The Age of Revolution

Mr. ErmerWorld History AP

Miami Beach Senior High

The Enlightenment &

Revolution Enlightenment ideals influence revolutionaries Popular Sovereignty: political authority resides with people John Locke: Gov’t gets legitimacy from the people, individual rights are

paramount Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Same thoughts on legitimacy, but thinks

people act collectively due to past shared experiences Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations—Laissez-Faire Economics Rene Decartes, Cesare Baccaria, Francis Bacon

Counter Enlightenment breeds conservative & anti-democratic movements

Benjamin Franklin is standard barer for critics of Old World Enlightenment thinkers fight for personal freedoms, popular sovereignty,

and “equality” This equality did not extend to women, slaves, children, peasants, laborers,

or non-whites

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Two policies upset American colonists:

Britain raises taxes on its N. Amer. colonies to mitigate war debt and any future military expenses to defend colonies The Stamp Act of 1765

Britain closes western frontier from colonial settlement Sons of Liberty—New English activist organization

Boycotts cut British imports by 2/3 Parliament cuts taxes Upsets colonists by granting tea monopoly to British E.

India Co. Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre

Rebellion In British N.A.

1775: First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia

Fighting erupts in New England (Lexington & Concord) Assumes power of gov., raises army, issues currency George Washington chosen to lead army

Declaration of Independence Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British

France: arms, money, officers for training; king recognizes the United States (1778)

Spain & The Netherlands also offer support 1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at

Yorktown 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state Constitutional Convention creates democratic republic Only white, male property owners can vote Women gain modest influence with independence

The American Revolution

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French revolution directly challenges the power of

monarchies, the Catholic Church, and landed aristocracy

French society divided into three classes (estates): First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobility/Aristocracy Third Estate: merchants, bourgeoisie, peasants

All three estates represented in Estates General, one vote per

Wars almost bankrupt France Kings Louis XV & XVI issue emergency financial

controls Parliament and local govs unhappy with kings’

power/rule

Revolution Spreads

King Louis XVI calls first meeting of the Estates-

General since 1614 to raise taxes, Third Estate overruled by others Many priests join Third Estate to form National

Assembly Locked out of Parliament, meeting places, find tennis

court The Tennis Court Oath

July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille Declaration of the Rights of Man Women storm palace, seizure of church lands, war King & Queen enter Paris, offering food, and are

arrested

The French Revolution:Liberté, égalité,

fraternité

July 14: Bastille Day

New gov. the National Convention to run the war Jacobin radicals dominate Convention

Girondine: feared mobs, king alive Mountain: wanted king dead

Maximilien Robspierre King put to death by guillotine—1793, form republic Committee of Public Safety (CPS) assumes executive power

40,000 people executed, 300,000 arrested (women & Catholics)

New calendar, Notre Dame converted to “temple of reason” Robspierre overthrown, executed—July 27, 1794 New government=the Directory

The Reign of Terror

Directory=dictatorship

1799: Directory overthrown by Napoleon 1803: New war against Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia Austria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeated Grand Empire= French Empire, “dependent states” and allies of

France 1802-1812: Napoleon is master of Europe Britain survives because of powerful navy Naval superiority makes British almost invulnerable Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at Trafalgar Napoleon tries to cut British goods from reaching European markets Other Europeans don’t like being told who to do business with, rebel British colonies still making it money

Napoleon Bonaparte

Coronation of Napoleon

Fall of Napoleon

French revolutionary ideals promote a cultural unity known as Nationalism

1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when they refuse Continental System Napoleon wants to make example of them Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds of miles, burning cities so

French can’t use them French arrive in a burning Moscow French army heads home in winter, freeze Other Europeans stand up to Napoleon Paris captured in March 1814 Napoleon exiled to island of Elba Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis XVIII—former king’s brother King not supported, Napoleon slips back into Fr. Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take his side and escort him to

Paris in triumph Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia defeat N

Napoleon Leaving Russia

Nationalism

Nationalism: European response to Napoleonic wars Nation: community of people sharing common

language, customs, history, values, religious beliefs, and even destinies

Goal: organize into a nation-state and pursue national interests

Giuseppe Mazzini argues for creation of Italian nation-state

Nationalism breeds distrust of minority groups Theodor Herzl founds the Zionist movement for Jewish

state in Palestine—World Zionist Organization takes up the cause

Slave rebellion in French colony of Saint Domingue

Haitians general: Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture

Plantations over run, French lose grip on control Napoleon sends army to reestablish colonial control 1804: Haiti declares independence

