ykicfxnxfn |km`fnyi c-n v|mnx iv|yvg ec|fyi c n `if|inx

y xfn|a mc|kyvg cmr|fa`nx hf ovmxnxf hf yfikg hf ikmv`cym. \fixcan|fn gclf|xcgk| c

|fnfzn|fn \km`cfc ` |`hvg yxnxfgk| hfmki|nxcif' n nx|ny hvr yc`f c c`xf|fyvg if|ifxxk|cgk|

` yxvhcf|fn k|k|cgk| ikmv cymvgvc c n xvxv|k| mn`cefyx|cgk| yngf ` yrncvg |km`fyi.

Ivx`hv-yf uc`kuncc c invzfgf in|f nv hvy gn c`yxnv|n|fn |facmvgvc hf x|cyx nmc`xc|f ` n|n

`knyx|' if|ifxxk|cc y-nv ik`e|v`xnx iv `vmf|knyf gcryv|c c gniv`f' enrx if n `a|fv`nx mv`in

nifyxk|n c n r|kcfixnx ` mf`xngvg ikgfixcu hf nyxzc' k cmnac`f hfek|mnx c c`ikmrgfx n frkicccyxk|cif ikmv`cyxf. Fyxf iv`kyivx |fr|kvg xc`f|cgk| nh|fynx r|c cgk|? Ukc `f-nc u`hvx

ikmv`cymvgvc e| y u krv`fc iv `cmci. Hn| `v nifyxn n ekyx nhfu|vg. Gn `kc' |fnicn

mrkx|cun icvmfc |kcc n ekyx mnc mn|f hfix ` ngxf |c. @f ycxvm' in `vm| hf ucixcmf' rf

r|cmvg gki ` avgnavg ikmv`cyx. Rfyxf 381->3:3. \fzcyxf`n gn ikmv`cym

|m`f `i v` nhfu| rn|cng hfzugvcx. Hni gn `kc nv gcrycx mkmf`xfgf yrfixnivgknyf r|fivm

ifgf hc` V`an|cn *>365#' Ifjkygkunicn *>35:# ynv Rkgk`cn hc` n`cc Ykgchn|cxcc' ` yijcml nfcyxnx k rvxf|`ci mcin|f hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx. A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx

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nv nick`nx nr|knrf ` xkc mv`cc \km`cfc' hf oky' hc` Yfmf`ci c r` yvy' ` Lvikuc`n c

Mn|nmv|f.

R|nixci `fiv`kyivx r` gn fuf`cmf`xfgf hc` hfifml|cf >3:3 mcin|fn hf |fzcyxf`

fyxf ` vgxcmcc n`c ` nxf`cn if|ifxxk|cgk|' hn| c n rvlgcivgvc gn|a. ecc`h rvlgcinxf `vmf|knyf

ukgvmf hf hkivmf`xf' yxvhcc ynv mfmk|cc ngf yvr|nucfvcxk|cgk|. Nyxefg' k ecg ngl n cyxk|cfc`knyx|f ik`xfmrk|n`f `ifrf y ecf yi|cy. Mn|fn mnok|cxnxf n |km`cgk| xcn hfyr|f fcyxf`n

gvrxxk|cgk| hc` mv`c hc` i|cgf x|vinxf hf cyxk|cf' hn| mnc ngfy hc` ecgmf c |kmn`f hf yvyrn`y.

V`cc c mnc nmc`xfyi hf Inrin`n *` |facn gvc Yf|acv @cikgnfyiv#' hf Nicv`fn Nvxklvzvg'

hf |kmn`vg Nrn ng gvc Ngfn`h|v Cunycvi' hvr in|f y-n eivx c ecgmvg X|fc zcgf c x|fc `krc.

Fc' gvrxxk|cc n`xcikmv`cxc' f|nv hvmn cc rkrk|vgvc' gfack`n|cc' ln`hccc' hv|cc in|f

mrvinv rkrk|vg hf gn k|nf c ynxf' iv r|fihf|f rf uno`cicc nixcucxc hf rn|xch x|cmcc y

ikgfixcuczfzf iv hvjvg lg`hfcc. Gn ye|cxvg ecfi|vc ecgm |fngcznx hf ivgxv|`cic' fc f|nv `uc`cc'`y `kc xcnm hc`nc`xf i ucixk|cn `v rknxf ec hfix n ikmv`cxcgk|.

@v nv gcrycx fnaf||cgf `x|-v` yf y ynv ` ngxvg' fnaf||c hnxk|nxf lv` myv| gcryfc

v`k| c`ek|mncc hf n|jcu in|f y ecf ik|klk|nxf iv m|xv|ccgf yvr|nucfvcxk|cgk| hn| c

c`xf|r|fx|cc xf`hf`cknyf' r|kuf`cxf ` yrficng hc` rn|xfn v`k| ekxc kecf|c hf yfiv|cxnxf if yf

`ir`nv y `v unh ` nifyxf a|vr|c hfix nhv`xv|c hf ln`hcc. Hc` nifyx rv`ix hf

ufhf|f' rvlgcin|fn v`vc `vm| ix mnc mn|f hc` hkivmf`xfgf |fef|cxkn|f gn |fzcyxf`n n|m yf

`yi|cf `x|-k nicv`f' fx|fm hf `fifyn|' hf `gxv|n|f n k|ci|vc fijcuki r|cuc`h k rf|cknh hf

v` x|nacym fx|fm n yfikgvgvc ZZ' hf`vmcx rf h|frx ivu`x' yfikgvg fx|fmfgk|.

R|fzf`xn gvi|n|f c r|krv`f y yf `yi|cf ` |`hvg ifgk| in|f `ifn|i y nhvi k rnx hf

gvmc` nyvr|n fuf`cmf`xfgk| rfx|fivxf ` n`cc hfev`ixvgvc |facm c y novxf gn |fyxnlcgc|fn

nhfu|vgvc ` if r|cufxf ikmv`cymvg hc` \km`cn' hn| mnc ngfy ek|mn hf mn`cefyxn|f n

krkzccfc' r|c` |fzcyxf` n|mnx' n ykicfxcc |km`fxc. Nm ngfy in yvlcfix r|c`icrng yxvhcf|fn

inzvgvc gvc Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v' gvrxxk| hf yfnm ng |fzcyxf`fc n|mnxf. A|vrn|fn yn f|n

ik ychf|nx hf ix|f Yfiv|cxnxf in ecc h ifn mnc cmrk|xn`x hc` xf|cxk|cv>. Xfmn if`x|ng n

gvi||cc fyxf Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v c mcin|fn hf |fzcyxf`x n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx hc`

mv`cc Ea|n -uf|yn`xvg `k|hci. Hc` nifnyxn yf mnc hfyr|c`h `y c ngxf fgfmf`xf nhcnif`xf'

in|f novx gn |fyxnlcgc|fn nhfu|vgvc cyxk|ci ` inzvg mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` hc` zk`n Ea|n.

Xkxkhnx' r|ficz|cgf nhvyf' r|fivm c ik`ychf|nccgf nyvr|n yvlcfixvgvc' mr|fv` iv

ikmrgfx|cgf ngxk| cyxk|cic ` hkmf`cv' `ifn|i k n`ngcz yvmn| n hfyxc`vgvc mci|cc hf

|fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn c n nixk|cgk| cmrgcinc.

Nm ivxnx in r|c` v|m|c|fn hfyxc`vgvc gvrxxk|vgvc ffmrgn|' Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v y

hkufhfyi i ` Ea|n' y-n hfzukgxnx v` if`x|v lc`f `ijfanx c rvxf|`ci' hf |fzcyxf` gn> I.@.Y.N.Y.'Ln`hf' ln`hcc c f|kc. A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` c Yfiv|cxnxfn *>38:->35:#. Hkivmf`xf'

Fhcxv|n F`icigkrfhci' Lviv|fxc'

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ikmv`cym. \kgvg nifyxvc ik`hvixk| hf a|vr n ekyx v`vg mnok| ` inh|vg mci|cc hc` zk`n

Ea|n c n ekyx ifg in|f n hnx ifg mnc mvgx hf ev|i Yfiv|cxcc. Nifnyxn n mklcgcznx mrkx|cun

gvc k nhfu|nx mnc` hf |zlkc. Ck` Anu|cg n nuvx r|cucgfacvg y-c unh ucyvg mrgc`cx' khnx

iv |yxv|`n|fn |facmvgvc ikmv`cyx' i|vcn c-n c yvr|nucfvcx' hkufhc`h i gvrxn yn c of|xen

inmn|nzcgk| yc `v n ekyx v`n znhn|`ci.` r|fzf`xn|fn fukgvcfc mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx hc` Ea|n nm c`ycyxnx nyvr|n

nicv`cgk| mnc cmrk|xn`xf ngf a|vrvgvc hc` mv`c' fuchf`cc`h rf rn|iv|y |kgvg hfxf|mc`n`x if g-n

nuvx ln`hcxvg Ck` Anu|cg ` inh|vg nifyxvc ef`kmf`. `ecc`n|fn a|vrvgvc hf |fzcyxf`' n`cc gk|

hf yvef|c` ` mv`c' nicv`cgf Yfiv|cxcc `x|fr|c`yf mrkx|cun gk|' r|fivm c hfyecc`n|fn

a|vr|cc Anu|cg r|c` vichf|fn' inrxv|n|fn ynv ffivxn|fn rn|xczn`cgk| yf |fayfyi hf nyfmf`fn

r|fzf xnxf i|k`kgkaci ` xfxvg gvi||cc.

Mkhvg hf gvi|v gn |fhnixn|fn gvi||cc n ekyx v`vg hf n`ngcz c r|fzf`xn|f |fzvmnxcu nmfmk|ccgk| yi|cyf ngf f|kvgvc r|c`icrng' Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v' |fv`cxf ` x|fc ukgvmf yvl xcxgvg

L|nzcc yf e|`a' hn| `v yf `hkcfyi' ik|klk|nxf iv ikgficcgf hf hkivmf`xf c yxvhcc hc` n|jcun

Yfiv|cxcc' rvlgcinxf yvl fachn Ik`ycgcvgvc @nck`ng rf`x|v Yxvhcf|fn N|jcufgk| Yfiv|cxcc'

r|fivm Ln`hf' ln`hcc c f|kc A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf c Yfiv|cxnxfn *>38:->35:# c

Mcin|fn hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn >388->35

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INRCXKGVG >

C`yxngn|fn |facmvgvc ikmv`cyx ` \km`cn c `ifrvxvg

mci|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx

>.>. Ycxvncn c`xf|`nck`ng

Gn ye|cxvg ifgvc hf-ng hkcgfn |zlkc mk`hcng' krc`cn rvlgci hc` Kiichf`x yrf|n in' r|c`

ikkrf|n|fn hc`x|f Ngcncc ucixk|ckc' y yf nycav|f rnifn gvmcc r|c` mf`c`f|fn k|hc`cc c nr|n|fn

gclf|xcc. Xkxvc' hkn| gn v` n` hvr `e|`af|fn Af|mn`cfc' N`h|fc Uc`ydc' nhov`ixvg

mc`cyx|vgvc hf fxf|`f ykucfxci c F|`fyx Lfuc`' mc`cyx|vg hf fxf|`f l|cxn`ci' yf c`yvgxnv

|ficr|ki ` inh|vg yfycv`cgk| Nhv`|cc Af`f|ngf n @ncv`cgk| V`cxf' cn| ` >381 r|krnan`hn

ykucfxci c nivzn rf cmrf|cngcxcc nmf|cin`c c rf ningcc gk|' gnlv|cxcc l|cxn`cic' i mf|a rf

v|mfgf gvc Jcxgf|.

Gn Ik`ef|c`n hf gn Rkxyhnm nv nr|vx ` rvlgci nlk|h|c hcuf|af`xf nyvr|n `nxv|cc

|facmv|cgk| rkyxlfgcif in|f v|mnv y yf yxnlcgfnyi ` Fv|krn \y|cxfn` c ` r|cuc`n |kgvgvc

ek|fgk| hf kivrncf ngf N|mnxfc \kcc' cmrfhcmf`xf ` ingfn ngfaf|cgk| gclf|f r|fuzvxf gn Cngxn.

Klcfixcuvg ikmv`' in|f c v`cyf rf Ngcnc ` xcmrvg |zlkcvgvc' yf r|lvfn nivm' hn| nifyx

r|kify un ik`xc vn i hkc n`c' xcmr ` in|f |fgnccgf c`xf|ngcnxf nv egvixvnx.

Kivrn|fn hf ix|f Yxngc` n Fv|krfc \y|cxf`f c |fevzvg yv hf n yglc ik`x|kgvg ykucfxci

nyvr|n nifyxfcn< nv mkhfgnx rkgcxcin fxf|` nmf|cin` c l|cxn`ci hvr ifg hf-ng hkcgfn |zlkc

mk`hcng. Nifyxfn nv nhkrxnx rgn`vg hf novxk|n|f fik`kmci n yxnxfgk| zh|v`ic`nxf ngf Fv|krfc'

in|f f|n mf`cx y ecf nrgcinlcg rfyxf xkx gn ufyx hf Nycn. Yxngc` c nikgccc yc g-nv |fyrc`y `y'

rf mkxcu i c r|cmfohvcn r|kr|cn yxr`c|f nyvr|n Fv|krfc yngf' rf in|f r` nxv`ic' Ngcncc

kiichf`xngc k `ivucc`nyf|. In |yrv`y gn Rgn`vg Mn|yjngg *mnc >381#' Yxngc` n niifgf|nx

ik ykgchn|fn yef|fc ykucfxcif hc` Fv|krn hf Fyx' r|c ik`yxcxvc|fn Ikmc`ek|mvgvc *Lc|kvg

C`ek|mnxcu ng Rn|xchfgk| Ikmv`cyxf c Mv`icxk|fxc# ` yfrxfml|cf >381' iv yikrvg hf n hc|con

rkgcxcin rn|xchfgk| ikmv`cyxf hc` Fv|krn c rf`x|v n rv`f inrx vgxcmfgk| nmlcavcxc hc Fv|krn

If`x|ng r|c` hkl`hc|fn ik`x|kgvgvc nyvr|n Ifjkygkunicfc ` efl|vn|cf >38:.9

< Yxfrjn`f Ikv|xkcy' @cikgny Qf|xj' Ofn`-Gkvcy Rn``f' N`h|fo Rnizkqydc' Dn|fg Ln|xkyfd' Ofn`-Gkvcy

Mn|akgc`' In|xfn `fna| n ikmv`cymvgvc. I|cmf' xf|kn|f' |fr|fycv`f' Fh. Jvmn`cxny' Lviv|fxc' >33:' rr. 956-865.

9 Hf``cy Hfgfxn x' \km`cn yvl |facmvg ikmv`cyx' Fh. Ev`hncn Ninhfmcn Icuci' Lviv|fxc' >33:' r.59.

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C`yx|n`ycaf`n ykucfxci hc` nifnyx rf|cknh n r|kukinx' `ifr`h hc` >38:' k |fnicf

nmf|cin` fr|cmnx ` xf|mf`cc hkix|c`fc `hcavc|cc' mf`cx y yr|coc`f k rkgcxci hf gcmcxn|f n

frn`ycv`cc ykucfxcif' r|c` x|nyn|fn v`fc gc`cc afkrkgcxcif hc` Fv|krn hf @k|h r` ` Fv|krn hf

Yvh-Fyx c hc` K|cf`xvg Mcogkicv r` ` Nycn hf Yvh c Nycn \y|cxfn` c r|c` i|fn|fn v`k|

ycxvncc hf ek| lnznxf rf inrnicxnxfn hf ik`x|nin|n|f n Yxnxfgk| V`cxf. `hcavc|fn n niifrxnxin v` hnx ikmrfxccn rkyxlfgci hc`x|f Y.V.N. c Mn|fn L|cxn`cf rf hf k rn|xf' c V`cv`fn

Ykucfxci' rf hf ngx rn|xf. In nxn|f' Y.V.N. nv yxnlcgcx lnzf mcgcxn|f ` `x|fnan gvmf' ` yrficng

hf-n gv`avg a|n`cfgk| V.\.Y.Y. c n `ijfcnx ngcn`f mcgcxn|f iv rfyxf 82 hf yxnxf. Ngcn`n hc`

xcmrvg |zlkcvgvc yf hfyx|mnyf ` mkh ign| c `ifrfn y nrn| |zlkcvg |fif.

>.388 iv |fngcxnxfn c`x||cc ` yef|n hf c`egvf` ykucfxci. Hfrn|xf hf n ec hkn| k

rnycv f ykucfxci' ikmv`cymvg hfuc f ` nifnyx frki k rnycv`f fv|krfn`.8

Rn|xchvg Ikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn c nvxk|cxnxfn hf kivrncf ykucfxci nv hfxv|`nx gkucxv|nhf yxnx |fang hc` 388' rf`x|v n rv`f ` nrgcin|f yif`n|cvg c`ac`f|cfc xkxngcxn|f hf

c`yxnv|n|f n v`vc |facm ikmv`cyx. `x|f gkucxv|n hf yxnx hc` 388' in|f c`xf`ck`n y

|ngcfzf \fanxvg \km`cfc @ncv`cgk| V`cxf' |fyxnlcgc`h |facmvg hf hfmki|ncf rn|gnmf`xn| c

r|kignmn|fn v`fc \frvlgcic Rkrvgn|f khnx iv ek|n|fn nlhci|cc \fafgvc Mcjnc C' rf 92

hfifml|cf >381' x|n`zccn fyxf v`n hf gn mk`n|jcn ik`yxcxvck`ng gn ek|mvgn yxngc`cyx? ` x|nyfvg

fukinx' v` rv`ix inrcxng f |fr|fzf`xnx hf mkmf`xvg ngfaf|cgk| hc` >3 `kcfml|cf >385' n i|k|

engycecin|f gfacxcmfnz c`yxngn|fn fnekhvgvc xkxngcxn|.R|c` c`xf|mfhcvg E|k`xvgvc @nck`ng-Hfmki|nx' ikmv`cxcc nov`a gn rvxf|f' rk|xkekgcvg hf

r|cm-mc`cyx|v fyxf nik|hnx ik`hvixk|vgvc E|k`xvgvc Rgvan|cgk|' rn|xchvg mn|ck`fx ng

ikmv`cxcgk|. Khnx iv c`yxngn|fn inlc`fxvgvc Rfx|v A|kzn' gn 5 mn|xcf >386' ik`x|kgvg nyvr|n

rkgccfc' ovyxccfc' on`hn|mf|cfc c yf|uciccgk| yfi|fxf fyxf r|fgvnx hf ikmv`cxc6' r|c` Ajfk|ajf

Ajfk|ajcv-Hfo' Gvi|fcv Rx|in`v c Xfkjn|c Afk|afyiv. Ovyxccn' nhmc`cyx|ncn' n|mnxn yv`x

8 Ckn` Yxn`kmc|'Hf gn |fanxvg \km`cfc gn |frvlgcin rkrvgn| |km ' ` Ikmv`cym c |fr|fycv`f `

\km`cn. Cyxk|cn xfmnxci n v`vc e|nx|cich `nck ng'ukgvm ikk|hk`nx hf \vn`h|n Ifyf|fn`v' Cnc' Fh. Rkgc|km'21->68.

