The American Civil War1861-1865

SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia.b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1861-1865

2-6-12 Warm Up- Writing Prompt

• In one paragraph, explain at least 3 issues/reasons why 11 Southern states seceded from 1860-1861.

• Use your notes and the Causes of the Civil War PowerPoint handout to include in your paragraph.

Causes of the Civil War (Review) Economic Differences North= Industrial

South= Agriculture/Farming

States’ Rights North= Believed the federal government/Constitution are supreme throughout the nation.South= Believed in States’ Rights and believed that the federal government did not have the right to tell them what to do.

Sectionalism North= Wanted tariffs on imported goodsSouth= Did not want tariffs on imported goods, due to trade relationship with Great Britain

Slavery North= Banned slaverySouth= Relied on slavery for the production of cash crops

Election of 1860 & Secession

North= Voted in Abraham Lincoln as the 16th U.S. PresidentSouth= 11 states seceded from the Union as a result of Lincoln’s win

The Civil War: Confederacy vs. Union

Confederate Union

Civil War Map

Resources of the North and SouthNorth (Union) South

(Confederate States of America)

A. 85% of the nation’s factories and railroad lines

B. 22+ million peopleC. Union army had 16,000+ trained

soldiersD. Produced almost all of the firearms,

cloth, iron, ships & boats, and shoes in the USA

A. 15% of factories and railroads were in the South

B. 9 million people + 3.5 million slavesC. The southern states did not have an

army.D. Produced most of food (corn, rice,

wheat, & livestock) and cottonE. Had strong/smart military leaders,

who resigned from the U.S. Army to lead the south.

Military StrategiesNorth (Union) South

(Confederate States of America)

•Anaconda Plan: Created a blockade of U.S. ships and ironclads around the southern coastline and major rivers to prevent the southern states from exporting cotton and receiving supplies•Sent troops south to fight

•King Cotton Diplomacy: Ask Great Britain & France to break the Union’s blockade.•The South thought Great Britain & France would do it, so they would continue buying cotton and bring them supplies (Weapons, etc.).•France and Great Britain decided not to help the Confederate States of America.

Anaconda Plan Map

IroncladsIronclads patrolled rivers in the South.

Political Cartoon- What does it mean?

Significant Battles of the Civil War Graphic Organizer

Battle Generals What Happened? Which Side Won Battle?

Fort Sumter p. 255

Bull Run p. 255

Antietam p. 266

Gettysburg pp. 267-268

Chickamauga p. 268

Chattanooga pp. 268-269

Atlanta Campaign pp. 273-274

Sherman’s March to Sea pp. 274-275

Name__________________Date___________________Period_________________

Fort Sumter, South Carolina• The Confederate soldiers fired the 1st shots of

the Civil War at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.

North (Union) South(Confederate States of America)

•Major Robert Anderson lead the Union soldiers•President Lincoln sent these troops to South Carolina to secure Fort Sumter from the CSA and to deliver supplies.•33 hours later the Union troops surrendered…UNION defeated!

•General P.G.T. Beauregard led the Confederate soldiers•The CSA troops were able to stop the supplies from reaching Fort Sumter, by firing on the Union troops.•CONFEDERATE victory!

Battle of Bull Run: Manassas, Virginia

• 1st major battle between the Union vs. Confederates

North (Union) South (Confederates States of America)

• Union troops entered the Confederate state of Virginia to attack.

• Confederate Army launched a counterattack and defeated the Union troops.

Leaders at the Battle of Bull RunGeneral Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

(Confederate)

General Irvin McDowell (Union)

Battle of Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland

• This was the first time the South invaded the North.

• Pres. Lincoln told McClellan to protect Washington D.C.

• September 17, 1862-This was the bloodiest 1-day battle of the Civil War.

• This battle lasted 12 hours with 23,000 soldiers either killed, wounded, & missing.

• Both armies stubbornly held their ground that day.

• The next day, the armies gathered their wounded and buried their dead.

• That night, Lee’s army (South) withdrew to Virginia.

• This was the first time photographs were taken of a battle field.

Union Confederate States of America (CSA)

•Major George McClellan•Union victory

•Robert E. Lee

Leaders at the Battle of AntietamGeneral George McClellan General Robert E. Lee

Emancipation Proclamation

• On September 22, 1862, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

• It stated that unless the Confederate States of America (CSA) surrendered by January 1, 1863, “all slaves in states or districts in rebellion against the USA will be thenceforth and forever free.”

Emancipation Proclamation

• It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.

• It did not free slaves in border states.

