Terminology Intro Chile-Block1

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Prof. Dr. Peter A. Schmitt: Terminology

Science Principles and Methods, Part I

Universidad de Concepcin, Oct. 2012 1

Terminology Science

Principles and MethodsPart I

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Peter A. Schmittwww.paschmitt.eu

[email protected]

Universidad de Concepcin, Oct. 8-11, 2012

UNIVERSITT LEIPZIG

IALT Universitt Leipzig

Oct 2012 Concepcin (c) P. A. Schmitt, Institut fr Angewandte Linguistikand

Translatologie, Universitt Leipzig

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science studying the structure,

formation, development, usage and

management of terminologies in

various subject fields

terminology science


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terminology science

Eugen Wster(* 10. October 1898 in Wieselburg, Austria;

29. Mrz 1977 in Vienna)

Austrian engineer and

interlinguist,

founder of terminology scienceQuelle:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_W%C3%BCster



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terminology science

Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dirk Schmitz

FH Kln

Institut fr Translation and

Mehrsprachige Kommunikation;Ph.D. in informatics

expert on terminology

management methods, tools,

terminology data formats,

database exchange formats



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terminology

basis of all technical (LSP) intralingualand interlingual communication



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special languagelanguage for special purposes, LSP

language used in a subject field and

characterized by the use of specificlinguistic means of expression.The specific linguistic means of expression always include

subject-specific terminology and phraseology and also may

cover stylistic or syntactic features.


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Communication problemscaused by neglected terminology

in meetings, conferences

in user instructions, service manuals

in training

in production, industry and commerce

in contracts, legal documents

in politics, law, industry and trade in translation, interpretation



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Relevance of terminology

Professional translators translate:

Manuals, system descriptions, specifications, sci/tech reports,conference papers, presentations, standards, patents, contracts,annual reports, certificates, diplomas, legal documents

meeting minutes, PR and marketing material, commercial /business correspondence,

practically never novels, poetry or general texts

depending on the country, most translation projects are related tosci/tech, engineering (in Germany: 76%)

texts are characterized by technical terms!

But: term density depends on text type; typ. 20 %


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relevance of terminology:real-world ST example



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relevance of terminology:real-world ST example with terms

ACME Pumpengruppe 7 UK (ungemischter Kreis)

Komplett mit Umwlzpumpe (EL 180 mm)

mit Anschlusskabel, zwei 3-Wegekugelhhne

(einer mit handaufstellbarer Schwerkraftbremse),

zwei Kontaktthermometer, Pumpen-Kugelhahn, Stabilisator

zwischen Vor- and Rcklaufstrang, Wandhalterung,

Rcklaufrohr, EPP-Isolierung, alles komplett montiert.


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relevance of terminology:real-world ST example w/o terms

ACME Pumpengruppe 7 (ungemischter Kreis)

Komplett mit Umwlzpumpe (EL 180 mm)

mit Anschlusskabel, zwei 3-Wegekugelhhne

(einer mit handaufstellbarer Schwerkraftbremse),

zwei Kontaktthermometer, Pumpen-Kugelhahn, Stabilisator

zwischen Vor- undRcklaufstrang, Wandhalterung,

Rcklaufrohr, EPP-Isolierung, alles komplett montiert.



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relevance of terminology:another real-world ST example

"Hierzu gehren neben der Behandlung von Kranken mit bsartigen

Geschwlsten der Atmungsorgane und intrathorakalen Metastasen

extrapulmonaler Primrtumoren Patienten mit verschiedenen Formen

von pulmonalen und extrapulmonalen Tuberkulosen, Patienten mit

chronisch-respiratorischer Insuffizienz auf dem Boden vonobstruktiven Atemwegs- und Lungenkrankheiten oder von

fibrosierenden Lungenkrankheiten, aber auch Patienten mit akuten

Krankheitsbildern wie respiratorischer Insuffizienz bei Asthma

bronchiale und chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis sowie um

Pneumonien, Pleuraergsse, Zwerchfellerkrankungen, Sarkoidosen,

exogen-allergische Alveolitiden und andere Formen fibrosierender

Lungenkrankheiten einschlielich Autoimmunkrankheiten."