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frv|nxf' ` uc|xvxfn v`civgvc i|cxf|cv ng gkcngcxcc en hf `kvg |facm. \fr|fycv`fn fyxf

hc|fick`nx mrkx|cun nhuf|yn|cgk| rkgcxcic? rn|xchfgf hfmki|nxcif hfuc` naf`c nc |fnicv`cc'

|crkyxn yxnxvgvc cmrgci`h gcmcxn|fn gclf|xcc hf nykicf|f' `x|v`c|f c fr|fycf.

` \km`cn' Rn|xchvg Ikmv`cyx n gvnx c`ccnxcufgf mf`cxf y |fhvi n|n gn yxn|fn hf

klfhcf` en hf V`cv`fn Ykucfxci. Nifyx gvi|v y-n |fngcznx r|c` c`xf|mfhcvg ycyxfmvgvc rkgcxci'ng yc`hcinxfgk| c ng ycyxfmvgvc hf `um`x. Rf rgn` c`xf|`' yikrvg v|m|cx n ekyx nifgn hf n

hcyx|vaf yx|vixv|cgf ykicngf fcyxf`xf c n ekyx `iv`v`nx hf yviify. Nixvg ec`ng n ekyx nlhcin|fn

ycgcx n \fafgvc Mcjnc' gn 92 hfifml|cf >381' yvl nmf`c`n|fn v`vc |zlkc icucg. ` niffnc zc' n

ekyx r|kignmnx \frvlgcin Rkrvgn| \km`. Nifnyxn `v f|n fr|fycn v`fc ukc`f rkrvgn|f'

gclf| fr|cmnxf' ic |fzvgxnxvg v`vc hcixnx ng v`vc a|vr rkgcxci in|f yf mn`cefyxn in mn|ck`fx n

yxr`vgvc hc` fxf|ck|. `yc gfangcxnxfn nixvgvc hf r|kignmn|f n |frvlgcicc f|n yvyrfix.5

K hnx iv `ecc`n|fn \frvlgcicc' rvxfnv ec rvyf lnzfgf yxnxvgvc xkxngcxn|. R|cmvg rny f|n`|facmf`xn|fn \km`cfc hc` rv`ix hf ufhf|f mcgcxn| ` lgkivg ykucfxci. Nifyx gvi|v y-n `erxvcx

gn 8 efl|vn|cf >38: r|c`x|-v` x|nxnx hf r|cfxf`cf' ikgnlk|n|f c novxk| |ficr|ki `x|f \km`cn c

V.\.Y.Y. c y-n lnznx rf chffn v`fc nr||c ikmv`f mrkx|cun Af|mn`cfc ynv k|ci|fc ngxf rvxf|c

in|f n| rvxfn ec nykicnx iv Af|mn`cn' ecf hc|fix' ecf ` k|cif ngx mkh1.

Ng hkcgfn rny ix|f xkxngcxn|cym n ekyx ik`ykgchn|fn rn|xchvgvc v`ci hf mny' ik`yxcxvcx

hc`x|-k fgcx c mfml|c hfukxnc. Nifyx gvi|v y-n |fngcznx r|c` hfyecc`n|fn r|c`icrngfgk| rn|xchf

rkgcxcif hf krkzccf' Rn|xchvg @nck`ng |`fyi c Rn|xchvg @nck`ng Gclf|ng' ` un|n n`vgvc

>381. N|crn r|kikmv`cyx n Rn|xchvgvc Ykicng Hfmki|nx y-n ik`xkrcx iv R.I.\. ` ik`a|fyvg hc`

efl|vn|cf >38:' hc` in|f n |fzvgxnx rn|xchvg v`ci' Rn|xchvg Mv`icxk|fyi \km`. Rkx|cucx ice|fgk|

r|fzf xnxf gn Ik`a|fy' R.Y.H. nufn gn nifn hnx ic|in 622.222 hf mfml|c' hc`x|f in|f hkn|

ovmxnxf rn| y yf ec `yi|cy ` `kvg rn|xch' in|f nhv`n nr|kcmnxcu >.252.222 mfml|c.: Rn|xchvg

Mv`icxk|fyi \km` c-n c`vx r|cmvg ik`a|fy gn -38:. Ajfk|ajf Ajfk|ajcv-

Hfo n ekyx |fngfy yfi|fxn| af`f|ng' N`n Rnvdf|' Unycgf Gvin c Xfkjn|c Afk|afyiv nv hfuf`cx

ifcgngc x|fc mfml|c nc Yfi|fxn|cnxvgvc. Yf rv`fn niif`xvg rf in|nixf|vg hf fgcx ng rn|xchvgvc c nv

ekyx c`x|khvyf i|cxf|cc mnc yx|cixf r|cuc`h ingcxnxfn hf mfml|v hf rn|xch. @v f|n nhmcy `cic v`

mfml|v ng ekyxfgk| ignyf frgknxnxkn|f4 ifc if eifnv if|f|f hf c`x|n|f ` rn|xch x|flvcnv

uf|cecinc c f|n klgcanxk|cv yxnacvg hf in`hchnx. Y-n r|kifhnx gn k inmrn`cf hf uf|ceci|c in

v|mn|f n v`fc |fzkgvcc n Ikmcxfxvgvc If`x|ng hc` `kcfml|cf >38:' inmrn`cf hf uf|ceci|c hvy

hf iffn if y-n `vmcx nixcuvg e| rn|xch. R|kifyvg hf uf|cecin|f n `gxv|nx hc` rn|xch >36 kix. >33>.1 A. Ck`fyiv' Ikmmv`cym c` \kmn`cn' >388->359' Gk`h|n' Fh. Kek|h V`cuf|ycxs R|fyy' >358' r. >8:.: \. \. Dc`a'N jcyxk|s ke xjf \kmn`cn` Ikmmv`cyx Rn|xs' Yxn`ek|h' Fh. Jkkuf| C`yxcxvxck` R|fyy' >3:2'

r. 1>.

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hf fgfmf`xf frgknxnxkn|f c hvm`knyf' cn| fgcmc`n|fn gk| `v rvxfn hfix y m|fnyi

yf`xcmf`xvg hf xf|kn|f if ivr|c`yfyf ifn mnc mn|f rn|xf n ykicfxcc |km`fxc.

V` ng x|fcgfn rny ` cmrv`f|fn mkhfgvgvc xkxngcxn| ykucfxci ` \km`cn n ekyx nhkrxn|fn

Ik`yxcxvcfc \frvlgcicc Rkrvgn|f \km`f ` nr|cgcf >38: c c`x|khvif|fn ycyxfmvgvc ovhfixk|fyi

hf yk|ac`xf ykucfxci. Ik`yxcxvcn r|fgvn xcrn|fgf ik`yxcxvcfc ykucfxcif hc` >395. Rn|gnmf`xvg'`vmcx Mn|fn Nhv`n|f @nck`ng' nufn k yc`av| inmf|' hfec`cx in k|an`vg yvr|fm ng rvxf|cc

hf yxnx. V` r|fzchcv' ikmrvy hc`x|-v` r|ffhc`xf' v` yfi|fxn| c >1 mfml|c nick`n ` `vmfgf

Nhv`|cc i`h nifnyxn `v yf negn ` yfycv`f' iffn if yf `xmrgn hfyxvg hf hfy' ` xcmr if

Ik`ycgcvg hf Mc`cx|c f|n k|an`vg ffivxcu yvr|fm. Xknxf nifyxf k|an`cymf yf negnv' hfycav|'

yvrvyf Rn|xchvgvc Ikmv`cyx.

Rn|xchvg n nick`nx iv |nrchcxnxf rf`x|v n x|n`yek|mn \km`cn' v|m`h mkhfgvg ykucfxci

c ekgkyc`h `k|mfgf c xnixcicgf yxngc`cyxf. @nck`ngczn|fn `x|fr|c`hf|cgk| c`hvyx|cngf' n l`icgk| cn ykicfxcgk| hf nycav||c' n mc`fgk| c n `x|fr|c`hf|cgk| hf x|n`yrk|x ` cv`cf >38: `v `vmnc i

n rf|mcy c`x|khvif|fn rgn`ceci|cc if`x|ngcznxf in`xcxnxcu' ic c hcyx|vaf|fn lnzfc fik`kmcif n

ifgk| yxcamnxcznc in hvmn`c hf igny. Ik`ecyi`h mcicgf r|kr|cfxc na|cikgf c nmf`c``hv-c

rf r|kr|cfxn|c e| `ik`ov|' na|civgxv|n n rvy r|klgfmf hc` if ` if mnc ikmrgff. Ifc mnc

mvgc |n`c' nv ekyx k|an`cznc ` akyrkh|cc hf yxnx ynv akyrkh|cc ikgfixcuf. Nifyx r|kify y-n

eivx r|c` myv|c hf ikf|iccf rf yin| gn|a. \fzcyxf`n en hf ikgfixcuczn|f' `fr|fhn|fn

ikxfgk|' `x|zcf|fn gn rgnxn cmrkzcxfgk| ynv ` fefixvn|fn mv`icgk| na|cikgf nv nuvx h|frx

|fzvgxnx n|v`in|fn ` `ijcykn|f n ic|in :2.222 hf |n`c' 92.222 hc`x|f nifxcn ecc`h ovhfinc

rvlgci.3 Ikgfixcuczn|fn y-n `ijfcnx ` >352 n ekyx v|mnx hf gcijchn|fn r|fyfc gk|' nyxefg i

mcogknifgf hf c`ek|mn|f rvlgci nv c`x|nx xkxng yvl ik`x|kgvg yxnxvgvc. Lclgckxficgf c gcl||ccgf nv

ekyx frv|nxf hf xcxgv|cgf `fik|fyrv`zxkn|f hc` rv`ix hf ufhf|f rkgcxci' nixcucxcgf zcn|cxcgk|'

yi|ccxk|cgk|' n|xcxcgk| c mvzcicf`cgk| nv ekyx rvyf yvl ik`x|kgvg Yficfc hf Nacxncf c R|krnan`h

*Nacxr|kr# n Ikmcxfxvgvc If`x|ng ng Rn|xchvgvc. @cmci `v rvxfn ec rvlgcinx' ovinx ynv c`xf|r|fxnx

e| nr|kln|f.

`um`xvg n nuvx niffnc ykn|x. ` nvavyx >38:' Gfafn rf`x|v |fek|mn

`um`xvgvc n `ijcy xknxf ikgcgf yx|c`f' c`igvycu nifgfn nhmc`cyx|nxf hf ivgxf. Y-nv eivx

frv||c ` |`hv|cgf r|kefyk|cgk| c yxvhf`cgk| gn v`cuf|ycxc. Gcmln |vy f|n klgcanxk|cf

`ifr`h iv ignyfgf acm`nzcngf' `vm|vg hf k|f ngkinx ecc`h fang iv ifg rf`x|v gcmln |km`.

Cyxk|cn Rn|xchvgvc Ikmv`cyx Lkgfuci c Afka|necn V.\.Y.Y. f|nv mnxf|cc hf gcifv. Mn|cym-

3 Yi`xfcn' hc` 1 hfifml|cf >35>' icxnx hf A. Ck`fyiv' kr. icx.' r. .>2 f|ln` \hvgfyiv-_k`f|' Hn`cfgn Lv' Lfnx|cif Mn|c`fyiv'C`yxnv|n|fn xkxngcxn|cymvgvc ikmmv cyx

` \km`cn' Lviv|fxc' Fh. Inungckxxc' >336' rr.

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gf`c`cymvg' ` c`xf|r|fxn|fn gvc Yxngc`' n hfuf`cx klgcanxk|cv hf gn ikngn yfiv`hn| ` yvy4

r|fhn|fn |fgcacfc n ekyx xkxng c`xf|zcy.

Lcyf|cin n ekyx vgxcmvg klyxnikg mnok| ` ingfn cmrv`f|cc mkhfgvgvc ykucfxci' hn| ` nifyx

inz R.I.\. `v n v|mnx nh gcxxf|nm ykgvcn ykucfxci.>> Fc a`hfnv i hni Lcyf|cin K|xkhk

\km` c Lcyf|cin A|fik-Inxkgci n| ec rvxvx ec mn`crvgnxf rf`x|v n yf|uc fgv|cgk| |facmvgvc'`v nufn |kyx in nifyxfn y ecf hcyx|vyf. Gfafn Ivgxfgk| |fgcacknyf hc` 8 nvavyx >38: n ik`ef|cx

Mc`cyxf|vgvc Ivgxfgk| ik`x|kgvg ` r|klgfmfgf gfanxf hf x|flv|cgf ivgxfgk| gfang |fiv`kyivxf. Hfc

n|xcikgvg > nec|mn an|n`xn|fn gclf|xcc hf ik`xcc` c hf i|fhc`' nifnyx gclf|xnxf f|n yx|cix

ic|ivmyi|cy hf k r|fufhf|f nmlcav rkx|cucx i|fcn |fgcacn r|nixcinx f|n ` n|mk`cf iv

Ik`yxcxvcn' yfiv|cxnxfn c`xf|`' k|hc`fn rvlgci c mk|ngcxnxfn af`f|ng *n|xcikgfgf 5 c 1#.

\fiv`knxf|fn gfang n v`vc ivgx rvxfn ec |fukinx k|ci`h yf ik`ychf|n ovyxcecinx. R|c` nifyx

vgxcm rny' x|n`zccn ix|f xkxngcxn|cym yf `ijfcn ` mkh kecicng.

>.9. Yfiv|cxnxfn c |fr|fycv`fn ikmv`cyx

C`yxnv|n|fn l|vxng n ikmv`cymvgvc ` \km`cn ` r|cmcc hkc n`c hvr xf|mc`n|fn

|zlkcvgvc n r|kukinx v` |fegf hf gv`a hv|nx. Mnok|cxnxfn rkrvgncfc' xf|k|cznx hf uckgf`fgf

c km`cr|fzf`n ykucfxcif' n |fhfr|c`y mkhvg hf ucn yvl v` |facm hf kivrncf' `hfgv`a

ff|ynx cyxk|ci c hf in|f |km`cc yf hfyr|cyf| hf ekn|xf rvc` u|fmf. Yr|f hfkyflc|f `y hf|facmv|cgf hf kivrncf hc` x|fivx' |cak|cgf cmrvyf hf kivrncn ykucfxk-ikmv`cyx khnx iv

c`yxcxvck`ngczn|fn fc ` n`cc >385->38: `v hkn| ` \km`cn' ic c ` ifgfgngxf yxnxf c`x|nxf yvl

Ik|xc`n hf Ecf| nv ekyx mvgx mnc mn|c' cn| xf|kn|fn n ekyx mvgx mnc fecicf`x nhmc`cyx|nx.>> Hf``cy Hfgfxn`x' kr. icx.' r. 12.>< Mn|cvy Kr|fn' Yfiv|cxnxfn c mkxf`c|fn yn' ` Ikmv`cym c |fr|fycv`f ` \km`cn. Cyxk|cn xfmnxci n

v`vc e|nx|cich `nck`ng'ukgvm ikk|hk`nx hf \vn`h|n Ifyf|fn`v' Cnc' Fh. Rkgc|km' 38:' y.g. >331' r. 818.

>

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hvmn`vgvc hf igny ` `vmfgf ik`ykgch|cc hfmki|ncfc rkrvgn|f.>8 Nr|n|fn ivif|c|cgk|

hfmki|nxcif `yfm`n mf`c`f|fn ikmv`cxcgk| gn rvxf|f c nyxefg' `kvn \frvlgci Rkrvgn|

\km` y-n nvxkif|xcecinx ` mkh kecicng h|frx v` yxnx rkgccf`fyi. Ngxefg yrvy' k|cic`f yf krv`fn'

` u|fv` efg' |facmvgvc' c`x|n ` |nzn hf nicv`f n Yfiv|cxcc.>6 Ik`hvif|fn yvrf|ckn| n

Yfiv|cxcc f|n ngixvcx ` xkxngcxnxf hc` naf`c nc yf|uciccgk| hf yfiv|cxnxf ykucfxcif. Iv xknxfnifyxfn' nixcucxcgf gk| nv ekyx yvr|nufajfnxf hf ik`ycgcf|c nc Mc`cyxf|vgvc ykucfxci ng Yfiv|cxcc

Yxnxvgvc.

@v fyxf hf mc|n|f hfic i gn ik`hvif|fn Yfiv|cxcc nv ekyx `vmcc hf gn lv` `ifrvx

kecf|c yvl nikrf|c|f nc yrck`novgvc ykucfxci *C.@.V.#' ufijc naf`c nc @.D.U.H.-vgvc. Ev`icn hf

hc|fixk| ng H.A.Y.R. c-n ekyx `i|fhc`nx' khnx iv a|nhvg hf af`f|ng-gkikxf`f`x' gvc Rc`xcgcf

Ajfk|ajf *rf `vmfgf yv nhfu|nx Rn`xfgfc Lkh`n|f`dk' vi|nc`fn` hf k|cac`f#' cn| hc|fixk|c

nhov`ic nv ekyx `vmcc ngc hkc naf`c ykucfxcic' Ngfn`h|v @cikgydc *`yivx Lk|cy A|v`lf|a'fu|fv lnyn|nlfn`' kecf| @.D.U.H. hc` >382# c Ugnhcmc| Mnzv|v *vi|nc fn hc` `k|hvg

Lvikuc`fc#' in|f nv r|cmcx' khnx iv `kcgf ev`icc c a|nhvg hf af`f|ng-mnck|. >5 @vmc|fn ifgk|

x|fc y-n eivx hf ix|f Yfi|fxn|cnxvg Ikmcxfxvgvc If`x|ng ikmv`cyx gn mcogkivg gv`cc nvavyx4 xcmr

hf hkv yrxm`c fc nv gvi|nx gn hfec`cxcun|fn yijfmfc hf ev`ick`n|f c `inh|n|f n uccxkn|fc

Yfiv|cxc. Nv ekyx `gxv|nc hc` rkyxv|cgf hf ikmn`h nlcn ` n`cc 52' i`h Yfiv|cxnxfn n x|fivx

hf gn xf|kn|fn ec' cmrvy r|c` xk|xv|' gn nicv`fn hf ik`x|kgn|f n hcychf`fgk| iv novxk|vg

v`vc unyx nrn|nx c`ek|mnxcu.

