The Age of the Revolution

7/23/2019 The Age of the Revolution

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The Age of the Revolution

Voltaire’s view of revolution (French Enlightenment thinker): “Therevolution began in orer to combat ine!ualit"# its goals being tocreate a fair governing bo" uner which all $eo$le coul live freel"

an ha$$il"%

&n this $erio# eucate $eo$le introuce new ieas such asfreeom an human rights which 'nall" le to revolutions in Euro$e

Features:

Absolutism

• Feualism ecline as man" rulers starte establishingcountries base on race an culture (calle nationstates)

•

*an" rulers toke lan an $ower back from lors an rulewith absolute $ower (calle absolute monarchs)&n+uence of the Renaissance

• ,hen the Renaissance starte in -.th centur"# newevelo$ments in art# literature an natural sciences were seen

• Renaissance le to a great evelo$ment in humanism an

change $eo$le’s thinking (more rational an searche fortruth)

The Age of Reason&n the -/th an -0th centuries# some Euro$ean thinkers ha new

ieas on human rights an freeom# which were mostl" formeagainst absolutism:

• 1ource of $ower the $ower of monarchs comes from the$eo$le an not 2o

• 3uman rights 4eo$le are born e!ual The" shoul have the

same rights

• 4ower to rule a countr" $eo$le can share the $ower to rule acountr"

1cientists in the Age of Reason

• 5uring this $erio# $eo$le inherite new ieas from theRenaissance

• ,ere ine$enent thinkers an !uestione ol beliefs anknowlege

• &n natural science# 6ewton an 3arve" contribute man"im$ortant inventions an 'nings in their area of stu"

The Enlightenment

• A$art from evelo$ments in natural science# some thinkersuring the Age of Reason ha new ieas about $eo$le’s rights



• The" talke about the $eo$legovernment relationshi$# anwante to en ine!ualit" in societ" starte $erio ofEnlightenment in the -0th centur" throughout Euro$e

5uring the Enlightenment# im$ortant thinkers such as 7ocke#

*ontes!uieu# Voltaire an Rousseau forme im$ortant theoriesagainst absolutism:

Enlightenment Thinkers

Ruling a nation Absolute *onarchs

7ocke: “The $ower ofthe governmentcomes from the

$eo$le &f thegovernment cannot$rotect the rights ofthe $eo$le# the$eo$le have the rightto overthrow thegovernment% (the1ocial 8ontract)

Relationshi$sbetween the $eo$lean the

government9themonarch

“4eo$le are bornune!ual *" $ower torule is given b" 2o

an the $eo$le haveto obe" me because &am the $ersonchosen b" 2o%

Rousseau: “& agreewith 7ocke 4eo$leare born e!ual an

free The $ower ofthe ruler comes fromthe $eo$le an notfrom 2o# an the"have the right tooverthrow absolutegovernments%

“% “%

*ontes!uieu: “&believe the $owers torule shoul be sharebetween threebranches ofgovernment: thelegislature# theeecutive an the ;uiciar" Thisse$aration of $owerswill $rotect $eo$le’srights better ansto$ absolute rule%

1haring of ruling$ower

“All $ower shoul bein the hans of themonarch This can$revent the countr"from isunit" again

Voltaire: “& also

believe the $eo$leshoul en;o" the

8onstitution an

$ersonal freeoms

“& have unlimite

$ower &# not theconstitution# grant



freeoms in s$eech#religion# the $ress#etc To ensure thatthe $eo$le en;o"these rights an

freeoms# themonarch shoulestablish aconstitution anshare $ower with the$eo$le%

the $eo$le freeom

Following the Renaissance an the Reformation# the Enlightenmentfurther change the thinking st"le of Euro$eans The" began tothink about the ine!ualit" in societ" an !uestion absolute rule The" also value their rights# $articularl" their right to overthrow agovernment that su$$resse human rights The Enlightenmenttheories le to the American Revolution an the French Revolution#an in+uence the evelo$ment of ,estern thought

French Revolution 5eclaration of the Rights of *an

• 1oon after the Revolution starte# the 6ational Assembl" ruleover France

• &t ene the s$ecial rights of the 'rst two estates

• &t $roclaime the 5eclaration of the Rights of *an in August-/0<

• &t state thato All $eo$le were born free an e!ualo All $eo$le have freeom of s$eech# the $ress# religion

an so on# an the right to work in governmento The government was res$onsible for $rotecting these

rights of the $eo$le The Reign of Terror

• After 7ouis =V&’s eath# raical revolutionaries forme the >acobin 4art" an took control of the government

• ?ner its rule# France was able to efeat its eternal enemies

• 3owever# it rule France as a $olice state As man" as.@#@@@ $eo$le were eecute from -/<<.

• 4erio ene with the eecution of the raical >acobin leaername Robes$ierre

&n+uence of the French Revolution an the 6a$oleonic Era

• 1$rea of liberalism an nationalism (in+uence all)o 7iberalism belief that all $eo$le are born free an e!ual#

an that all $eo$le shoul en;o" iBerent kins offreeom 4oliticall" it is believe that absolutegovernments shoul be overthrown

o 6ationalism belief of the unit" among a $eo$le# baseon common histor"# religion# language an customs



Also a evotion to the interests of one’s nation# not theruler of the nation

• &n+uence on Franceo Ene in absolute rule in France Cefore the Revolution#

7ouis =V& rule France with absolute $ower A$art from

the clerg" an nobilit"# the ma;orit" of French ha no$rivileges ,ith the setting u$ of the First FrenchRe$ublic# absolute rule# which ha laste nearl" -D@"ears# came to an en in France

o Crought two im$ortant ieas liberalism an nationalism

• &n+uence on Euro$eo Restoring the orer of Euro$e

Documents

The Age of the Revolution