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relevance of terminology:another real-world ST example w/o terms

"Hierzu gehren neben der Behandlung von Kranken mitbsartigen

Geschwlsten derAtmungsorgane undintrathorakalen Metastasen

extrapulmonaler Primrtumoren Patienten mit verschiedenen Formen

vonpulmonalen undextrapulmonalen Tuberkulosen, Patienten mit

chronisch-respiratorischer Insuffizienz auf dem Boden von

obstruktiven Atemwegs- undLungenkrankheiten oder von

fibrosierenden Lungenkrankheiten, aber auch Patienten mit akuten

Krankheitsbildern wie respiratorischer Insuffizienzbei Asthma

bronchiale undchronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis sowie umPneumonien, Pleuraergsse, Zwerchfellerkrankungen, Sarkoidosen,

exogen-allergische Alveolitiden andandere Formen fibrosierender

Lungenkrankheiten einschlielich Autoimmunkrankheiten."



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terminology and translation quality

The translation quality of real-life texts dependson

semantic correctness of terms

pragmatic adequacy of terms

consistent use of the clients terminology

It is impossibleto produce high-quality technical translationswithout high-quality terminology


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terminological competence

Translators and interpreters are

expected to have at least a basic

competence in terminology

theory and practice.

See the EMT catalog of

competencies expected from

translators with a Masters degreehttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation/programme

s/emt/key_documents/emt_competences_trans

lators_en.pdf



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terminology quality

practical experience plus scienticanalysis and methodology showthat:

in the long run, only aconcept-based approachwill ensure an efficient,high-quality, reliableterminology resource


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basis of terminology work

The difference betweenconcept andterm is the foundationof all serious terminology work

To work successfully with any serious terminologydata base or term bank, it is indispensable to fullyunderstand the meaning of the wordconcept and of

the difference between the words word, term andconcept

typographical convention

when using language to describe usage of

language (i.e. in a metalanguage situation) it

is useful to show clearly whether one refersto signifieds (=concepts)

or signifiers (=designations, words, terms)

signifieds (concepts) are set in

signifiers (terms) are set in italics

Oct 2012 Concepcin (c) P. A. Schmitt, Institut fr Angewandte Linguistik and


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semiotic triangle

signifiere.g. word,

term

signified

(=concept)

object



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semiotic triangle

Signifikat

Begriff

Konzept

SinnMentales Bild

Inhalt

Intension

Referenz

Designatum

Signifikatum

semainomenon

Referent

Gegenstand

Objekt

Referenzobjekt

Signifikat

Denotation

Extension

pragma

Signifikant

Wort

Ausdruck

BezeichnungBenennung

Terminus

Term

Begriffszeichen

Symbol

Representamen

Zeichen

semainon

CAUTION:

Risk of confusion!


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semiotic triangle

term

concept

object



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object

anything perceivable or conceivableObjects may be

material (e.g. a tree, a truck) immaterial

(e.g. a process, such as moon rise, oil change) or

imagined (e.g. a unicorn)


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a material object

object


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Excursion:what is this?

Magritte

objects

do not confuse objects with

representations of objects

representations of objects may themselvesbe objects

e.g. an image (a drawing, painting, photograph

etc.) is also an object:

1. material (e.g. a framed picture oil on canvas)

2. process (e.g the act of painting)



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semiotic triangle

object

concept



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concept

unit of knowledge created by a unique

combination of characteristicsConcepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages.

They are, however, influenced by the social or cultural

background often leading to different categorizations.

concepts correspond to an object or a set of

objects, they are represented or expressed in

language by words or terms


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semiotic triangle

objectterm

concept

camin



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designation vs. term

designation signifier in verbal form (e.g. a single word or a word

string) or

in non-verbal non-volatile form (e.g. an icon, pictogram

term signifier of a technical (LSP) concept in verbal form

verbal designation of a concept in a special subjectfield


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sign

relation between a signifier(= sign vehicle,

physical form of a sign) and the signified

(its meaning) Signs can work through any of the senses, visual,

auditory, tactile, olfactory or taste

Anything can be a sign (if by convention a meaning is

associated with it)

signs are always intentional (as opposed to symptoms)



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semiotic triangle

signifier,

sign vehicle

signified,

concept,

meaning

object

sign


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terms

terms are like compressed technical texts

Example:

impuesto indirecto sobre el consumo, es decir financiado por el consumidor final. Un impuesto indirecto es el

impuesto que no es percibido por el fisco directamente del tributario. El IVA es percibido por el vendedor en el

momento de toda transaccin comercial (transferencia de bienes o prestacin de servicios). Los vendedoresintermediarios tienen el derecho a reembolsarse el IVA que han pagado a otros vendedores que los preceden en

la cadena de comercializacin (crdito fiscal), deducindolo del monto de IVA cobrado a sus clientes (dbito

fiscal), debiendo abonar el saldo al fisco. Los consumidores finales tienen la obligacin de pagar el IVA sin

derecho a reembolso, lo que es controlado por el fisco obligando a la empresa a entregar justificantes de venta

al consumidor final e integrar copias de stas a la contabilidad de la empresa.