Yfiv|cxnxfn f|n mr|cx hc` rv`ix hf ufhf|f nhmc`cyx|nxcu ` >2 hfrn|xnmf`xf' `vmcxf

hc|ficc' nikrf|c`h `x|fnan n|. Ecfin|f |facv`f nufn y hcyrv` hf lc|kv|c |nck`ngf'

k|f`fxc c ikmv`ngf. Gn `ifrvx' Y.Y.C. gvi|n ` rn|ngfg iv hc|ficcgf |yrv`zxkn|f ` mnxf|cf

hf ik x|nynlkxno c c`ufyxcan|f rf`ng. @kvg `vmf yfm`ngn k `kv mcycv`f `i|fhc`nx

yfiv|cxcc. Lvafxvg c`yxcxvcfc rf >38: r|fufhfn v` fefixcu hf 8.58> hf rkyxv|c' hc`x|f in|f gn >>

efl|vn|cf >383 f|nv kivrnxf 9.683.>1 Ik yvgxn|fn ice|fgk| r|cmn|f ryx|nxf ` n|jcufgf

Mc`cyxf|vgvc hf C`xf|`f c`hci enrxvg' ` gfaxv| iv fefixcufgf Yfiv|cxcc' i `vm|vg kecf|cgk|

hc` ifgf >2 hc|ficc `nck`ngf f|n' gn yiv|x xcmr hvr `ecc`n|f' hf >.>8:' hc` in|f :8: f|nv

`|facyx|nc in rf|yk`ng hf yfi|fxn|cnx ynv mv`icxk|c mn`vngc. Ifc hc` v|m nufn xkc a|nhf

mcgcxn|f' r|fivm nifgn hf yf|af`x mnok|' ecf i f|nv hnixcgka|nef' kef|c' c`yxngnxk|c ynv

ijfg`f|cf. Ifgf >9 hc|ficc |fack`ngf ekgkyfnv 8Mk`cxk|vg Kecicng' `|. 38:.>6N`ngfgf Ycajfx' ukg. UC' fh. Ev`hncn Ninhfmcn Icuci' r. 5 Ij|cyxkrjf| N`h|fq' Kgfa Ak|hcfuydc'DAL. Cyxk|cn yfi|fx n krf|ncv`cgk| yngf fxf| f hf gn Gf`c` gn

Ak|lnicku' Fh. Ngg' Lviv|fxc' >338' r. 951 Mn|cvy Kr|fn' Ln`ngcxnxfn |vgvc. K cyxk|cf n Yfiv|cxcc ` hkivmf`xf *>383->3:3#' Fh. Rkgc|km' Cnc'

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>9.>66 kecf|c c 6.583 n`anonc icucgc.>:@vm|vg rkyxv|cgk| n ekyx m|cx x|frxnx' nov`a`hv-yf in

` >3:3 Yfiv|cxnxfn y hfc` rfyxf 383' nv ekyx `ecc`nxf ngxf hkv k|an`f ngf ycyxfmvgvc hf yfiv|cxnxf.

Gn 6 yfrxfml|cf >363' n|x`h i? ` nrxf n`c' Mc`cyxf|vg hf

C`xf|`f n nuvx hf `hfrgc`cx yn|ic`c a|fgf. Hf gn 5 mn|xcf >386 r` gn 3622.222 hf ln`hcc nv

ekyx n|fyxnc c ik`hnm`nc rf`x|v i nv v`fgxcx mrkx|cun |facmvgvc `kyx|v. Nifnyxn n `yfm`nx

yvxf hf k|an`czncc xf|k|cyxf' hf hcuf|ycv`f' hf yrck`no hfyikrf|cxf c `cmcicxf. `x|fa nrn|nxvg hf

kr|fycv`f ng lv|ajfzcfc *Ycav|n n' Yf|ucicvg Yrficng hf C ek|mncc' Yf|ucicvg hf

Ik`x|nc`ek|mncc ng N|mnxfc# n ekyx n|fyxnx. Hf nyfmf`fn' nv ekyx n|fyxnxf xknxf fgfmf`xfgf

gfack`n|f chf`xcecinxf' in|f nv nuvx ev`icc hf |yrv`hf|f' ifc hc` rkgccn gfack`n|' ekyxfgf

ik`hvif|c if`x|ngf c ovhff`f ngf rn|xchfgk| lv|ajfzf' ekyxfgf yxnxf-mnok|f ngf yficcgk| mcgcxn|f

`nck`ng-|`cyxf' ekxcc mc`cx|c' r|fefic' yf`nxk|c' hfrvxnc hc` >3388' *...# r|fivm c ngxf

inxfak|cc hf fgfmf`xf iv x|fivx hvm`ky. Xknxf nifyxfn `v rvxfnv y ecf |fngcznxf e| v| hf

igny.>: Hf``cy Hfgfxn`x' kr. icx.' r. 15.>3 N.Y.\.C.'ek`h Hkivmf`xn|' hkyn| 82.223' ukg.

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Fcyx `vmf|knyf hkufzc ngf l|vxngcxcc mfxkhfgk| hf nicv`f ngf Yfiv|cxcc hc` nifnyx

rf|cknh. Mfxkhfgf hf gvi|v ngf nifyxfcn ik`yxnv ` r|cmvg |`h' ` r|nixcin|fn uckgf fc r|c`

n|fyx|c nlvzcuf' hfxf`cc cgfangf ijcn| ` |nrk|x iv gfacygncn ikmv`cyx c xk|xv|n|fn krk`f`cgk|

rkgcxcic. ` n|jcufgf ekyxvgvc Ikmcxfx If`x|ng ng Rn|xchvgvc Ikmv`cyx \km` y-n ryx|nx v`

hkivmf`x ignycecinx yx|cix yfi|fx' hc` > `kcfml|cf >351' in|f x|fif ` |fucyx nn-`vmcxfgfmfxkhf `fik|fyrv`zxkn|f ekgkycxf `nc`xf hf >358 hf ix|f n`ijfxnxk|cc Yfiv|cxcc. Nifyxfn

nv ekyx ignycecinxf ` hkivmf`x ` rnx|v inxfak|cc' hvr ivm v|mfnz?

>. ekgkyc|fn lxcc' n yvlngcmf`xncfc r|fgv`acxf c n xk|xv|cc' ` yikrvg klc f|cc

v`k| hfign|ncc nivznxkn|f4

366' yf k|hk`nv u|fmfg`cif mlv`xc|c

ngf x|nxnmf`xfgk| hfc`vcgk| hc` gna|f c `ijcyk|c' in c fucxn|fn hfifyfgk| ` n`ijfx. Fefixvg

nifyxk| myv|c `v f|n hf hv|nx' cn| nrn|nxvg Yfiv|cxcc' hfyxc`nx r|c` yfgficf c ek|mncf

|fr|fycv`cc l|vxngf' yf `xk|ifn ` yiv|x u|fmf gn ufijcgf klcifcv|c.

@cic Yfiv|cxnxfn' `cic kecf|cc fc `v c-nv mkhcecinx u|fkhnx ikmrk|xnmf`xfgf uckgf`xf hf

ff|icxn|f n rkgccfc rkgcxcif' ic hkn| gf-nv hcmc`vnx' ` ic|ivmyxn`fgf ` in|f nifyxfn `v mnc

rvxfnv ec c`vxf yfi|fxf. R|nixcin|fn `hfgv`a n uckgf`fc hf yxnx `h|frxnxf mrkx|cun yfmf cgk|

` yikrvg rf|rfxv|cc rvxf|cc ik|rvgvc rkgcxcik-mcgcxn| ikmv`cyx n mrc`y ` ifgf hc` v|m

n|lcx|n|cvg ` ikxchcn`.

>.8. \fzcyxf`n n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn

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C`x|n|fn n|mnxfc ykucfxcif ` >388 ` \km`cn' c`yxngn|fn avuf|`vgvc r|kikmv`cyx c

r|kykucfxci ik`hvy hf h|. Rfx|v A|kzn ` >386' engycecin|fn egna|n`x n |fzvgxnxvgvc ngfaf|cgk| hc`

>385 if mn|in gfacxcmn|fn cmrf`cxf`x' hc` c`xf|ck|' n ikmv`cxcgk| gn ik`hvif|fn |cc'

n`vgn|fn l|vxng n nixcucxcc R@' nvxkyvyrf`hn|fn R@G c nlyk|cn RYH hf ix|f Rn|xchvg

Ikmv`cyx' mn|cgf r|kifyf rkgcxcif ngf ik`hvif|cc R@ hc` >381' ngv`an|fn \fafgvc hc` n| `>381' |fek|mfgf ikmv`cyxf hf xcr ykucfxci hc` >38: ` hkmf`cvg r|kr|cfxcc' ovyxccfc' n|mnxfc'

ivgxv|cc' `um`xvgvc' ninhfmcfc' xknxf r|kukni c ev`hnmf`xfnz ek|mf hf |fzcyxf` gn

ikmv`cym' ` inh|vg i|k|n gvrxn n|mnx hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv cyx hc` mv c n |mny

mn`cefyxn|fn ifn mnc |nhcing c ifn mnc nivx ` ik`e|v`xn|fn iv ikmv`cymvg.388 c >35.8.>. Fxnrf ` |fzcyxf`n n`xcikmv`cyx

Mcin|fn hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv cyx hc` \km`cn hf|vgfnz k yf|cf hf ek|mf hf

mn`cefyxn|f hfec`cxf hvr i|cxf|cc k|an`cznxk|cif' yikrv|c' yx|nxfacc hf nicv`f' hvr ikmrk`f`n

ykicng' cmrnixvg c hv|nxn gk|' hvr zk`fgf c yrnccgf afka|necif ` in|f fn y-n mn`cefyxnx. Hni

ek|mn ifn mnc nivx k |fr|fzc`x |fzcyxf`n n|mnx hc` mv`c' ifgfgngxf ek|mf ngf |fzcyxf`fc yf

rkx ik`xfxvngczn `x|-k cf|n|jcf ynv a|nhvngcxnxf hfyif`hf x. Hf-n gv`avg fcyxf fc |facmvgvc

ikmv`cyx ` \km`cn yf klyf|u hkv ek|mf ev`hnmf`xngf hf |fzcyxf` gn ikmv`czn|f' hcyrvyf

` hkv fxnrf? ifn n|mnx hc`x|f >388->35< c |fzcyxf`n icucg hc`x|f >369->3:3.

R|cmn fxnr' >388->3538:' khnx iv rgfin|fn ek|nx n |fafgvc Mcjnc C. ` inh|vg nifyxvc

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yfamf`x i|k`kgkaci yf rkx hfanon x|fc rf|cknhf if c ayfyi ik|fyrk`hf`x c ` x|fc xcrv|c hf

|fzcyxf` hf|vgnxf ` rf|cknhfgf mn|xcf >388nvavyx >388' 388-xknm`n n`vgvc >386

c >386->38:.

` r|cmn fxnr n|f gki |fzcyxf`n n`xcykucfxci' ` ik`hcccgf ` in|f' gn ye|cxvg gv`cc

mn|xcf >388' x|vrfgf ykucfxcif rx|v`h rf xf|cxk|cvg \km`cfc' ` `k|h' ` Lvikuc`n. Gn c`ccnxcunMn|fgvc Yxnx-Mnok| ng n|mnxfc |km`f y-nv k|an`cznx lnxngckn`f |fack`ngf ecf' ek|mnxf hc`

mcgcxn|c c ukgv`xn|c icucgc' in|f nufnv h|frx yikr kr|c|fn c`ecgx||cgk| ykucfxcif rf gc`cn e|k`xvgvc'

nicv`c hf hcuf|ycv`f c ivgfaf|f hf c`ek|mncc. Nyxefg hf lnxngckn`f nv ekyx k|an`cznxf `

ovhffgf @fnm' U|n`ifn' hn| ifg mnc iv`kyivx c mnc nixcu f|n ifg hc` Lvikuc`n' ek|mnx hc`

mcgcxn|c c icucgc hc` |`hvg rkrvgncfc |km`fxc c vi|nc`f`f n`xcykucfxcif. Fgf f|nv ikmrvyf hc`

mnc mvgxf rgvxkn`f c ikmrn`cc ik`hvyf hf `uxk|c hc` ynxfgf lvikuc`f`f' in|f f|nv xkxkhnx

c kecf|c ` |fzf|u. Khnx iv `nc`xn|fn x|vrfgk| ykucfxcif' nifyxf lnxngckn`f y-nv x|n`yek|mnx cy-nv |fa|vrnx `ifr`h iv gv`n mnc >388 ` a|vrv|c hf rn|xczn`c ynv hf nvxknr|n|f ` enn

onev|cgk|' uckgv|cgk| c i|cmfgk| ikmcyf hf n|mnxn ykucfxci hf kivrncf. @vm|vg gvrxxk|cgk| hc`

lnxngck`vg Lvikuc`n y-n |chcinx gn rfyxf >.922 hf ikmlnxn c' in|f nrkc y-nv |frgcnx ` a|vrv|c

mnc mcic ynv v`cxc hf rn|xczn`c if ivr|c`hfnv >6->38> khnx iv

gcijchn|fn mci|cc gfack`n|f hf ix|f af`f|ngvg Ck` N`xk`fyiv ` Af|mn`cn c Nvyx|cn. Fc

v|mnv y gvrxf ` yrnxfgf e|k`xvgvc |km`k-ykucfxci iv yikrvg hf n |yxv|`n |facmvg rkgcxci hc`

n| c`yxngnx hvr 388 c hf n |f`yi|cf \km`cn ` ngcn`n iv Af|mn`cn. ` c`xf|ungvg

5 mn|xcf >386->2 hfifml|cf >386' nv nick`nx v` `vm| hf >1 a|vrv|c rn|nvxnxf ` xknx n|n'

ecfin|f nu`h ` ov| hf 92-62 hf ikmlnxn`c.

N x|fcn rf|cknh fyxf ifn ivr|c`y `x|f hfifml|cf >386 c ye|cxvg n`vgvc >381'

rf|cknh ` in|f y-n |fmn|inx nixcucxnxfn k|an`czncfc Jnchvicc gvc Nu|nm Cn`iv' Hcuczcn

Yvmn`fgf @fa|f' ek|mnx gn `ifrvx ` X|n`ycgun`cn hc` mcgcxn|c' kecf|c' ukgv`xn|c icucgc' e|

`cic k ikgk|nxv| rkgcxci' fn nu`h v` r|kev`h in|nixf| `nck`ng `hfr|xnx mrkx|cun ykucfxcz|cc

c ikmv`cz|cc |cc r|kmkunxf hf avuf|`vg r|kikmv`cyx ng gvc Rfx|v A|kzn. Nifnyx k|an`czncf

yf yx|vixv|fnz ` v`cxc c yvlv`cxc' ifgf mnc mcic ivr|c`z`h `x|f 62 c >22 hf gvrxxk|c' cn|

ifgf mnc mn|c nov`a`h r` gn 1

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k yf|cf hf a|vr|c icucgf *v`fgf hc`x|f fgf c iv k ikmrk`f` mcgcxn|#' ` `vm| hf 96' in|f nv

nixcunx ` >386->381 c in|f' rf g`a nicv c mcgcxn|f' nv hvy k cmrk|xn x nixcucxnxf

r|krnan`hcyxci n`xcikmv`cyx.38:' f|nv yfm`ngnxf a|vrv|c `n|mnxf `

hcef|cxf |facv`c mv`xknyf c+ynv mrhv|cxf.38: yf yvlgc`cn i `

nicv`fn hf rn|xczn`nx hvy ` yx|`y ikgnlk|n|f iv k|an`cznccgf yvluf|ycuf' evan|cc rkgcxcic

iklkn| nhfyfk|c hf gn mv`xf ei`h ` ynxfgf uczcxnxf r|krnan`h n`xcavuf|`nmf`xng.

R|klnlcg hnxk|cx gcryfc hf frf|cf` n ifgk| hc` |fif`x `ecc`nxn Yfiv|cxnxf' yc`xfzfgf

c`ek|mnxcuf |fef|cxkn|f gn k|an`cznccgf hf gvrx n`xcikmv`cyxf in|f nixcunv ` ifn hf-n hkvn

rn|xf n n`vgvc >38: `v yv`x r|fn fnixf. ` yijcml' fgf `f kef| yvecicf`xf hnxf in|fhfmk`yx|fnz i |fzcyxf`n n|mnx gvn nmrgkn|f. Ef`kmf`vg ivr|c`hfn r|nixci' xknxf |facv`cgf

|cc.

Rf|ykn`f `n|mnxf `fchf`xcecinxf f|nv yfm`ngnxf gn 6 rf|ykn`f' ml|inxf mcgcxn| c `n|mnxf iv rcyxkngf nvxkmnxf. c >< yfrxfml|cf' rf|ykn`f `n|mnxf iv rcyxkngf mcx|ngcf|. `

iffn if r|cufxf H.\.Y. Xcmckn|n' gn >< yfrxfml|cf >38:' Yfi|fxn|cnxvg Af`f|ng rf`x|v X|vrf

yfm`ngn nrn|ccn v`fc k|an`czncc c`xcxvgnxf Rn|xczn`cc gvc Xcxk' ` rhv|fn ikmv`fc Un|nhcn c

:

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M|ic`n.2 rf|ykn`f' `n|mnxf iv k mcx|ngcf|'rvxc _.L.' rcyxkngf' a|f`nhf fxi. ` hkivmf`xfgf Yfiv|cxcc yv`x mf`ck`nxf mvgxf nyxefg hf

a|vr|cc rf rn|iv|yvg n`vgvc >38:' rf xkx ivr|c`yvg |cc.