Congress of Vienna (1814-15) reestablishes Old Order Revolutions of 1848

Revolts against the Old Order across Europe, fueled by Nationalism

Changes for Europe

Napoleon’s invasion of Iberia creates instability

Portuguese king moves court to Brazil Spanish king forced to abdicate, replaced by

Napoleon’s brother La Junta Central

Popular movements begin replacing Spanish colonial rule

Local Juntas begin taking power 1810: Revolutionary sentiments grow

Fight for Latin American independence begins

Roots of Revolution In Latin America

New government in Caracas run by white landowners

Revolt by mixed-race and racial minorities New government appoints Simon Bolivar as military ruler

Bolivar is a popular ruler—force of personality=loyalty Military advantage shift between loyalists & revolutionaries Political problems in Spain help independence movement Formation of independent “Gran Colombia”

Union between Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela Bolivar’s army moves into Peru & Bolivia

Junta in Buenos Aires overthrow viceroy in 1810 1816: Declare independence for “United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata” San Martin leads forces into Chile & Peru

Surrenders Peruvian forces to Bolivar who defeats the Spanish Juntas fail to establish a stable government in Argentina

Spanish South America, 1810-1825

Mexico is Spain’s richest and most powerful colony

Largest amount of immigrants from Spain Spaniards overthrow viceroy for being too sympathetic to creoles

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s peasant revolt—massacred whites Hidalgo is captured, executed in 1811

Jose Maria Morelos takes over revolution Forms own government, constitution, but loses war against

loyalists 1821: Colonel Agustin de Iturbide est. independent government

Iturbide crowned emperor 1823: Iturbide overthrown by army, republic established

Mexican Independence

1808: Portuguese King John VI flees from Napoleon to Brazil

1821: King John returns to Portugal to stop rebellions King John’s son Pedro is made regent of Brazil Free Spanish colonies push Brazilian elites to pull for ind.

Pedro allies himself with independence movement, declares ind. Pedro is crowned Pedro I Emperor of Brazil

Committed to monarchy and liberal principles Protected Portuguese property rights Disapproved of slavery

1830: ended Brazil’s slave trade Elites disapprove and rebel, military costs hurt Brazilian economy

Pedro abdicates the throne in 1831 Emperor Pedro II rules until 1889, overthrown by republicans

Brazil

Constitutions seen as protection against tyranny

At first experiments fail British Americans had longer history with democracy than did

Spanish and Portuguese Americans Latin American constitutional experiments Struggle to define role of church and military in the state

Unification of Dominion of Canada—Confederation of 1867 Personalist leaders—caudillos

Andrew Jackson & Jose Antonio Paez (Ven.) expand their authority

Latin American countries begin to split, fracture in to regional governments—eventually new nations are created Many fail to establish stable democratic governments

Problems of Order

War of 1812: Great Britain vs. United States

Weakness shown by burning of Executive Mansion & Capitol Spanish-American War: United States is major military power

Spain invades Mexico, Spanish invasion fails French invade Mexico for unpaid debt—Benito Juarez flees

French install Emperor Maximilian, defeated by Juarez’s army May 5, 1862: Battle of Puebla

Chile (with British help) fights Peru & Bolivia twice Argentina & Brazil fight for Uruguay—tie forces Ur.

independence War of the Triple Alliance Argentina, Brazil, & Uruguay vs.

Paraguay—Francisco Solano Lopez dies, Paraguay decimated

Europe in the Americas

Redrawing Europe

Political nationalism takes hold in Italy & Germany Unification of Italy

Congress of Vienna places northern Italy under Austrian control Southern Italy under tight Spanish control Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Kingdom of Piedmont

and Sardinia under King Vittore Emmanuele II Joins forces with nationalists, Giuseppe Garibaldi

Garibaldi hands southern Italy to Emmanuele, est. Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy takes Venice and Rome later

Unification of Germany King Wilhelm I of Prussia appoints Otto von Bismarck as PM

Bismarck a believer in realpolitik Provokes wars with neighbors, raising nationalism—Prussia victorious

—Wilhelm names himself German Emperor of Second Reich

New Ideologies

Conservatism Society as a slowly changing organism Condemned “radical” revolution Edmund Burke praises American Rev, condemns French

Rev Liberalism

Change=progress Favored republican forms of government Rights can be curtailed, some groups exempt

Limitations on voting rights, push to end slave trade, Abolition, role of women in society