IVA



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semiotic triangle

truck

term object

concept


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interlingual / interculturalsemiotic triangle

LkwLastkraftwagen

truck

Lkw truck

commercial road vehicle for the transport of goods



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semiotic triangle

term

concept

object


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intension

the set ofcharacteristics which makes up a

concept a smaller intension means fewer characteristics which

means a less specific (more general, broader) concept

a wider intension means more characteristics which means

a more specific (narrower) concept

the concept of truck has all the characteristics of theconcept vehicle plus certain characteristics which apply

specifically to trucks

the more specific a concept is, the wider is its intension



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extension

the scope ofobjects covered by a given

concept

the extension of vehicle (the number ofobjects calledvehicle) is largerthan the

extension of truck there are more

vehicles than trucks



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intension vs. extension

general concepts (such as fruit or

vehicle) have a narrow intension (i.e. few

characteristics), but a wide extension (i.e.

they encompass many objects)

specific concepts (such as apple or

truck) habe a wider intension (i.e. manycharacteristics), but a narrower extension

(i.e. they encompass fewer objects)



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unstructured set of thematically

related concepts

Concept fields may be used as a

starting point for establishing concept

systems.

concept fieldsemantic field


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concept fieldsemantic field

vehicle, space vehicle, locomotive,truck, car, motor bike, bicycle

wheel, brake, engine, gearbox

clutch, engine, transmission, handle bar,frame, windshield, tire, spokes, headlamplight, fender, disk brake, parking brake, choke, carburetor, fuel injection system,fuel tank, oil filler cap, brake master cylinder, in-line fuel pump, speedometer, tachometer,fuel gage, center armrest, power window, rear window defogger, sun roof, massage function, iDrive,navigation system, roadster, trailer, flat-bed trailer, mobile home, scooter, quad, MTB, 4WD, ABS, DSC



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word fieldlexical field

oil, to oil, oiler, oiling, oily, oiled

oil-lubed, oil-glistening, oil-contaminated

engine oil, transmission oil, lubricatingoil, salad oil, olive oil, suntan oil, massageoil, coconut oil, oil ring, oil dipstick, oil

change, engine oil change, oil filler cap

but not: soil, spoil, coil, turmoil, etc.


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www.visualthesaurus.com



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concept system

set of concepts structured according to

the relations among them


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hierarchical relation

relation between two concepts which may

be either a generic or apartitive relation



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generic relation

relation between two concepts where the

intension of one of the concepts includes

that of the other concept and at least oneadditional delimiting characteristic

fruit > apple

motor vehicle > truck

bicycle > mountain bike



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generic relation

In a generic relation, the superordinate

concept is also called the generic conceptand

the subordinate concept is called the specific

concept

fruit = generic concept = superordinate concept

apple = specific concept = subordinate concept



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partitive relation

relation between two concepts where the

intension of one of the concepts includes

that of the other concept and at least oneadditional delimiting characteristic

motor vehicle > motor

molecule > atom

bicycle > wheel



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associative relation

relation between two concepts having a

non-hierarchical thematic connection by

virtue of experience

spring summer fall - winter

mobile phone text message

mobile phone flat rate

translation (process) translation (result)

left-hand steering right-hand steering



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Oct 2012 Concepcin (c) P. A. Schmitt, InstitutfrAngewandte Linguistikand


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concept relations

hierarchicalc.r.

generic

c.r.

partitive

c.r.

associativec.r.

sequential

c.r.

temporal c.r.

causalc.r.

oppositional

c.r.

pragmatic

c.r.