Hc` ifgf hf mnc yvy |fcfyf i' `ifr`h hc` un|n c mnc ngfy hc` xknm`n n`vgvc >38:'

a|vrv|c `n|mnxf f|nv yfm`ngnxf ` mnok|cxnxfn |facv`cgk| \km cfc. Fgf c-nv c`xf`ycecinx

nixcucxnxfn ` n`vg >383' iffn if n hfxf|mc`nx Yfiv|cxnxfn y x|fni gn nicv`c rf`x|v chf`xcecin|fn

c n`cjcgn|fn gk|.

Ng hkcgfn mn|f yfamf`x hc` inh|vg rf|cknhfc hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx' >38:->35< a|vrv|c'

L|nku v` a|vr' U|n`ifn -5 a|vrv|c' Yclcv -6 a|vrv|c' Mn|nmv|f -5 a|vrv|c' Mv`cc Nrvyf`c

->< a|vrv|c' N|nh -6 a|vrv|c' Hkl|kafn -9 a|vrv|c' Lniv -< a|vrv|c' Mvyifg -< a|vrv|c'

Ea|n -< a|vrv|c.9> K ik e|v xn|f yxnxcyxci `x|f ifgf hkv xnlf|f' ek|fgf |fzcyxf`fc

n`xcikmv`cyxf c ek|fgf hf Yfiv|cxnxf' rv`f ` fuchf` hcmf`ycv`cgf ef`kmf`vgvc' yrncmn

r|kukinx ` |`hvg hkx|cgk| c ng ek|fgk| n`anonxf. Nyxefg' ` >369' yx|vixv|n k|an`cznxk|ci n

Hc|ficfc X|vrfgk| Krf|nxcuf hf Yfiv|cxnxf hc` inh|vg M.N.C. yf r|fzc`x nyxefg? 9. kecf|c'

9.>15 yvlkecf|c' 95.38> x|vr c >.8:6 n`anonc icucgc.9< ` n`vg >353' `x|-v` |nrk|x ng Yfiv|cxcc

yf n|nx i nv ekyx hfyikrf|cxf c n`cjcgnxf >.>35 hf a|vrv|c c k|an`czncc yvluf|ycuf hc`x|f

in|f >>3 ` >38:' 383' >:< ` >36: c >:2 ` >36399. Fcyx nnhn| k fungvn|f n

nixcucxcc yvluf|ycuf iv nr|knrf >.9->6.9> Ikymc` Lvhfn`i'\fzcyxf`n n|mnx n`xcikmv`cyx hc` \km`cn' Fh. N|ak`nvx' Igvo-@nrkin'

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>.8.381' k hnx iv hfyecc`n|fn rn|xchfgk| cyxk|cif R@ c R@G. Ngxf a|vrv|c nv ekyx k|an`cznxf hf

rf|ykn f iv rvxf|`cif ik`uc`af|c n`xcikmv`cyxf in|f `v nv ekyx v|m|cxf ynv in|f `v nv ekyx `

rf|cikg hf n ec n|fyxnxf.98 Rkx|cucx yc`xfzfc H.\.Y.R. hc` 3 mnc >383' k|an`cznccgf hf |fzcyxf`

f|nv ek|mnxf hc`? knmf`c v|m|cc ` inh|vg k|hc`vgvc 6' hc`x|f in|f v`cc nv ekyx v|m|cc c `

inh|vg k|hc`vgvc 62.222' ngcc v|m|cc rf`x|v i|cmf hf |zlkc ynv ijcn| rf`x|v c`e|nicv`c hf

h|frx ikmv`' r|fivm c ngc krkzn`c nc |facmvgvc hc` hcef|cxf inxfak|cc ykicngf. Ecfin|f

ek|mncv`f f|n rvc` `vmf|kny' `vm|`h ic|in 2

mv`icxk|c *3' 86 |n`c ijcnlv|c *5' 92 mcic lv|ajfzc *8' 6 r|fkc *' >> mfyf|cnc *>' >2 mcgcxn|c hflgkinc *>' 8 gclf|-r|kefyck`cxc

*yvl >' 9 yvlkecf|c mcgcxn|c *yvl >' 9 fgfuc *yvl >' < `kxn|c *yvl >' > e| r|kefycf4

9. Hvr necgcf|fn rkgcxci? 88: f|nv `f`inh|nc rkgcxci *65' :: f|nv hc R@-

Mn`cv *>>' 2' 8< hc` RM\ *6' >< hc` VXM *>' >6 hc`

98 Hk|v \nhkynu'\fzcyxf n n`xcikmv`cyx n|mnx hc` \km`cn `x|f cyxk|cf c mfmk|cf' ` Ikmv`cym c|fr|fycv`f ` \km`cn. Cyxk|cn xfmnxci n v`vc e|nx|cich `nck`ng'ukgvm ikk|hk`nx hf \vn`h|n Ifyf|fn`v' Cnc'Fh. Rkgc|km'

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R@G-L|xcn`v *' < hc` RYHC

*yvl >.95

A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` nixcunv ` zk`f yx|nxfacif? mv`cc \km`cfc' Hfgxn Hv`|cc.

V`fgf' mnc rvc`f gn `vm|' nixcunv ign`hfyxc` ` gkingcxc v|ln`f' r|fivm Xcmckn|n' N|nh'

In|n`yflf' Ea|n4 ` mnok|cxnxfn inzv|cgk| `y' yf nixcun ` gkingcxc |v|ngf' v`hf f|nvik`yxcxvcxf ecgcngf ik`yrc|nxcuf' if`x|f ynv a|vrv|c hf yr|coc` ` |fgncf iv |fzcyxf`n hc` mv`c.

Yx|vixv|n xnlf|fgk| ynv n gkinccgk| hc` mv`c ivr|c`hfn? hfrkzcxf hf mv`ccc' nhrkyxv|c `

ev`icf hf n`kxcmr c hf nicv`cgf hf v|m|c|f ynv |fr|cmn|f ff|icxnxf hf Yfiv|cxnxf' ic hf

niify ynv hf |fevacv ` inz hf rf|cikg.

Mcycv`fn' klcfixcufgf c ek|mfgf hf nicv`f ngf a|vrv|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx rkx ec

yx|vixv|nxf ` ev`icf hf mcycv`fn gk| yx|nxfaci' xnixcik-krf|nxcu c hf v|af`fgf cmrvyf hf

ik xfxvg hnx. Rgn vg yx|nxfaci ng nifyxfc mci|c hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx n`xcikmv cyx f|nyx|vixv|nx rf mnc mvgxf ikmrk`f`xf hf nicv`f c r|krnan`h. R|faxc|fn v`fc c`yv|ficc

`nck`ngf mrkx|cun ikmv`cymvgvc ` ik`hcccgf v`vc ik`egcix c`xf|`nck`ng hc`x|f V.\.Y.Y. c

|cgf kiichf`xngf' ` mkmf`xvg ik`i|fx ng c`x||cc x|vrfgk| nmf|cin`f ` n|' f|n r|c`icrngn

hc|ficf yx|nxfaci ` nicv`fn |fzcyxf`fc n|mnxf n`xcikmv`cyxf hc` \km`cn. `x|fc`f|fn c

fxngn|fn v`vc nyxefg hf klcfixcu y-n yfhcmf`xnx rf cmnac`n|vg ikgfixcu ic|ivmyi|cy r|kxficfc

yngunxk|vgvc' n v`fc cfc|c ykxf|ckgkacif hc` ikmv`cym c in|f n gvnx fr|fycn mcxvgvc uf`c|cc

nmf|cin`cgk|.91

` rf|cmfx|vg nifgk|nc nicv`c yx|nxfacif ngf a|vrv|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` f|nv r|fuzvxf c

ngxf klcfixcuf? |yivgn|fn rkrvgncfc rf`x|v fgclf|n|fn v`k| k|nf ynv if`x|f v|ln`f mn|c hf yvl

hkmc`ncn ikmv`cyx' nn ivm yf r|kcfixn ` inh|vg a|vrv|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` hc` Ln`nx'

k|an czn|fn v`k| ynlkxnof rf gc ccgf hf x|n`yrk|xv|c ` zk`f rfx|kgcf|f' rf n|xf|fgf hf

ikmv`cincf' nmlvyinhf ` hfecgffgf mn|cgk| |v|c *Ykmf' Mv|f' Kgx#' k|an`czn|fn v`k|

|yikngf |`fxc mrkx|cun ikgfixcucz|cc fxi.

Ik`x|nr|krnan`hn fgnlk|nx c gn`ynx hf a|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` mrkx|cun chfkgkacfc

ikmv`cyxf y-n ik`i|fxcznx ` xcr|c|fn c |yr`hc|fn v`k| mn`cefyxf' ` hcygkin|fn gkzc`icgk| c

xnlgkv|cgk|' n ycmlkgv|cgk| ikmv`cyxf' ` hcyx|vaf|fn |facyx|fgk| hf ikxf c h|c hc` zk`n |v|ng' `

rn|ngfg iv c`xf`ycecin|fn r|krnan`hfc n`xcikmv`cyxf hf gn km gn km.

Nicv`cgf ovyxccn|f' rv`cxcuf ` enn nlvzv|cgk| nvxk|cxcgk| ikmv`cyxf ik`yxcxvcnv' ngxv|c

hf klcfixcufgf yx|nxfacif' ng hkcgfn yfx hf mn`cefyx|c ngf |fzcyxf`fc n`xcikmv`cyxf? nicv`c hf

nr|n|f n r|kr|cfxcc *a|vrv|cgf hc` U|n`ifn#' rfhfryc|fn nixcucxcgk| in|f c ek|nv rf |n`c y

yf `yi|cf ` ikgjkz *a|vrvg hc` Ln`nx#' nicv`c rv`ixvngf in |fnicc hfign`nxf hf n`vmcxf yx|c

95N`ngfgf Ycajfx' ukg. UC' r. 333' r. >:9.

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hf enrx' ivm nv ekyx nxnin|fn r|cm|ccgk| c yfhccgk| mcgccfc *a|vrv|cgf hc` Ln`nx c Nrvyf`c#'

nicv`c n|mnxf mrkx|cun xf`xnxcufgk| hf c`yxngn|f n nhmc`cyx|ncfc ykucfxcif *` Mn|nmv|f' fxi.#

N|mnmf`xvg gvrxxk|cgk| n`xcikmv`cxc f|n hcuf|y? rvxc hf hcef|cxf xcrv|c' ` yrficng _.L.

|km`fxc' Mkyc`nan |vyfxc' n|mf v`av|fxc' rcyxkngf mcx|ngcf| K|cn |km`fxc' hn| c

af|mn`f ynv ykucfxcif hf xknxf xcrv|cgf. ` rgvy' rcyxkngf hf xcrv|cgf c ingcl|fgf ifgf mnc hcef|cxf.N|mfgf nufnv k r|kuf`cf` un|cnx. Ekxcc kecf|c c nhvyfyf| rcyxkngfgf rf in|f `v gf

hfrvyfyf| gn xcmr' x|keffgf hf |zlkc' n|mf ivmr|nxf hf gn |n`c' in|f gf ivgfyfyf| hf rf

imrv|cgf hf gvrx. Hf nyfmf`fn' yf `if|in r|kiv|n|fn hf n|mnmf`x hf gn v`cxcgf mcgcxn|f c

mv`cccgf hf gn Ivac|. Yf klyf|unyf c`xf`cn rn|xczn`cgk| n`xcikmv`cxc hf n nxnin rkyxv|cgf hf

mcgccf c v`cxcgf hf Yfiv|cxnxf rf`x|v n-c r|kiv|n n|mnmf`x.9:

@v yf yxnlcgcyf fcyxf`n v`vc ikmn`hnmf`x if`x|ng in|f y ikk|hk`fzf nixcucxnxfn

k|an`cznccgk| hf |fzcyxf`. Xkxvc' H.\.Y.R. r|fyvrv`fn i fcyxn v` nyxefg hf ikmn`hnmf`x ni|vc nixcucxnxf nrn|f in v` |fegf ng `if|i|cgk| hf v`cecin|f ng Tyci] mci|cgk| x|hxkn|f hc`

yx|c`xnxf.93 Hkivmf`xfgf hcyrk clcgf ` mkmf`xvg hf en `v r|klfnz fcyxf n v`vc

ikmn`hnmf`x v`ci ng |fzcyxf`fc n|mnxf n`xcikmv`cyxf |km`fxc' enrx if n hfxf|mc`nx in ecfin|f

a|vr y-c ngfna r|kr|cn yx|nxfacf c xnixci.

Hf ngxefg' fcyxf`n v`vc nyfmf`fn ikmn`hnmf`x v`ci n| ec hfuf`cx iv`kyivx c `

Kiichf`x' in|f yf negn ` rgc` |zlkc |fif iv lgkivg ykucfxci. `x|-v` |nrk|x ng yf|uciccgk| yfi|fxf

nmf|cin`f' hc` >383' `nc`xnx r|ffhc`xfgvc Jn||s X|vmn` yf yrv`fn ` gfaxv| iv nifnyx

r|klgfm? @v fcyx `cic k c`ek|mncf in|f y c`hcif fcyxf`n ynv ek|mn|fn v`fc krkzccc

fecicf`xf c k|an`cznxf ` ek|mn v`k| a|vrv|c hf |fzcyxf`. ` nifgnc |nrk|x yf mnc nr|ficn i

rvxf|fn rkgccf`fnyi nlykgvx n avuf|`vgvc fyxf yvecicf`x rf`x|v n hfyiv|non rf|ykn`f ynv

a|vrv|c inrnlcgf hf n k|an`czn c n |fngczn nyfmf`fn hfmf|yv|c. Yf `kxn i nv fcyxnx T...] v`

`vm| hf |nrkn|xf' yvecicf`x rf`x|v n ik`ec|mn fcyxf`n v`fc yijfmf hf |fzcyxf` hf mcic

hcmf`ycv`c' mnc mvgx ynv mnc rvc` yrk`xn`' hn| i' xkxvc ikk|hk`n|fn hcuf|yfgk| a|vrvgff

c ek|mn|fn v`fc |fzcyxf`f k|an`cznxf `v yf rkx |fngczn ` ik`hcccgf nixvngf82.

Hcyiv|yvg rvlgci ng mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx fyxf ik`ykgchnx hf nhovhfin|fn

v`k| ungk|c c `kcv c in|f ngixvcfyi rnx|cmk`cvg ycmlkgci ng nifyxfcn? `ncv`f' i|fhc`'

gclf|xnxf' gfangcxnxf' |fangcxnxf' if yf |fayfyi ` fr|cm|cgf rvlgcif hc|fixf c ` mn`cefyxfgf hf

ik`x|nr|krnan`h gn chfkgkacn ikmv`cyx. Gclf|xnxfn in ungkn|f gn in|f nv yvlyi|cy rn|xczn`cc

fyxf |fika`kyiclcg hc|fix ` mn`cefyxfgf gn`ynxf hf a|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` hc` Ea|n c

yfm`nxf I|ncc gclf|xcc' Rn|xczn cc gclf|xcc ynv cmrgcicx' ` yfm`xv|c in kcmcc

9: N.Y.\.C.'ek`h H' hkyn| 5:' y.g.' >331' e. 893.93Clchfm' e. 882.82 Xjkmny Y. Lgnxk`' If xcn r|ffhc`xfgf X|vmn` hfyr|f \km`cn. V` |nrk|x ng yf|uciccgk| yfi|fxf

nmf|cin`f *>383#' Lviv|fxc' Ev`hncn Ninhfmcn Icuci' >331' r. 99.

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In|rncgk|' Uvgxv|cc In|rncgk|.8> Nifyxf hf`vmc|c fx|nyf hc` v`cuf|yvg `nxv|ng ng ecc`fgk| if

yvlgcmfnz iv|novg c gclf|xnxfn nrn|c` x|nhcccgk| rkrvgn|f' fxjkyvgvc |km`fyi ` hv|nxn gv`a.

Ov|mc`xfgf gvrxxk|cgk| hc` mv`c fuchf`cnz r|c`x|-k |fxk|ci `v`ivrnxcu nifgfnc ungk|c if

ikmrv` rnx|cmk`cvg ycmlkgci c chfnxci ng mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx.

Ek|mfgf hf |fr|fycv`f n mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx nv ekyx un|cnxf. ` r|cmvg|`h y-nv krf|nx n|fyx|c ` |ffgfgf hf yr|coc gkacyxci c y-nv ff|icxnx rf|yfivcc nyvr|n

mfml|cgk| enmcgccgk| hf rn|xczn`c. K xnixci ekn|xf hfy `xg`cx n ekyx c`ecgx|n|fn hf c`ek|mnxk|c

mcgcxn|c ynv icucgc ` |`hvg a|vrv|cgk| hf rn|xczn`c ynv |fi|vxn|fn v`k| c`ek|mnxk|c hc` |`hvg

mfml|cgk| hf enmcgcf. Ek|mn ifn mnc nivx hf |fr|fycv`f ` rf|ifrcn krc`cfc rvlgcif nv

ik`yxcxvcx-k ffivccgf ffmrgn|f hf rn|xczn`c' inhnu|fgf gk| ecc`h frvyf ` gkiv|cgf rvlgcif hc`

gkingcxcgf nef|f`xfc zk`fc hf nicv`f n a|vrv|cgk| *|fzcyxf`n hc` Mv`cc Ln`nxvgvc#. Rf`x|v n

hfxf|mc`n |fr|cmn|fn ix mnc v|af`x n a|vrv|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmvc`yx y-nv c`yxcxvcxr|fmcc ` ln`c *zk`n U|n`ifn#. Rfhfryfgf nrgcinxf mfml|cgk| mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` f|nv?

ik`hnm`|c gn mkn|xf' mv`i ycg`ci rf ucn' rf|cknhf `hfgv`anxf hf hfxf`cf in|f nv hv|nx

r` ` >358.

Vgxcmvg rn|xczn` n ekyx vicy ` mv`c ` >35338' rr. >3>->31.

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INRCXKGVG 339' r. 8

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f|n |vc`f i`h f|n ikrcg' lx`hv-yf hfyfk|c iv ikgfacc hf gn ikng rf`x|v nifnyxn. Mnc x|zcv n

nov`y y yf yfm`fzf c y ecf chf`xcecinx iv nifyx `vmf.88

N v|mnx ikngn r|cmn| ` ynxvg @fxkxv' cn| c` >398' gn >> n`c' y-n `yi|cy gn gcifvg \nhv

@fa|v' hc` Ea|n. Fhvincn nyr| hf niny' if nufn in ev`hnmf`xf hnxk|cn en hf n|' ucnn

mk|ng c i|fhc`n ` Hvm`fzfv' un ec ikmrgfxnx hf r|kefyk|cc hf gn gcifvg \nhv @fa|v' `x|fin|f yf `vm| Ungf|cv Gcxf|nx' Fmcg \kng' Mcjnc @kuni' R|kikrcf Lf`xcn' Kixnucn` Rkrn.

Nifxcn c-nv c`hvy ungk|cgf ev`hnmf`xngf if nufnv y-g igvzfnyi.

` >395 c`x| c` E|cn hf I|vif n gcifvgvc' k|an`czncf hf fhvincf i|fxc c

`nck`ngcyx n fgfucgk| |km`c' `ecc`nx c` n`vg >33382' i`h hfuc`f mfml|v nixcu ng mci|cc gfack`n|f c c`x|

` nxf`cn Ycav|n`fc.85 Fg rn|xcicr gn mn|fn |flfgcv`f gfack`n| hc` cn`vn|cf >38>' cn| hvr

88 M|xv|cf rf|yk`ng `Mfmk|cngvg Hv|f|cc' frcykhvg 92- Mkv' |fngcznxk| Gvicn Jkyyv Gk`ac`' rn|xfnC-n.

86 Ck` Anu|cg-Kak|n`v'L|nzcc yf e|`a' hn| v yf hkcfyi. \fzcyxf`n n`xcikmv cyx ` Mv`ccEa|nvgvc' Fhcxv|n Mn|c`fnyn' Xcmckn|n' ' ukg. C' rr.

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nlykguc|fn gcifvgvc' ` nifgnc n`' fyxf ik`hnm`nx rf`x|v nixcucxnxf gfack`n| gn >2 n`c hf mv`i

ycg`ci c hfa|nhn|f icuci.81 ` v|mn v`fc uczcxf n mc`cyx|vgvc hf c`xf|`f' af`f|ngvg Rcidc Unycgcv

gn `ijcykn|fn hc` Ngln-Cvgcn' nifyxn n hnx v` hfi|fx hf fgclf|n|f n hfc`vcgk| rkgcxcic `

r|cmun|n nifgvc n`. Ck` Anu|cg fyxf rvy ` gclf|xnxf rf >3 nr|cgcf >388' hvr in|f c |fcn

nixcucxnxfn gfack`n|8:

. Hvr if-c ynxcyenif yxnacvg mcgcxn| c v|mfnz iv|yv|cgf ikgcc Mcgcxn|f gnImrvgv`a-Mvyifg' enif zcgf hf e|k`x. Xkx ` n`vg >388 yf `yi|cf gn Enivgxnxfn hf Na|k`kmcf

hc` Igvo' cn| c` >385 yf `yi|cf ` rn|ngfg gn Ninhfmcn Ikmf|icngn hc` L|nku' ngf i|fc iv|yv|c

gf un enif gn e| e|fiuf`.83

Nyxefg' Anu|cg y-n `xk|y gn Igvo' khnx iv `ifrvxvg n`vgvc v`cuf|ycxn| >386->385 c

`xkn|if|fn enivgxcc hc` fcg. Fg cn rn|xf gn a|fun n`xcikmv`cyx hc` >2 mnc >385' in mfml|v ng

k|an`czncfc yxvhf`fxc Rfx|v Mnck| hc` inh|vg Enivgxcc hf Na|k`kmcf' a|fun if y-n fxc`y `

Xcmckn|n' Lviv|fxc' Cnc c L|nku' r|fivm c ` Ifjkygkunicn. Nifnyx a|fu n`xcikmv`cyxif n c`vx >2 zcgf n ekyx `ijfcnx gn c`xf|uf`cn gvc Cvgcv Mn`cv' Hc`v L|xcn`v c Gvi|fcv

Rx|in`v.62

Yf`xcmf`xfgf n`xcikmv`cyxf ngf gvc Anu|cg Kak|n`v nv gvnx `nxf|f c nv ekyx ivgxcunxf

`i hc` ikrcg|cf' ` inh|vg E.H.I.' hn| c ` rn|xcivgn|' nifyxn c`ek|m`hv-yf hc` m|xv|cc ngf

iv`kyivcgk| enmcgcfc' `xk|c `a|kzcc hc` \vycn ikmv`cyx hf ifgf x|cxf nikgk' r|fivm c hc`

gfixv|c ngf i|cgk| c l|kv|cgf ikmv`cyxf' cn| nrkc' ` xcmrvg enivgxcc' rn|xcicr`h gn fhc`f c

yfmc`n|cc hfyr|f ikmv`cym' gn yfhcvg Rn|xchvgvc Ykicngcyx hc` Igvo. Ecc`h c`ek|mnx hfyr|f

chfkgkacn ikmv`cyx' k|k|cgf' |fr|fycv`fn c nxfcymvg v`vc nyxefg hf |facm' in|f f|n mrkx|cun

\km`cfc Mn|c6>' fg n hfuf`cx v` n`xcikmv`cyx ik`uc`y c n ik`ychf|nx i x|flvcf y cn nxcxvhc`f

c y mrcfhcif c`yxnv|n|fn v`fc nyxefg hf hcixnxv|c' ijcn| r|c` |fzcyxf` n|mnx.

Hvr ngfaf|cgf e|nvhnxf hc` xknm`n n`vgvc >385' ikmv cxcc k|an`cznc ` Rn|xchvg

Mv`icxk|fyi \km` c necgcnc rf nxv`ic gn E|k`xvg @nck`ng Hfmki|nx' r|fcnv ik`hvif|fn

Avuf|`vgvc' cn| ` \km`cn yf ycmxf mnc nrynx ngv`fin|fn ix|f v` |facm ikmv`cyx r|c`

`yr|c|fn if`zv|cc' `a|hc|fn h|frxv|cgk| c gclf|xcgk| ifxf`fxc' xf|kn|f' kr|fycv`f c ngxf

nyfmf`fn mfxkhf' mf`cxf yn ik`ef|f ikmv`cymvgvc gfacxcmcxnxf. ` nifyx xcmr Anu|cg yf negn `

Ea|n' v`hf n negnx hc` zcn|f c hf gn |nhck |fzvgxnxvg ngfaf|cgk|. Nifyx fuf`cmf`x g-n eivx y

ik`xcf`xczfzf i ` \km`cn v|mn c`yxnv|n|fn hcixnxv|cc r|kgfxn|cnxvgvc. Iv r|cuc|f gn nifyx

mkmf`x' fg yi|cf ` in|xfn yn? K ngx `x|fln|f? ivm f|n rkyclcg in v` rn|xch iv nxcn nhf|f`c'

iv v` ik`hvixk| uf`f|nx hf xkc |km`cc y inhn r|nh *`.`. R.@.. Cvgcv Mn`cv#' `frvx`hv-yf

81 Chfm' Ln`hf' ln`hcc c f|kc. A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` c Yfiv|cxnxfn *>38:->35:#. Hkivmf`xf' Fhcxv|nF`icigkrfhci' Lviv|fxc'

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nr|n hf v` rn|xch rcxci iv ekn|xf rvc`c nhf|f`c c rf hfnyvr|n v|x hf `x|fa rkrk|vg |km`fyi

*`.`. R.M.\.#; \yrv`yvg f|n c i nifyx rn|xch f|n k|an`cznx. Hfc rvc`c' k|cf`x`hv-c ek|fgf

yr|f nifgnc yikr i|cmc`ng' f|nv mvgx mnc rvxf|`cic hfix k mn|f mny hfzk|an`cznx. Ukxv|cgf

i|ffnz krcv c' hn| `v c rvxf|f fefixcu. Ik`igvzcn; Xc f|fxvg \km`cfc x|flvcn y yf

k|an`czfzf y gvrxf iv n|mfgf iv in|f f|n nxninx. Ikmv`cymvg nxnin iv rvxf|f mcgcxn|; F|n`fukcf hf rvxf|f mcgcxn|' in|f y gvrxf mrkx|cun gvc. c ecc`hi `x|favg rkrk| f|n kyxcg

|facmvgvc ikmv`cyx' k|an`cznccgf if x|flvcnv i|fnxf x|flvcnv y ecf |fr|fzf`xn`xf ngf `x|favgvc

rkrk| |km .6381' n ekyx mkmf xvg ` in|f Ck` Anu|cg n hfuf`cx v` frk`f x hf yfnm

ng mci|cc hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx gn `cufg `nck`ng. ` v|mn v`fc r|krv`f|c eivxf hf ix|f

ikgfacc hf enivgxnxf' hnxk|cx ingcxcgk| yngf hf gchf|' hn| c frf|cf`fc nivmvgnxf ` nixcucxnxfn

hfrvy ` inh|vg E|ccgk| c hc` invz in `v f|n ` nxf`cn Rkgccfc' fg n hfuf`cx ik`hvixk| rf

`x|fa N|hfngvg ng E.H.I.' |fack`ngn Rx|niv' ivm mnc f|n `vmcx.69

Hc` nifnyx rkyxv|' fg c`f gfaxv|n iv hcuf|c gchf|c gfack`n|c rf n|' hn| c iv fecc

E.H.I. rf ovhff hc` N|hfng. Nyxefg' n `ifrvx igxk|ccgf iv yikrvg y c`yrfixfzf' y `h|vmf' y

c`ek|mfzf' y c`yx|vcnyi c y yvr|nufajfzf nixcucxnxfn ifgk| hc` yvlk|hc`f. Rf`x|v n-c inmvegn

hfyfgf hfrgny|c' ekgkyfn in r|fxfx ikmf|vg iv cgfoh *h|kohcf hf lf|f#' rf in|f k ivmr|n f`

a|ky hc` rcffgf hf gn N|nh c k uc`hfn f` hfxncg' rf kv r|c` ynxfgf c ovhffgf n|hfgf`f' cn| rf

x|f` ekgkyfn k gfacxcmncf engy n v`vc ikgfa. Iv kinzcn nifyxk| mcycv`c' Anu|cg Kak|n`v c-n

eivx mvgc r|cfxf`c c iv`kxc`f' in|f-c uk| ec hf ekgky mnc x|zcv.

6

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` un|n n`vgvc >381' n nuvx gki k xnl| n ik`hvif|cc E.H.I. ` Nrvyf`c' gn in|f nv

rn|xcicrnx 82-62 hf fec hf E|ncc c a|vr|c hc` xknx n|n. Nikgk y-n hcyivxnx hfyr|f hfign`n|fn

v`fc kef`ycuf n`xcikmv`cyxf c nv `if|inx ngfaf|fn v`vc mkmf`x enuk|nlcg' `y gkuc`hv-yf hf

r|fzf n n|mnxf ykucfxcif ` \km`cn' nv |mny ` frfixnxcu. Xkx ` nifnyx un|' fg c-n

c`xf`ycecinx gfaxv|cgf iv mci|cgf hf |fzcyxf` n|mnx c hcef|cc ik`hvixk|c nc nifyxk|n hc`X|n`ycgun`cn' hf gn in|f n negnx i ` n| yf eifnv r|faxc|c rf`x|v gvrxn' hfrkzcx`hv-yf n|mf c

mv`ccc c `|kg`h `kc gvrxxk|c' yfm` i gvi|v|cgf yf r|ficrcxnv.

R` gn `ifrvxvg n`vgvc v`cuf|ycxn| >381->38:' Ck` Anu|cg Kak|n`v `v n ekyx v|m|cx

hf k|an`fgf hf yxnx' inmvegnovg gvc ecc`h v`vg fecicf`x' `y nifnyxn ycxvncf y-n yijcmlnx hnxk|cx

enrxvgvc in fg c ifc hc` E.H.I. `v y-nv `yi|cy ` k|an`czncn yxvhf`fnyi n ikmv`cxcgk|'

V.@.Y.\.' in|f nxv`ic ivr|c`hfn nr|knrf xknx yxvhf`cmfn' `yi|cf|fn ecc`h klgcanxk|cf. \mnc

rf hc nen|' fc nv c`x|nx ` nxf`cn rkgccfc c x|fzc`h yvyrcicv c' nv `ifrvx y ecf v|m|cc.Fg n klyf|unx in fyxf v|m|cx r|c` nxcxvhc`fn ifgk| hc` ov|? yfi|fxn|vg hf rn|xch ng

yxvhf`cgk| g r|cufn iv v|' gn in`xc` f|n mf|fv v|m|cx hf ikgfac mnc mcic' hc` n`vg C c CC' cn|

rf yx|nh' c`c yf vcxnv yvyrfix hvr fg.68Nifnyx ycxvncf g-n hfxf|mc`nx y yf mvxf hc` imc`'

hvr unin`n hf cn|`' mr|fv` iv ngc hkc ikgfac hc` E.H.I.' Jncv Gnv|fn` c Gv`av Ungf|.

Ecc h `fukcc y yf mvxf iv anzhn ` hcef|cxf in|xcf|f igvof`f' hnxk|cx v|m|c|cc xkx mnc

niif`xvnxf' fc nv yijcmlnx mnc mvgxf anzhf c` hfiv|yvg n ixfun gv`c.

` nifyxf ik`hccc' Anu|cg Kak|n`v n |f`v`nx gn ik`hvif|fn E.H.I. c n |mny hkn|

mfml|v ng k|an`czncfc n`xcikmv`cyxf yxvhf`fxc.

Khnx iv uf`c|fn r|cmuf|cc gvc >38:' n uf`cx c ihf|fn E|ccgk| hf I|vif rf xknxn

Mkghkun' rf nc i|k| ik`hvixk|c |fevacnc' if nv |fvcx y yinrf hf n|fyxn|f' Kak|n`v c-n novxnx

kef|c`hv-gf nhrkyx gn hcef|cxf iv`kxc`f hf r|c` ynxfgf n|hfgf`f. ` v|mn nifyxvc fuf`cmf`x c n

v`fc uczcxf eivxf gn L|nku rf`x|v n yvyc`f v`fgf fnmf`f gn Ninhfmcn Ikmf|icng' fg n

`ifrvx y ecf c mnc c`xf`y v|m|cx hf ix|f Rkgccf' rf n i|fc gcyx hf ivxn|f yf negn' hcuf|c

naf`c c`xf|fy`hv-yf hf fg gn yfi|fxn|cnxvg enivgxcc' gn nhmc`cyx|ncn imc`fgk| c r|c`x|f

yxvhf`c.

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rnx|vg mcgcxn| ik`hvy hf v` icucg' if ik`x|kgn nixfgf ifgk| if cffnv c |fc`fn rf ifc in|f f|nv

yxvhf`c. Xfm`hv-yf hf n `v ec |fc`vx' fg nrfgfnz gn k yk| n v`vc ikgfa' ev`ick`n| gn kecicvg

rkxng rf`x|v n-g novxn. Nifnyxn g yinr hc` yfhcv' h`hv-c v` i|vick| `i|inx iv rnijfxf' rf

in|f-g x|naf r` gn k n`vmcxn hcyxn` hf rkxn' hvr in|f g gny c rgfni iv nvxklvzvg yr|f

v`cuf|ycxnxf. ` nvxklvz fyxf nxf`ck`nx hf v` ikgfa hc` n`vg CC x|cmcy hf Jncv Gnv|fn` c Gv`avUngf| y-c yrv` i gn enivgxnxf fyxf nxfrxnx in y ecf n|fyxnx. Neg`h nifnyxn' cn jkx||fn y yf

nyiv`h' r` gn gyn|fn yf|cc i`h yrf|n y yf yx|fikn|f yr|f anzh' gn ikgfavg Unycgf Mv`xfn`v'

in|f-g c`ek|mfnz i ` inmrvyvg v`cuf|ycxn| yf n|fyxnv yxvhf`c c r|kefyk|c rf inrfxf' hvr

`cxf gcyxf. Anu|cg n yxnx nyiv`y gn anzhn yn ixfun zcgf' hvr in|f n rgfinx gn L|nku rf`x|v n-c

hn fnmf`fgf gn Ninhfmcf.

Nov`y ncic' n gvnx gfaxv|n iv gchf|cc k|an`cznccgk| hf |fzcyxf` c-c nuf|xczfnz hfyr|f

rf|cikgvg cmc`f x ng n|fyx|cc' r|c` r|cymn ifgk| `xmrgnxf gn Igvo. Hvr ngxf ixfun zcgf yf`xkn|if ` Igvo rf`x|v n yf c`ek|mn nyvr|n E.H.I. c n nhvif ek|mvgn|f hf r|nixci na|cikg' iv

novxk|vg i|k|n yf uk| rvxfn nyiv`hf gn hcef|cxf ef|mf' mfml|c nc mci|cgk| hf |fzcyxf`. 66 I`h

y-n `xk|y gn L|nku' gn gkivg yxnlcgcx iv Ajfk|ajf Ocmlkc' gchf|vg k|an`czncfc yxvhf`fxc hf

|fzcyxf`' n ekyx `xmrc`nx hf v` rkgccyx in|f g-n `hfm`nx y eva. Y-n nyiv`y ` rhv|f' cn| `

yfn|n nifgfcnc zcgf n c`x|nx ` k|n' `cmf|c`h ` rcnn Yijcfgg' in|f f|n `fynx c rzcx hf

mcgccf' if gfacxcmn xkc x|fixk|cc. c hf nifnyx hnx n |fvcx y yinrf c`x|`h `x|-k iv|xf' v`hf y-

n nyiv`y gn k yxvhf`x. ` niffnc `knrxf y-n |fevacnx r|c`x|f gvi|xk|cc evacc hf gn Nyx|n L|nku'

gn ef|mn C.N.Y. \vrfn' hf v`hf n r|cmcx v` rkyx hf c`ac`f| na|cikg gn yficn Oclf|x' k ikmv`

r|fhkmc`n`x yyfnyi hc` ovhfvg L|nku.65

Xknx un|n gvc >38:' r` ` `kcfml|cf n yxnx nyiv`y gn nifnyx ef|m hc` Oclf|x' xcmr `

in|f c-n eivx mvgxf iv`kxc`f c n c`vx gfaxv|n iv hcuf|c evan|c in c fg' ynv mfml|c nixcuc nc

mci|cgk| hf |fzcyxf` hc` k|nfgf Igvo c L|nku c hc` nifyxf ovhff. Xkx nifyx xcmr y-n

c`xfa|nx ` ikmv`cxnxfn hf ncic c `v n x|fzcx yvyrcicv`cgf nvxk|cxcgk| ynv mcgccfc' fg ycmc`hv-yf

in `x|-v` nhfu|nx ik`ifhcv.