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concept diagram of hierarchical relations

tree diagram



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concept diagram of hierarchical relations

1. vehicle

1.1. space vehicle

1.2. land vehicle

1.2.1 rail vehicle

1.2.2 road vehicle 1.2.2.1 motor vehicle

1.2.2.1.1 motor bike

1.2.2.1.2 truck

1.2.2.1.3. car

1.2.2.1.3.1 full-size

1.2.2.1.3.2 compact

1.2.2.1.3.3 subcompact

1.2.2.1.3.4 convertible

1.2.2.1.3.5 SUV


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definition

representation of a conceptby a descriptivestatement which serves to differentiate it fromrelatedconcepts



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intensional definition

definition which describes the intension of a

conceptby stating the superordinate concept and

the delimiting characteristics (definitio fit pergenus proximum et differentiam specificam)


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intensional definition example 1

long-nose pliers(definiendum)

pliers (= superordinate concept)

with long, half-rounded and tapered jaws(= delimiting characteristics)

(definiens)


long-nose pliers

(= definiendum)

pliers with long,half-rounded andtapered jaws

(=definiens)



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the definiens must be worded sothat it can replace thedefiniendum in any sentence

give me the long-nose pliers

give me the pliers with long, half-rounded and tapered jaws



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Therefore, the definiens must not berepeated in the definiendum, it has noverb, and there is no point at the end:

long-nose plierslong-nose pliers arepliers withlong, half-rounded and tapered

jaws


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Therefore, the typical, classicaldefinition is brief and looks like this:

long-nose pliers

pliers with long, half-roundedand tapered jaws



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extensional definition

description of a conceptby enumerating all

of its subordinate concepts under one

criterion of subdivison example:

noble gas

helium, neon, argon, crypton, xenon, or radon


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semiotic triangle

term

concept

object



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synonymy

relation between designations in a given

language representing the same concept

Example:

abaca fiber

manila fibre

Manila hemp

abac

musa textilis


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terms

single-stem terms

gear, box, housing, engine, cylinder, head

compounds terms

gearbox

multi-word terms (word strings)

gearbox housing, cylinder head,

six-cylinder inline engine



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synonyms

terms in a given language representing the

same concept

abaca fiber

manila fibre

Manila hemp

abac

musa textilis


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polysemy

relation between terms andconceptsin a given language in which one termrepresents two or more conceptssharing certain characteristics

example

crane



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homonymy

relation between designations and concepts in

a given language in which identical

designations represent different and unrelated

concepts Example:

bark sound made by a dog

bark outside covering of the stem of wooden plants

bark sailing vessel


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homonymy

bark bark bark

synonymy vs. polysemy vs. homonymy

synonymy:

many (different terms) one (concept)

polysemy: one (term) many (concepts)

homonymy:

many (identical terms) many (concepts)



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terminology work

work concerned with the systematic

collection, description, processing and

presentation of concepts and their

associated terms



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computer-based terminology work


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single-user terminology work



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terminology work in networkssmall local-area network (LAN), typ. CAT5 cables

Peer-to-peer network (e.g. Microsoft network)

hub or

switch

Internet


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i-net

small local-area network (LAN), typ. CAT5 cables


terminology work in networks

hub or

switch

printer



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i-net

hub or

switch



printer


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i-net

hub or

switch



printer



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WLAN

router

i-net

printer

wireless local area network (WLAN, WiFi)


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wireless local area network (WLAN, WiFi)

WLAN

Router

i-net Pro:easy installation

no cables

Con:

slower than cable LAN

(factor 10)

limited reach(problem: walls, ceilings)

less secure

(WEP, WEP+, WPA)

printer



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client-server LAN

clients

hub

server


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term bankterminology management system

consists of two components:

terminology data base (= term base)

terminology management program



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terminological record

basic unit of a term base


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terminological entry



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data categories

Die richtige Auswahl der fr Fachgebiet, Kunde, Produkt,

Textsorte, etc. geeigneten Termini ist nur mglich, wenn in

im terminology management systementsprechende data

categories hierfr vorhanden sind; z.B.: Fachgebietklassifikation

Projekt-/Produkt-Code

Sprach-/Stilebene

Soziolekt

Regiolekt, Dialekt

Normative Verwendung


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data category



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typical data categories

concept-related: preferred term

synonyms

short forms subject field

semantic info /disambiguator

definition

nonverbal representations

entry number

term-related: grammar

word class

gender number

pragmatic info regiolect

sociolect

register


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data field



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data field name


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data field name



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data element


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end of part 1Oct 2012 Concepcin (c) P. A. Schmitt, Institut fr Angewandte Linguistik and


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Documents

Terminology Intro Chile-Block1