Gc`cxfn c-n ekyx xvglv|nx `x|-k yfn| gn `ifrvxvg gvc `kcfml|cf. Hc` zcn|vg Yi`xfcn'

gvi|xk|cc hf gn ef|m nv negnx hfyr|f v` r|kify acan`x hf ovhfin|f n v`vc a|vr mn|f hf hvmn`c

nc rkrk|vgvc' in|f nv rvy gn ingf v` ikmrgkx rf yin| gn|a' k|an`cznx hf rn|xchfgf gclf|ng'

`nck`ng-|`cyx' ykicng hfmki|nx' mcin|fn gfack`n| c hf v`cc af`f|ngc' iv yikrvg hf n |yxv|`n

r|c` ek| |facmvg. R|c`x|f ifc cmrgcinc yf negnv mvgxf rf|yk`ngcxc' iv`kxc`f hf-ngf yngf'

r|kefyk|c' r|cfxf`c. Hf nyfmf`fn' nifxcn n| ec gvnx gfaxv|n iv cmrf|cngcxcc n`agk-nmf|cin`c'

u|`h y |vr n|n hf r|cfxf`n `knyx|' V`cv`fn Ykucfxci c y k `|klfnyi hc` `kv lv|ajfzcfc

nrvyf`f. V|mnv nrkc ngxf zfic hf `vmf c hf k|an`czncc yxvhf`fxc hf xcr xf|k|cyx' nicv`c hf66 Clchfm'r. 61.65 Ckn` Fn`' kr. icx.' r. 8

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yrck`no' `xg`c|c' ikmrgkxv|c mnc mn|c ynv mnc mcic' r|fivm c gfaxv|n iv Unxcin`vg. `x|f

`vmfgf icxnxf rf gcyxfgf hf nivznc' gv`ac hf 8 rnac`c' ` h|frxvg yxvhf`cgk| hc` Igvo' yf negn c

`vmfgf hf Anu|cg Ck`.

Klyf|u`h `vmfgf' fg y-n ik`uc`y i f|n uk|ln hfyr|f rf|ykn`n yn' `y ifc hc` ov| `v nv

eivx gfaxv|n `x|f `vmfgf hc` zcn| c fg. Ln mnc mvgx' yfi|fxn|vg hf rn|xch n `xkimcx k if|f|f ``vmfgf mv`icxk|cgk| hf gn ef|mn \vrfn' in|f c`hca`nc hf m|nun nicv`f n i|cmc`ngcgk|

ikmrgkxcxc' ` v`n`cmcxnxf if| rfhfnryn iv mkn|xfn rf`x|v xkc nifxc x|hxk|c.. Rf gcyxn

yfi|fxn|vgvc' yf negn c `vmfgf yv' Anu|cg Ck` yfm``h rfxccn iv r|cic`n gn ixfun hfafxf yvl

`vmfgf gvc hc` gcyx.61 N yfm`nx if|f|fn c cmfhcnx y-n `ukcx ixfun zcgf gn Igvo' rgfi`h ijcn| `

nifn yfn|' xfm`hv-yf in `v ivmun ifc hc` ef|m y-g |fiv`knyi ` zcn|. Rgfinx hf gn ef|mn' n

yxnx nyiv`y gn v` lx|` yny' Qna`f| Mcjnc' gn >6 dm hf Oclf|x. Nikgk y-n `xg`cx iv ikgfavg

Nu|nm' hc` E.H.I.' iv in|f n hcyivxnx hfyr|f ycxvncn cucx. Gc`cxcx hf nifyxn' Anu|cg y-n `xk|yhvr ixfun zcgf gn ef|mn \vrfn.

Gvi|v|cgf nv |fuf`cx gn `k|mng' ` v|mxkn|fgf < yrxm`c `cmf`c `v g-n |fiv`kyivx in

ecc`h ifg hc` zcn|. `y' ` hcmc`fnn hf 38:' Ck` Anu|cg n ekyx c`ucxnx gn yfhcvg

rn|xchvgvc hc` \vrfn hf ix|f hc|fixk|vg `x|fr|c`hf|cc' yfi|fxn|vg hf rn|xch rf `x|fr|c`hf|f'

ik`xnlcgvg c r|ffhc`xfgf yc`hcinxvgvc' Iv|i. Nifyxn hc` v|m y-n kef|cx y-g fyik|xfzf hf gn

`x|fr|c`hf|f r` gn yfhcvg hc` k|n' yvl nmf`c`n|fn iv v` rcyxkg. Nov`c gn k rv`xf if x|fifn

rfyxf a|gn gkingcxcc' Anu|cg g-n czlcx rvxf| ci ` rcfrx rf `ykcxk|vg yv' n|v`i`hv-g ` a|gn

c n gvnx-k gn eva' c`x|`h ` rhv|f c `hfr|x`hv-yf ix mnc mvgx hf gkivg nifgn.6:

\xic`h r|c` rhv|c c jcxvcx hf gvrc' nifyxn n nov`y yr|f yfn| ` Xcivvg Ufijc' v`hf n

rkrkycx gn v` ekyx ikgfa hf gcifv' Ajfk|ajf Rnyiv. Hvr ixfun `xg c|c iv ifc hc` k|an`czncn

hf |fzcyxf` hf ncic' hc` in|f eifnv rn|xf c r|fkxvg c hkixk|vg ynxvgvc' Kak|n`v y-n `xk|y `

yfn|n nov`vgvc hf n` `kv >383 gn Oclf|x' x|a`h gn nifgnc lx|` yny' Qna`f|. Hf gn nifyxn n

negnx i Yfiv|cxnxfn g-n ivxnx ` v|mn evacc gvc' c-nv rf|ijfzcck`nx gkivc`n hf gn ef|m c c-nv

gvnx xknxf gvi|v|cgf c ln`cc' r|c`x|f in|f c r|kcfixvg hf gcif`.

383' rf >2 cn`vn|cf' n r|ycx inyn lx|`vgvc' `h|frx`hv-yf yr|f iny.

X|fi`h r|c` ynxfgf Efgmf|' Angnc' Jv|fz c k|nvg Ea|n' rkrkyc`h gn ekxc ikgfac hf gcifv' n

nov`y niny ` Av|n Ucc gn ye|cxvg gv`cc efl|vn|cf' v`hf n x|ny gn v`ijcvg gvc' e|nxfgf mnmfc'

Unycgf Gnzfn. Nifyxn g-n nyiv`y ` rkhvg v|cc iv e` c g-n rvy gn iv|f`x iv enrxvg i yfiv|cxnxfn61 Ck` Anu|cg-Kak|n`v' kr. icx'rr. 1>-1

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g ivxn |favgnx niny c nv rkyxnx gn r|cm|cf v` n`v` r|c` in|f Ck` Anu|cg f|n ik`hnm`nx gn >3

n`c hf `ijcykn|f' ecc`h c`ucxnx y yf r|fzc`xf y cyrfnyi rfhfnryn ynv y eni |fiv|y.

Xcmr hf ixfun gv`c' n yxnx nyiv`y gn nifyx v`ijc. ` nifnyx rf|cknh n gvnx gfaxv|n iv

ifcgngc evan|c hc` |facv`f. R|c`x|f nifxcn yf negnv? ikgfavg hf enivgxnxf Jncv Gnv|fn` rk|figcx

Gfv' Jncv N`h|fc hc` Rkok|xn rk|figcx Lnicv' mfhcic`cyxvg Mcjnc Mnan' yxvhf`xvg gn xcc`f`nxv|ngf Ck` Ijcvohfn rk|figcx R|kefyk|vg' yxvhf`xvg gn Rkgcxfj`cin hc` Xcmckn|n Acgv \nhf'

mv`icxk|vg gn L|nku Ajfk|ajf kucng' @fgv @kuni' xkc nifxcn hc` v|m nyiv`c ` ynxvg

Lf|cukc. Xkc yirnyf| hf n|fyx|cgf hc` >38: c nivm f|nv `fukcc y yxfn nyiv`c. 63 mr|fv`

iv nifxcn yf `xg`fn yrxm`ng ` mn|ac`fn ynxvgvc' yijcml`h hf ecfin|f hnx gkivg `xg`c|cc.

\fgnxnv `kvxcgf negnxf' ikmf`xnv xc|cgf hf gn |nhck' c eifnv rgn`v|c hf uccxk|. Nv jkx|x y

yxfn r|faxcc ` inz hf ik`egcix n|mnx' y cn gfaxv|n iv xkc evan|cc hc` mr|fov|cmc' y

ik`xnixfzf a|vrvg af`f|ngvgvc Hvml|nu' hfyr|f in|f yf uk|lfn i hvif gvrxf ` Mv`ccMvyifgvgvc52. F|nv jkx|c y yf mrkx|cufnyi |facmvgvc c y `v ecf r|c`c ynv vicc r` gn

mvgx yrf|nxn uf`c|f n nmf|cin`cgk|' in|f y |yxkn|`f |facmvg ikmv`cyx.5> ` efgvg nifyxn nv

gvnx gfaxv|n c iv fgfucc Ck` Cgckc hc` Ymlxn hf Yvy' \fmvy Ykek`f hc` H|av' Afgv @kuni'

ecvg r|kefyk|vgvc hf mnxfmnxci hf gn gcifvg \nhv @fa|v' nhrkyxcx ` M|ac`f`c c yxvhf`xvg

gn en|mnicf ` Igvo' Mn|ifg Ik|`fn.

` r|cmun|n gvc >383' Anu|cg mr|fv` iv Mn|ifg Ik|`fn' N`h|fc Jncv-Lnicv c Ck`

Ijcvohfn-R|kefyk|vg nv rk|`cx `x|-k igxk|cf r|c` xknxf ynxfgf hc` n|n Ea|nvgvc c nv gvnx

gfaxv|n ` efgvg nifyxn iv xkc evan|cc c xknxf k|an`cznccgf hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyxf. `x|f

xcmr' Mcjnc Mnan n ekyx r|c`y c ik`hnm`nx gn icun n`c hf `ijcykn|f. Gn `xkn|if|fn hc`

nifnyx mcycv`f' gn rkngfgf Mv`cgk| Ea|n' ` v|mn v`fc fhc`f nv jkx|x ` `knrxfn hf

Ye`xvg Ajfk|ajf y yf |fx|na gn mv`xf iv xkcc.5 mnc

>383. Nm ec rvxvx ec mnc mvgc' iic n| ec ekyx hfyxvg v` yc`av| yfm` c yvxf hf knmf`c n| ec gynx

xkxvg c n| ec uf`cx g`a `kc. `y if y ec eivx iv nxcn knmf`c; U|`h-`fu|`h' x|flvcn rk|`cx

k nicv`f cmfhcnx' rf ucn c rf mkn|xf. Nn i nm jkx|x in xkc ifc nyiv`c ynv negnc gclf|c

r|c` ynxf y |m` nikgk r` if un ec `fukcf hf fc. @kc `v mnc nufnm if rcf|hf' hfkn|fif

f|nm v|m|cc c ik`hnm`nc ` ik`xvmnicf.59

Ifc in|f nv v|inx gn mv`xf f|nv? N`h|fc' Gnv|fn` c Ajfk|ajf Jncv' Ck` Anu|cg' Ck` c

Afgv @kuni' Ajfk|ajf kucng' Ycgucv Ykikg' \fmvy Ykek`fn c Ck` Ijcvohfn' |fyxvg

63 Ckn` Fn`' kr. icx.' r. 5' ukg. 33>' r. >

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ngxv|`hv-yf vgxf|ck|. `ifr`h hc` nifyx mkmf`x' fc nv nick`nx v`cxn|' ngfa`hv-c v` fe. Gn

`ifrvx nifyxn n ekyx N`h|fc Jncv *ufijc gfack`n|' ik`hnm`nx gn 6 n`c `ijcykn|f yvl |facmvg

N`xk`fyiv' hnxk|cx enrxvgvc i n rn|xcicrnx gn |flfgcv`fn hf gn N|nh# c nrkc Ck` Ijcvohfn

*ik`hnm`nx gn niffnc rfhfnry xkx rf`x|v nixcucxnxf gfack`n|#. Ingcxcgf hf gchf| ngf gvc Ck`

Anu|cg nv eivx in ` yiv|x xcmr' nifyxn y r|fcn ik`hvif|fn a|vrvgvc.58

Hvr k zc hf mv`i' c-nv c`yxngnx xnl|n rf ungfn Rkok|xfc' `x|-k rkcf`c ef|cx hf v`hf

nufnv ufhf|f nyvr|n mv`cgk| hc` ov| c in|f gn `fukcf rvxfn ec nr|nx vk|. Nifnyxn f|n ek|mnx

hc` 8 ik|xv|c' ixfun yinv`f iv k mny hc` gfyrfzc hf rcnx|' k unx| hf rcnx| rf in|f yf negn

ifnv`vg iv m`in|f' cn| gn vn ik|xv|cgk| yr|coc`cxf rf |nyxfgv|c' yf negnv n|mfgf.

Ecfin|f mfml|v c nhvyfyf hf niny v` lnano ukgvmc`ky' ek|mnx hc` jnc`f' lkn|ef'

rfgf|c`f' rxv|c' lkin`ic' ekc hf ik|xv|c' fxi. ` v|mn icki`c|cgk| iv Yfiv|cxnxfn fc nv ekyx `fukcc

y |f`v`f gn k mn|f rn|xf n lnanovgvc' nln`hk``hv-g ynv gy`hv-g ` rfxf|c' v`hf n ekyx yx|cinxhf v|c. R` gn v|m nv |mny gn v` fijcrnmf`x yxn`hn|h? k rf|fijf hf lkin`ic vk|c' k imnn

mnc a|kny' k jnc` hc` rkyxnu' hf ivgkn|f a|c ynv yfc`' rn`xngk`c hc` rkyxnu' k rf|fijf hf

onmlcf|f' k rf|fijf hf c`hcyrf ynlcgc' cn| rf inr k iicvg |vyfnyi hc` lgn` hf kncf. ` |n`cn

mcgcxn| `fmfnyi ryx|nv v` yijcml hf jnc`f hf ik|r' v` ikoki hf kncf' k ekncf hf ik|x' k

anmfg hc` ngvmc`cv' ixfun v`fgxf *nif' n' yekn|' yvg' ivcf#' nrkc ivcx iv xfni gn l|v'

ijcl|cxv|c ynv nm`n| r|c` lvzv`n|f c v` yrv` e| mc|ky.56 I`h nov`afnv klkycc `x|-v` gki'

c hni f|nv vzc' c yijcmlnv ick|nrcc c jnc`fgf hf ik|r iv ifgf hc` |n`c' vyinxf' gf gvnv rf

ifgf vhf rf hfnyvr|n' y yf vyvif' yf lanv ` ikoki' lkin`icc c-c rv`fnv gn inr ynv gn rcfrx

hni f|n af|' in y `v `ajff' c lanv rcickn|fgf ` |n`c' cn| i`h rgkvn' rv`fnv ekncn hf ik|x

hfnyvr|n ikokivgvc' ecnv iv rnxvg n|mfc ikokivg `x|f af`v`ijc c nhk|mfnv iv n|mn gn rcfrx'

yvl ikoki. Gn efg nv r|kifhnx c iv m`in|fn. Gn `ifrvx nv gvnx hf r|c` ynxf rc`f' k|fz' vgfc'

rnyxf ec`knyf' yg`c c ijcn| k in|xf iv lvinxf. Hvr v` xcmr' nv |mny gn k ngcmf`xncf hf

lnz ek|mnx hc` mmgca c l|`z. Mgncvg c l| zn gf r|kiv|nv nxx hc` ynxf' ix mnc ngfy hf

gn ickln`cc hc` mv`xf' hf gn yx`c.

Rn|xczn`cc f|nv fijcrnc iv n|mnmf`x vk|? rvi ynv rcyxkg mcx|ngcf|' |fukguf|' a|f`nhf

hfef`ycuf. N|mfgf gf nufnv hf gn k|an`czncn hf |fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx n mcgcxn|cgk| hc`

Ea|n' ik`hvy hf ircxn`vg Ynlc` Mn|f' x|fivx ` |fzf|u hf `kvg |facm. Xkx nifyxn n novxnx

a|vrvg Anu|cg iv fijcrnmf`x mcgcxn| *ifnyv|c' lc`kigv|c' lvykgf' j|c' ekc hf ik|x.#' iv k mkn|

` mc`cnxv| c i|c mcgcxn|f' r|fivm\zlkcvg hf cn|`' Rn|xczn`cc unanlk`zc' Hcyx|vaf|fn hf

rn|xczn`c. Mnc mvgx' ` nxfrxn|fn v`vc r|cgfo enuk|nlcg nv r|kiv|nx c hfrkzcxnx n|mnmf`x a|fv `

iv|xfn gvc _njcv Rkr `a|kr`h hkv lkmlf hf nuck` hf 62 da' cn| ` iv|xfn gvc Ckn` Mv`xfn`v

58 N.I.@.Y.N.Y.' ek`h Rf`ng' hkyn| >5' ukg.

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ngxf x|fc. Gn r|cmvg hkmcicgcv' Yfiv|cxnxfn n mnc aycx hkv gzc iv yxcigf c`if`hcn|f' hkv n|mf

_.L. c >:2 in|xvf.55

Nr|knrf xkc nufnv c`yx|vicf mcgcxn|? Ajfk|ajf Jnv' yf|af`x' hfik|nx' n eivx e|k`xvg

` Mkghkun' n ekyx |`cx gn Cnc ` >388' Ckn` Rkr hf nyfmf`fn' n gvrxnx rf e|k`xvg n`xcykucfxci'

v`hf n ekyx |`cx' Gnv|fn` Jncv n eivx e|k`xvg hf nrvy ` `x|facmf' ecc`h hfik|nx' Ijcvohfn cAnu|cg nv eivx ikngn mcgcxn| hf kecf|c iv zcgf rf e|k`x' ` >38851' |fyxvg hc`x|f ifc v|inc gn

mv`xf' nv eivx ixfun ff|iccc hf nxni c nr|n|f' r|fivm c fhc`f hf x|naf|f ` xnl|'

klc`vc`hv-yf ` efgvg nifyxn iv n|mnmf`xvg.

' e. ' e. >

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Yf negnv hfon hf ixfun gv`c ` mv`c cn| Yfiv|cxnxfn `i `v hclvcyf gkivg v`hf yf negnv

c `cic `v nv c`xf|uf`cx iv ek|f mn|c' hnxk|cx r|kifhv|cgk| n`fukcknyf' n rvc`fgk| c`ek|mncc

hfyr|f a|vrvg hc` mv`c c gcryfc v`fc |ffgf hf c`ek|mnxk|c. R` ` cn|`n gvc >383' rn|xczn`cc nv

nuvx rvc`f `xg`c|c iv a|vrf mcic hf yfiv|cxc c mnc rvc`f icki`c|c n|mnxf' ` |frfxnxf |`hv|c

nifxcn hc` v|m evac`h hkn| gn k hfmk`yx|ncf hf ek| iv n|mfgf ynv ixfun ekiv|c ` nf| ngfevan|cgk|. Xkx ` nifc n`c' >383->362' Yfiv|cxnxfn n ekgkycx rnx|vgf ig|c mrkx|cun gk|' `y

nifyxfn f|nv vk| hf klyf|unx hf gn hcyxn` c hf kikgcx ` nifgnc xcmr' hfkn|fif f|nv klgcanc y

c` icgf hf jkxn|.

Hf mvgxf k|c ` nifnyx rf|cknh' rn|xczn`cc nv klyf|unx e| y ecf uzvc' x|vrfgf if f|nv

x|cmcyf y-c gcijchfzf' `y `v nv x|ny' ykikxc`h i nhfu|ncc uc`kunc `v f|nv nikgk' ` mv`xf.

`i hf gn `ifrvx' a|vrvg c-n cmrvy k yx|nxfacf' k mk|ng c k xnixci' rf in|f gf-nv |fyrfixnx iv

yx|cixff' rf`x|v n |fzcyxn ix mnc mvgx. @v nv x|ny `cickhnx hc` r|kr|cf c`ccnxcu' mnc ngfy `ykghncc ` xf|mf`' cn| in xnixci' `v nv r|cmcx gvrxn hfyijcy ic x|afnv ynv |yrv`hfnv iv eki

yiv|x' nrkc y hcyrn| e| v|m c y nrn| ` ngx gki12. Yikrvg gk| ` mv`xf f|n y

yvr|nucfvcnyi ` efgvg nifyxn' ycgc`hv-c rf yfiv|cxc y-c invxf `ik`xc`vv' ``flv`cc' r` uk|

|fvc y hfn k nhfu|nx gvrx hf fgclf|n|f. Fc `v nv hcyx|vy klcfixcuf fik`kmcif ynv ykicngf'

ik`ychf|`h i nifyxfn nrn|c` rkrk|vgvc |km`' rf`x|v in|f gvrx' c `v |facmvgvc ikmv`cyx.

Ix hfyr|f in|nixf|vg mk|ng ng nicv`cgk| rn|xczn`cgk|' fc yf ykikxfnv n ec ` nifgnc xcmr kyxnc nc

gvc J|cyxky c nc |cc' ijcn| yfm``hv-yf N|mnxn @nck`ng \km`' c``h in ecfin|f enrx n

gk| y ecf ik`ek|m iv k`kn|fn mcgcxn| c iv mk|ngn i|fxc`.1>

Khnx iv uf`c|fn cf|`cc' mfml|cc a|vrvgvc hf |fzcyxf` yf r|faxfnv rf`x|v cf|`nx. K

rn|xf n nifyxk|n? ifc x|fc Jncv c Ck` Ijcvohfn-R|kefyk|vg' f|nv hficc y cf|`fzf mv`c' |fyxvg

ykikxc`h i uk| ayc nhrkyx r|c` ynxfgf hc` ov|. ` nifyx xcmr' Ck` An|ucg y-n hvy niny rf`x|v

n-c ufhfn xnxg a|nu lkg`nu. Fg n |fvcx y yf yx|fikn|f r|c x|f ecgx|fgf yfiv|cxcc' in|f

yvr|nufajfnv inyn r|c`xfnyi' c`x|`h ` iv|xf nyiv`y ` in|vg iv e` ng v`ijcvgvc yv Unycgf. `

zcvn hf nov`vg I|icv`vgvc >383' xnxg yv n mv|cx' cn| yfiv|cxnxfn yf negn ` ik`ukcvg mcgcxn|'

r|faxcx y-g inrxv|fzf ` inzvg uf`c|cc gn `mk|m`xn|f. Niny c |m`fnv mnmn c ifgf hkv

yv|k|c' v`n hf >< c ifngngx hf >8 n`c. c hf nifnyx hnx' Anu|cg Kak|n`v n |fvcx y rigfnyi

ek|fgf yfiv|cxcc' nyiv`z`hv-yf ` rkhvg inyfc v`vc ufic` iv icmcxc|vg' hf v`hf n rvxvx gvn

rn|xf gn `mk|m xn|f.

Rf`x|v cf|`n|f' Anu|cg y-n |fx|ny yc`av| gn v` ik`yxfn`' r|cfxf` iv xnxg yv' rf `vmf

Uc|acg kxin`. ` nifyx xcmr' fg n gvnx gfaxv|n iv r|fkxvg v`cx Hnuch' evan| c fg ' r|fivm c iv

v` ekyx ikmv`cyx' nov`y rn|xczn`' in|f c-n h|vcx k n|m `fmfnyi `kv c k ivxcf hf in|xvf.

12 I.@.Y.N.Y.' kr. icx' r. >1.1> Ck` Anu|cg-Kak|n`v' kr. icx'r. >>>.

98

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Yfiv|cxnxfn c ivxn rf evan|c rf gn `fnmv|c c |vhf`cc' `fczlvxc`h ` mn`fu|fgf gk| `frvxc`icknyf

y r|c`h rf `cic v`vg' hn| c hnxk|cx enrxvgvc i |ffnvn hf c`ek|mnxk|c `v f|n `i ek|mnx 1

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Hf gn Mnzcgv @cikgnf' gvrxxk|cc hc` mv`c nv `unx rkfzcn Hc` rcyiv|c' v`hf-y |fac`f

ev|xv`n c i|fmf`fn' ikmrvy hf nifyxn' in|f c-n cmr|fyck`nx nxx hf mvgx `ix nv r|kignmnx-k

in mn| ng gk|. \fe|f`vg nifyxfcn V`cc iv xkc nifc if uk| y mkn|-` gclf|xnxf+ Iv xkcc ukm

rk|`c'+ ` hvmn ukm gkuc'+ Ukm e| af-` zlk|+ \klcn gk|'+ I`h `fnmv- x|fa yf un x|fzc+ Hc`

ykm`vg ifg hf mkn|xf.+ In|rnxc`c ea|f`c' uf`cc'+ Gkucc+ ` ifc if nv hcyx|vy c r`a|fyi+Ngxn| c `fnmvg |km`fyi. un |yv`n hf mvgxf k|c ` mv`c.

Hvr `xg`c|fn iv xc`f|cc' Anu|cg g-n uczcxnx rf r|kefyk|vg Mcjnc @kuni' xnxg gvc Afgv.

Lx|`vg hfuf`cyf kmvg hf gfaxv| iv k|an`czncn n`xcikmv`cyx n icucgcgk| hc` Ea|n. Fg c-n

novxnx iv jnc f' mfhcinmf xf' c`ek|mncc hfyr|f mci|cgf yfiv|cxcc c iv ixfun yenxv|c'

nycav|`hv-c hf yr|coc`vg gk| c ` inz a|nu' iv nycyxf` mfhcing c nhrkyx.

Evan|cc nv rg`vcx y rfx|fni cn|`n gvc >362 ` mv`c. Rf`x|v nifnyxn' nv iklk|x ` ynxf

`ifr`h hc` gv`n nvavyx y-c yx|`a r|kuczcc rf`x|v cf|`nx. Xknm`n c cn|`n nifyxvc n` nv ekyxhfznyx|vknyf rf`x|v rn|xczn`c. ` `knrxfn hf >8 yr|f >6 `kcfml|cf nv ekyx vicc ynv r|c`c hf

Yfiv|cxnxf? Ajfk|ajf N|yv' Ckn` Hvmc`fi' @cikgnf Yxn`icv c Ycgucv Ykikg. Rf >6 `kcfml|cf'

inyn `uxk|vgvc R|chk` n ekyx `ik`ov|nx hf yfiv|cxc. Nifyxn-c azhvcn rf Mn|ifg Ik|`fn c

Uc|acg \nhf. `if|i`h y eva' r|cmvg n ekyx mrvinx mk|xng. Ifgngngx ecc`h inrxv|nx nufn y

ecf ik`hnm`nx gn 362' Xkmn Rc|v zcy Rk|mlv n ekyx

mrvinx ` xcmr if yf negn ` rkhvg v`ijcvgvc yv' Ik|`fn Hvmcx|v hc` Cgf`c' nxfrx`h y-c

`xg`fnyi rf nifxcn. Y-n nr|nx iv `h|oc|f mrvi`h mk|xng v` yf|af`x-mnok| c v`

gkikxf`f`x hf mcgccf. Y-n yc`vicy iv vgxcmvg agk`xf ` enn mnmfc gvc' nhvy rf`x|v n ec ekgkycx

in yivx ucv. Gn >5 hfifml|cf >362' ` v|mn v`fc x|h|c' Yfiv|cxnxfn n negnx i Ckn` Mkak c

@cikgnf Mnzcgv yv`x ` inyn gvc X|ncn Mv|n|cv hc` Rhv|f`c' ovhfvg Xcmc. fevg hf mcgccf y-n

hfrgnynx gn enn gkivgvc iv 5 kyxnc c hfc n ekgkycx anzhn h|frx rnuz' n ekyx mrvinx mk|xng hf

|flfgcc x|fzcc hc` ykm`. Ifc hkc nv ekyx ikrgfcc hf `vm|vg kyxncgk| c vicc. @v mrgc`cyf| 9 ik`hnm`|c gn mkn|xf' `x|f in|f n gvc Ycgucv Ykikg' ircxn`vgvc nixcu Mk`fn

X|ncn`' rgvxk`cf|vgvc Ikymn Rn|xf`cf' `uxk|cgk| Ck` R|chk` c Lknme.15 `x|f n`cc >362-

>366' |fyxvg evan|cgk| un hfyev|n gvrxf hf ajf|cg iv x|vrfgf Yfiv|cxcc c Mcgccfc' in|f uk| ec

rf|mn f`x rf v|mfgf gk|. Yf i|ffnz cmr|fycn i fc yv`x yxr`cc mv`cgk|' hnxk|cx enrxvgvc i'

n`c hf zcgf' `v nv ekyx r|c`c.

Cn|`n >362->36>' Ck` An|ucg n rfx|fivx-k ` gc`cxf mr|fv` iv `i nyf gvrxxk|c hc`

mv`c' gn enmcgcn Mv|fn` hc` ynxvg Hckn|n' gkingcxnxf ef|cx hf |nzccgf yfiv|cxcc. Gn `ifrvxvg

gvc mn|xcf >36>' ifc nrxf nv r|ycx inyn anzhfc c nv v|inx gn mv`xf' rf u|evg X|z`cxn gn16 N.I.@.Y.N.Y.' ek`h C`ek|mnxcu' hkyn| 112' ukg. >' e.

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lk|hfcvg v`hf cf|`nyf| ifc x|fc Jncv. Ncic nv rfx|fivx hkv gv`c c nv ekyx uczcxnc hf ix|f

rhv|n|vg hc` Gcyn' Ckn` Rkr' zcy Ecgf|v' in|f gf nhvifn c`ek|mncc hf oky c hf rfyxf mv`c.

Nifyxn hc` v|m gc yf un ngxv|n ` >36

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Jncv *Lnicv#' in|f gf r|krvyfyf r|c` Ckn` Rkr Ecgf|v' y yf `xg`fnyi rf >8 yfrxfml|cf gn

i|vifn hf gn yx`n hc` Rcyivg @fxkxv.11

Hfrgny`hv-yf gn enn gkivgvc' N`h|fc' Gnv|fn` c Ajfk|ajf Jncv' Anu|cg c Ijcvohfn

y-nv `xg`cx iv x|fc c`c `fl|lcf|cc' ml|inc c `n|mnc in c fc. Nifxcn y-nv |fikmn`hnx in

U|nlcf' Ircxn`vg c Unycgf Lvikuc`fn`vg c c-nv mn`cefyxnx lviv|cn hf n `xg`c inmn|nzcngxv|c hf in|f y hvi mnc hfrn|xf gvrxn n`xcikmv`cyx. Rkufyxfn gk| f|n i|fhclcg gn r|cmn

ufhf|f. Nv yrvy i Lkcn` fyxf lkg`nu c n |mny gn k inln` hc` rhv|f. mr|fv` nv rgfinx

ix|f nifg gki y-g `xg`fnyi. Rf h|vm' ecc`h `fukcc y mfn|a hcyrf|ync hc` r|cic`n xf|f`vgvc

niichf`xnx' x|fi`h rfyxf k rv`xf ` Ungfn _|`fc' negnx ` yrnxfgf gvc Ajc Jncv c krxfxf?

E|ck|cgk|' yv`xfc u`hvc c `ik`ov|nc. Ajc g hfzn|m nxv`ic rf Ircxn`vg c-g cmklcgcz'

cn| N`h|fc Jncv rf U|nlcf. Anu|cg c Lnicv nv rgfinx nrkc c g-nv nhvy rf \vhn`.

Ifc rnx|v evyfyf| x|cmcc hf Yfiv|cxnxf y gcijchfzf a|vrvg ik`hvy hf Anu|cg. F|nvyfiv|cxc c ekxc rn|xczn`c' r|c`c c klgcanc hf Yfiv|cxnxf y gvi|fzf rf`x|v fn. Nifnyxn evyfyf c

ykn|xn gvc Unycgf Mkx|fyiv' x|cmcy ` r|cmun|n gvc >388 ` yrnxfgf e|k`xvgvc in rn|xczn`

mrkx|cun N|mnxfc \kcc. N eivx rn|xf hc` a|vrvg If`v' cn| hvr hcyx|vaf|fn gvc n |mny

yc`av|' nyiv`z`hv-yf hf ikmv`cxc ` mv`cc Lvikuc`fc. Ecc`h inrxv|nx c y-n r|krvy ` yijcmlvg

gclf|xcc y rn|xcicrf ngxv|c hf a|vrvg hf hcuf|ycv`f Mn`hfn' gn gcijchn|fn ngxk| a|vrv|c hf

rn|xczn`c. N niifrxnx iv c`xf`cn hf n enif fnix ik`x|n|cvg. Ircxn`vg n |fiv`kyivx i n mnc

lanx gn nr nrxf a|vrv|c hf yxvhf`c hc` Cnc' cn| U|nlcf i n ekyx naf`x gn Jvc c L|gnh.

Hfc Anu|cg f|n hf r|f|f i nifxc x|hxk|c x|flvcf y mkn|' N`h|fc Jncv `v

ik`ifrfn chffn i r|cfxf`vg yv Lkcn` n| ec rn|xcicrnx c`xf`ck`nx gn nifnyx krf|ncv`f. Uz`h

`y i fyxf hfmnyinx hf Mkx|fyiv' in|f n rkufyxcx ivm Ircx`vg c Lkcn` yf if|xnv ` r|cuc`n

mfxkhfc hf vichf|f n rn|xczn`cgk| *r|cmvg c`ycyxn rf`x|v mfxkhn mrvi|cc hc|fixf' cn| ifg hf-ng

hkcgfn f|n hf r|f|f i x|flvcf y gf ixcaf `i|fhf|fn c y-c kx|ufnyi#' c hf fg `yvc' Lkcn` n

`if|inx y eva. Ijcn| r|cfxf`vg yv N`h|fc n x|ny hvr fg' |`c`hv-g. ` enn mk|cc' \vhn` n

|fiv`kyivx i fyxf yfiv|cyx. Cmfhcnx n gvnx-k gn eva c U|nlcf' ecc`h mrvinx mk|xng c fg.

Ircxn`vg n ekyx ffivxnx iv v` agk`xf ` inr' ecc`h nrkc xkc x|fc `a|krnc.

Unycgf Mkx|fyiv n |mny ixfun zcgf ngxv|c hf a|vr. Gy`hv-g yc`av| rf`x|v n yf hvif `

if|ifxn|fn v`vc hfrkzcx hf ngcmf`xf' Anu|cg `v n mnc aycx gn `xkn|if|f hfix lkin`icc' rvin c

in|xvcf|n. Nov`y ` ynxvg Lf|cukc' nifyxn n rkufyxcx Yfiv|cxcc i nv ekyx hfik`yrc|nc' nv evacx c

`v xcf `cmci hf ykn|xn ifgk|gngc x|fc' l`vc`h i nv ekyx mrvinc. N ekyx nhvy gn enn gkivgvc'

`ykcx hf kyxnc' in|f c-nv aycx rf ifc `a|krnc.1: Un|cn`xn yn n ekyx i|fzvx gn `ifrvx hf

Yfiv|cxnxf. Nifnyxn ik`igvhf `x|-v` |nrk|x ng yv? ` gv`n yfrxfml|cf >36>' a|vrvg hf

hcuf|ycv`f Mn`hfn' gn`ynx hf `kc ` |facv`fn Mv`cgk| N|af c Ea|n T...] hc` gcry hf xnix11 Ck` Anu|cg-Kak|n`v' kr. icx'r. >36.1:Clchfm'r. 9.

9:

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c ` v|mn x|h|cc v`vc mfml|v ng nifyxvc a|vr' ekyx gfack`n| c iv`kyivx iv N`h|fc Jnv hc`

`ijcykn|f' fyxf hfzn|mnx hf ln`hcc nrkc x|fc hc`x|f fc mrvinc. ` v|mn i|cmfgk| yu|cxf hf

ifc ic`ic ln`hcc' Rkrn Ckn` hcyrn|f hf gn hkmcicgcv c evaf gn ln`h' nyxefg `vm|vg ln`hfc ecc`h

hf >9 fgfmf`xf.

K|an`fgf H.\.Y.Y. Yclcv' hvr ifgf `xmrgnxf iv a|vrvg Mn`hfn' cnv k yf|cf hfmyv|c rf`x|v r|c`hf|fn ln`hccgk| c c`xf`yceci nifyxf myv|c k hnx iv `ecc`n|fn a|vrvgvc

krf|nxcu. Xkxvc r` gn ye|cxvg gv`cc hfifml|cf >36> |fzvgxnxfgf yv`x `fanxcuf' ` nen| hf

chf`xcecin|fn c |fc`f|fn v`vc cmrk|xn`x `vm| hf fgfmf`xf hf yr|coc`.13

36< N`h|fcJnv r|yfxf lk|hfcvg. Neg`hv-yf ` v|n v`vc r|cfxf` hc` Ukcfukhf`c' fyxf hfyikrf|cx r|c`

x|hn|f hf Yfiv|cxnxf' evaf hfyivg' hn| `v nov`af hfrn|xf ecc`h mrvinx.:2 X|vrvg nifyxvcn n ekyx

n|v`inx ` iv|xfn ikgcc c n `ajfnx. hcmc`fnn nv nhvy k yin| c g-nv |fzfmnx hf fn' rv``hv-c

rcyxkgvg hvr ax c nv ijfmnx knmf`cc hc ynx y yf `yrcm`xf.

` xkx nifyx xcmr y-n `if|inx gvn|fn ik`xnixvgvc iv fmca|ncn |km` c iv avuf|`fgf

kiichf`xngf ivm n ekyx `if|in|fn hf n x|n`ymcxf r|c` Ck` Ir`' `frkxvg v`fc rf|ykn`f hf

yr|coc`' `kxn|vg Mkcyf Igfn' k yi|cykn|f ix|f Ik`ycgcvg @nck`ng \km` hc` Y.V.N.' ` in|f yfhhfnv ikk|hk`nxf afka|necif rf`x|v rn|nvxn|fn hf n|mf' fijcrnmf xf' mfhcinmf xf c

ngcmf`xf' gn k n`vmcx hnx hc` yfrxfml|cf. @vm|vg rn|xczn`cgk| f|n fnaf|nx' ` yi|cykn|f

nr|`h x|fczfic c nyf.:> Hf nyfmf`fn' ` yi|cykn|f fc if|fnv y gc yf hfyijch k gfaxv|

rf|mn f`x iv I.@.\.

13 I.@.Y.N.Y.'Ln`hf' ln`hcc c f|kc. A|vrv|cgf hf |fzcyxf` c Yfiv|cxnxfn *>38:->35:#. Hkivmf`xf'

Fhcxv|n F`icigkrfhci' Lviv|fxc' 388->35

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\fv`cc ` mn|xcf >3636< n ekyx n`vg ` in|f Yfiv|cxnxfn n mklcgcznx mrkx|cun gk| ifg mnc mn|f fefixcu

mcgcxn|' x|cmc`h mrkx|cun gk| ikmrn`cc hf Yfiv|cxnxf' nrkc |facmf`xf c ijcn| k `x|fnahcuczcf' in`xk`nxf gn Ymlxn hf Oky' gn rkgcak`vg mcgcxn| Ic`iv' gn _|`fxc c gn Iv|xfn hf

N|af. Nifyxfn f|nv yf|ucxf hf inmckn`f' fgcikrxf|f' nuckn`f c f|nv ik`hvyf ijcn| hf @cikgnf

Ifnvfyiv' rf u|fmfn niffn af`f|ng hf Yfiv|cxnxf.:1' rfyxf k yvx hf xv|cxc nv ekyx mn|xk|cc v`fc

cfc|c gn |nmr n ifgk| if yxxfnv hf icun n`c c ef|cc hf kijcc knmf`cgk| klc`vcc. Uf`cc hc`

Lviv|fxc' Igvo' igxk|cc nv nuvx `v `vmnc kinzcn y cn ik`xnix iv iffn if hkn| nvzcyf| i

fcyx? k |fzcyxf` n|mnx |km`fnyi mrkx|cun ikmv`cymvgvc. K rn|xf hc` fc rgfinv' ngcc yf

`h|frxnv yr|f inln`' i`h v` a|vr hf l|lnc `n|mnc gf-n cfcx ` ingf' hfxv|``hv-gf x|nyfvg

c `h|frx`hv-c yr|f Lgfn Inyinh. Nv ekyx `xk|c hc` h|vm c < ickln`c' mr|fv` iv man|cc

gk| hf rkun|. R` yvy gn inln`' y-nv yx|`y u|fk :2->22 hf rf|ykn`f' in|f c-nv `zfyx|nx rf ifc

6-5 rn|xczn`c' hf lv` ukcf' iv hcuf|yf gvi|v|c' r|fivm lvgfxc`f' ijcl|cxv|c' ln`c' rcfrxf`c'

yrv`v|c' lc`kigv|c' l|cifnav|c c ijcn| r|kr|cc lkin`ic. I`h nv nov`y gn inln`' ifc hc`v`x|v

nv ekyx ykmnc y cny nen| iv xkx iv lnanof. L|lncc nv ekyx yfrn|nc hf efmfc' ngc`cnc iv

mc`cgf ` yvy c rf|ijfzcck`nc. C`x|`h ` yngn hf mfyf n inln`fc c l|vyi`hv-g rf inln`cf|vg

l`vcx hf n ec c`ek|mnxk|' rn|xczn`cc nv |vrx gkzc icgf ikmv`cyxf hf rf rf|fc c nv hcyx|vy

ekxka|neccgf `|mnxf ngf gvc Yxngc`' Hfo c ngc gchf|c nc rn|xchvgvc. Hvr nifnyxn' Anu|cg gf-n

c`vx xv|cxcgk| nhv`nc nikgk v` hcyiv|y n`xcikmv`cyx' r|c` in|f gf-n x|n`ymcy ifgk| r|fzf`c i

Mv`cc Ea|nvgvc |fr|fzc`x yc`av|vg ikg hc` \fanxvg \km`cfc in|f c-n ryx|nx gclf|xnxfn' cn|

nifyxn un ec gclf| nxx xcmr ix gf uk| yxn inrfxfgf rf vmf|c. Xkx fg n k|hk`nx xv|cxcgk| y yx|caf `

:< Ckn` Fn`' kr. icx.' r.

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ik| X|cnyi |fafgf c \km`cn gclf|:8 V`cc xv|cxc nv ekyx cmr|fyck`nc r` gn gni|cmc hf

nifyx hcyiv|y' mnc ngfy yxvhf`cc hc` Igvo.

Mnanzcn hf ngcmf`xf n ekyx akgcx c `i|inx rf man|c' rf`x|v n hn v` yf`y uf`c|cc

rn|xczn`cgk| ncic c rf`x|v n c`hvif Yfiv|cxnxfn ` f|kn|f' ei`h-k y i|fnh i `v mnc nufnv

r|kuczcc. N ekyx |fijczcck`nx c nrn|nxvg |nhck ng inln fc. Nv c`x|nx ` inmf|n v`hf c`fninln`cf|vg ln`cc c c-nv gvnx rf xkc' gy`h gn v|m v` lk` iv ln`cc c gvi|v|cgf gvnxf' yfm`nx

\fzcyxf`n @nck`ng.

Hfc xcnv i Yfiv|cxnxfn un negn ` ixfun k|f hf r|fzf`n gk| gn inln`' evan|cc gf-nv

nx|ny nxf`cn xv|cxcgk| y `v r|yfnyi gkivg xcmr hf > nvavyx c `v uf`cyf| gn `xg`c|fn yxnlcgcx. Yfm`ngfgf ix|f nn-`vmccc inmn|nzc nyiv`c gn k

n`vmcx hcyxn` hf inln` nv ekyx |facznxf rf`x|v n hn cmr|fycn i gn one nv rn|xcicrnx `x|favg

a|vr hf >>' hfic i c ifcgngc nv yirnx hc` `if|ivc|f. Rgn`vg y-n hkufhcx n ec lv`. Yfiv|cxnxfn n

negnx hf nrn|ccn ln`hccgk| gvc Anu|cg gn Lgfn `i hc` yfn|n nifgfcnc zcgf c n hnx k|hc`

x|vrfgk| hc` Ungfn \fn y yf hfrgnyfzf ` nifn hc|ficf' `ik`ov|`h mv`cc hc` ov|.:6

\f`xg`cc gn ye|cxvg gvc nvavyx' rn|xczn`cc y-nv |fx|ny k rf|cknh ` N|hfng hvr in|f y-

nv mr|cx hvr rgn`vg hc` r|cmun|' ` a|vrf c nv rk|`cx yr|f zk`f ` in|f gclf|f hf yfiv|cxc'

in|f-c ivxnv r|c` mv`cc Yflf c ` zk`n Ymlxn hf Yvy. Yfiv|cxnxfn `-n nuvx `cic v` |fzvgxnx

` nifnyx inmrn`cf' `xk|i`hv-yf hc` mv`c nv n|fyxnx hc` enmcgccgf ecfi|vcn ixf v` e|nxf' k

yk|' k mnm' v` v`ijc' v` yki|v ynv v` ivm`nx' r|fivm c mfml|cc hc` mcin|fn icucgcgk| hf

|fzcyxf` n`xcikmv`cyx. Fc c-nv nuf|xcznx rf evan|c i hni `v yf uk| r|fhn' c uk| vichf rf ifc

n|fyxnc. Yvl nivzncn hf ikmrgkx nv ekyx x|cmcc gn In`ng ynv ` `ijcyk|c. V`cc nv mv|cx `

`ijcykn|f' cn| ifcgngc y-nv `xk|y hf nikgk mvxcgnc eczci ynv rycjci.

Hvr onevg hf gn Lgfn' rn|xczn`cc y-nv nyiv`y ` ik`xc`vn|f ` mv`c c c-nv mvxnx hfy

gkivg rf`x|v n `v ec hfyikrf|cc hf nvxk|cxc. ` nifyx xcmr nv ofevcx c k ef|m C.N.Y. Na`cxn.

Nikgk nv xcnx hkc rk|ic' rf in|f c-nv `i|inx `x|-k i|v' ngxv|c hf ngxf gvi|v|c. Gn rgfin|f nv

gynx k yi|cykn|f ix|f Yfiv|cxnxf? U-nc `yvcx e| `cic v` h|frx ngcmf`xfgf `knyx|f hc` \v`iv.

@v ukc |fr|fzf`xnc yxnxvg |km`' ic `kc. Ukc `v yv`xfc hfix `cxf ygvac hf-ngf Mkyikufc e|

:8 N.I.@.Y.N.Y.'ek`h Rf ng' hkyn| >5' ukg.

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`cic v` h|frx ` n ik`hvif n|n. Nm gvnx ` yijcmlvg ifgk| `yvcxf hf ukc v|mxkn|fgf gvi|v|c?

T...]. Yfm`nx N|mnxn `nck`ng |km`.

Cn|`n gvc >36< n ekyx ifn mnc gc`cxcx c c-nv rfx|fivx-k ` rnx|v gkiv|c rf in|f c gf

r|faxcyf ecfin|f a|vr rf x|v cf| nx. Nv iklk|x hf gn lk|hfcfgf hc` mv`c gn ye|cxvg gvc nr|cgcf

>369 c y-nv `xg`cx iv xkcc rf > mnc `x|-k rkcf`c hc` mv`xfgf H|nav. N`vg >369 n ekyx n`vg` in|f e| y u|fn' a|vrn hf rn|xczn`c nv rv|xnx Yfiv|cxnxfn hvr fc ifg mnc mvgx nv cfcx iv

lc`f hc` xknxf. `xg`cc c` rkcn`n' fc nv n`ngcznx ycxvncn hf r` nxv`ic c nv nov`y gn ik`igvzcn

y `v mnc `if|if x|nuf|yn|fn ` Cvakygnucn' hf v`hf |cyinv y ecf r|fhnc nvxk|cxcgk| |km`f'

ik`ek|m xc|cgk| nvzcxf gn |nhck. Evan|cc c ufhfnv |kyxvg |fzcyxf`fc gk| ` n-c rv|xn rf yfiv|cxc

hvr fc r|c` mv`c ix mnc mvgx c y ryx|fzf ikgvg gk| hf n| gclf|. Rf`x|v nifnyxn nv jkx|x

y `v yf mnc n`anofzf ` nicv`c rf|civgknyf iv Yfiv|cxnxfn c nv eivx rgn`vg hf n cf|`n rf ungfn

Yflfvgvc. Ik`ek|m nifyxvc rgn`' R|kefyk|vg' Ajc c Afgv @kuni x|flvcnv y hfrkzcxfzf nikgkngcmf`xf' e| y gnyf v|mf' cn| ifcgngc x|flvcnv y `v yf n|nxf r|c` zk`n niffn c y yf ef|fnyi

hf x|vrfgf Yfiv|cxcc. Nifnyxn `yfm`n y `v mnc c`x|f ` ynxf c y ekgkyfnyi ycyxfmfgf hf

c`ek|mn|f lc f rvyf gn rv`ix iv ifc hc ynxf' nyxefg `ix y nick`fzf hvr mvx|cgf

v|m|cxk|cgk|.

V|m`h rgn`vg hf nicv`f' rn|xczn`cc y-nv mr|cx rf a|vrf c nv rk|`cx ` hcef|cxf

hc|ficc. ` vmlg|cgf gk| hc` un|n nifgvc n` nv nuvx hcef|cxf `xg`c|c iv x|vrf hf yfiv|cxc iv in|f

nv nuvx mcic icki`c|c ynv rf in|f c-nv rvy rf evan `vmnc hc` nmf`c`|c uf|lngf. Xkx ` un|n

nifnyxn' hf Ye`xvg Cgcf' x|h`hv-c rkzccn r|c`x|-k u`xkn|f hf mcyx|fc' a|vrvg ek|mnx hc`

Anu|cg' R|kefyk|vg Ijcvohfn c Ck` Cgckc' nv ekyx `fukcc y gnyf r|nhn' lnanofgf c y eva'

mrvi`h icun ic`c h|fync rf`x|v r|c`hf|fn gk|' x|cmcc hf Yfiv|cxnxf. Hf nivm `nc`xf `v un

mnc ec nicv`f n Yfiv|cxcc mrkx|cun evan|cgk| e| rn|xcicrn|fn ic`cgk|. Hf klcifc naf`cc

`ik`ov|nv rhv|fn ynv gkivg ` in|f f|nv gkingcznc rn|xczn`cc c hhfnv h|vmvg jncxfgk| hf ic`c.

Nifyxk|n gf-nv izvx r|nh mvgc knmf`cc `fuc`kunc in|f nufnv `f`k|kivg y yf negf r|c`

mr|fov|cmc gn nicv`cgf hf nifyx af` ngf Yfiv|cxcc.:5

Rf`x|v xknm`n gvc >369' evan|cc c-nv mnc `xkimcx v` rgn` c n`vmf hf n mf|af gn v`

A.N.Y.' rf in|f y-g ofevcnyi c y `a|knrf gvi|v|cgf `fungk|knyf `x|-k rhv|f hc` nr|krcf|f'

rf`x|v n c`hvif Yfiv|cxnxfn ` f|kn|f c n-c ek|n y-c nxfrxf nikgk' y yf `xkn|i hvr r|nh. `

nifyx xcmr' fc nufnv |anzvg `fifyn| y yf `hfr|xfzf c y x|fni Kgxvg' yr|f gkivg hf cf|`nx.

Ngxf rgn`v|c ` nifyx yikr nv ekyx ifgf r|c` in|f evan|cc y-nv n|xnx ` ynxfgf I|ckn|n c N|rnvg

hf Yvy' v`hf nv c`x|nx gn `cmf|fng ` inyf gn knmf`c c nv if|vx m`in|f c hcef|cxf gvi|v|c

rf`x|v cf|`nx. Xkx hc` invzn nifnyxn fc nv ofevcx inln`n @fakcv' v`hf nv `i|inx rf v` man| v`

yni hf k|fz' v`vg hf znj|' mnin|kn`f' mn|mfgnh' k yxcig hf vgfc c v`n hf |km' mr|fv` iv:5 Ck` Anu|cg-Kak|n`v'L|nzcc yf e|`a' hn| `v yf hkcfyi. \fzcyxf n n`xcikmv`cyx ` Mv`cc

Ea|nvgvc' Fhcxv|n Mn|c`fnyn' Xcmckn|n' ' ukg. CC' r.

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ixfun rxv|c. ` v|mn gk| nv gynx v` lcgfx ix|f Yfiv|cxnxf? Ix|f ukc' `fugfacgk| X|fmv|nc

hfafnln rf mngvg Kgxvgvc c r|hnc m`in|fn rn|xchvgvc hfafnln. U-nm hnx `xg`c|f ` mv`c c

`v u-nc c`vx hf ivu`x. @v-c gvi|v e|vmky. Ix|f ukc' kyxnc |km`c Ikmv`cxcc c yx|c`cc u

x|cmcx y `f vichfm v`cc rf ngcc rf`x|v c`xf|fyfgf gk|. Mc lcfc' `kc `v x|nafm ` ukc Enifc c

ukc gn efg. c `kc c ukc yv`xfm xc`f|c |km`c X|cnyi \km`cn gclf|' e| ikmv`cxc *yfm`nx#N|mnxn @nck`ng \km`.:1 Nifyxf cfc|c gn |nmr ngf |zu|xccgk| f|nv mf`cxf n c`hvif

Yfiv|cxnxfn ` f|kn|f c n-c enif y i|fnh i fc hvi gcry hf ngcmf`xf c c r|faxfyi v` gki

rf`x|v cf| nx.

` |fx|naf|fn yr|f Ungfn Yflfvgvc' a|vrvg hf |fzcyxf` n nuvx k icki`c|f iv x|vrfgf

x|cmcyf mrkx|cun gk|' rf |vg N|rfg. Nifnyxn y-n rfx|fivx rf < `kcfml|cf' i`h Anu|cg

mr|fv` iv ngc nyf mfml|c nv ekyx yv|r|c`c hf k rnx|vg ` xcmr if-c vyinv ick|nrcc gn eki.

@v nv hnx iv|y ykmncfc hf n yxn rf gki c nv gvnx-k gn eva yr|f hfng' ecc`h fukcc in |fx|naf|fy |`fnyi hkc kyxnc. Uz`h i c-nv gynx gvi|v|cgf ` v|m c i rnx|vgn f|n v`n mcin' evan|cc

y-nv `xk|y ` xnl|' ik`x|nnxni`h iv ekiv|c hf n|m c c-nv rvy rf eva rf kyxnc. Fc c-nv

|fivrf|nx lv`v|cgf' y-nv fijcrnx c nv rk|`cx yr|f ungfn H|avvgvc rf`x|v n yf nyiv`hf hf

v|m|cxk|c.