Blacks in the Military

• After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army• Initially they were only

used for manual labor• Eventually, Blacks saw

live combat• 54th regiment out of

Massachusetts William Carney

Battle of Gettysburg – turning point of war• Lee realized that the South was not winning war and decided

to attack the North on its own territory (Pennsylvania). • Confederacy attacked North, but Union held firm• July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. army across open

fields - Union mowed them down ("Pickett’s Charge")• Lee (South) was defeated and retreated to Virginia. • From July 1-3, 1863, 51,000 soldiers were either killed or

injured.• Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western

hemisphere.• It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Leaders of the Battle of GettysburgGeneral George Meade General Robert E. Lee

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia

• On September 19-20, 1863, the Confederates were able to defeat the Union and pushed them back into Tennessee.

Union Confederate States of America

(CSA)

•General William Rosecrans •General Braxton Bragg•Confederate victory

Leaders

Leaders of the Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia

General William Rosecrans Braxton Bragg

Battle of Chattanooga: Chattanooga, Tennessee

• Continuation of the Battle of Chickamauga (GA)

Union (North) Confederates (South)

• Union troops led by Generals Grant and Sherman counterattacked the Confederates at Lookout Mountain in Tennessee

• Union victory

• General Braxton Bragg chased the Union troops from Chickamauga and trapped them in Chattanooga, TN.

Leaders of the Battle of ChattanoogaGeneral Ulysses S. Grant

(Union)

General William T. Sherman (Union)

General Braxton Bragg (CSA)

Atlanta Campaign

• General William T. Sherman’s plan was to march through Georgia, take Atlanta, and leave a path of destruction to Savannah.

• Beginning on July 20, 1864, General Sherman burned and tore up the city of Atlanta for almost 40 days.

• By September 2, 1864 the Union troops had captured and destroyed Atlanta.

Atlanta Campaign

Sherman’s March to Sea

• Field Order No. 120 was issued by Sherman ordering Union troops to “live off the land”.

• They would gather food from fields and take livestock for food.

• Also, troops were supposed to collect food, horses, & mules.

• They were not allowed to enter homes of civilians to steal…Of course, the troops did not follow that rule.

Sherman’s March to Sea

• Sherman waged Total War on the South (destroy anything useful to the enemy).

• His troops destroyed railroad tracks, crops, burned homes and businesses.

• Sherman divided his troops into 2 groups and they advanced towards Savannah going different directions.

• After fighting many battles along the way, Sherman’s troops captured Savannah on December 21, 1864.

Sherman’s letter to Lincoln when he captured Savannah

At the end of his famous March to the Sea, which was intended to destroy the Southern spirit, Sherman sent this telegram to Abraham Lincoln. "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift, the City of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns, and plenty of ammunition, and about 25,000 bales of cotton."

Comprehension Check Questions1. This telegram was written byA. General William T. Sherman.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Samuel Morse.D. Alexander Graham Bell.

2. The telegram is addressed toA. President Lincoln.B. the state of Mississippi.C. Savannah.D. William T. Sherman.

3. The date on the telegram isA. November, 1864.B. July 4, 1776.C. December 22, 1864.D. Christmas Day.

4. What is Sherman giving to Lincoln for Christmas?

A. a Southern plantationB. the city of SavannahC. Lee's surrenderD. some of Sherman's neckties

• April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army

• Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

• All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.

• otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient

• Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict

• issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

Andersonville• The largest military prison of the Confederate army during

the Civil War• Located near Andersonville, Georgia• 52,300 Union soldiers were detained there between

February 1864 and April 1865• More than 13,200 died from disease, exposure, and lack of

medicines. • After the war, the commander of the camp, Captain Henry

Wirz, was convicted and hanged for the maltreatment and death of Union POWs. He was the only Confederate official to be executed.

Technology made The Civil War more

efficient and deadly.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR

• Creation of a single unified country• Abolition of slavery• Increased power to federal government –

decreased states rights • U.S.A. now an industrial nation (more factories than

farms) • A stronger sense of nationalism• Western lands increasingly opened to settlers. • South was economically and physically devastated.

The Reconstruction Period (rebuilding the U.S.) began, but a deep hatred of the North remained...

Comprehension Questions and Essays• Why did Lincoln give this speech at Gettysburg? Why has this become a famous speech? Why did his words have such an

impact on Americans past and present? Be able to analyze important passages in the three paragraphs of this short speech.• What was the capital of Georgia in Antebellum times?• Why is the election of 1860 so important? What state was Abraham Lincoln from?• What seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln officially became president? What was the first state to leave?

What did they call their new country?• Who was Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens?• What was the Union plan for victory?• Why did Abraham Lincoln not permit the Southern states to peacefully leave the Union? What was his goal in the war?• What advantages and disadvantages did the two sides hold?• What economic problems faced the South once the war began?• What roles did women play during the war? Who was Clara Barton?• What was the Great locomotive chase?• What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?• What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?• Why was Chickamauga different from other Western battles?• Why was Gettysburg such an important battle in the war?• What happened in the Election of 1864?• What was Andersonville famous for?• What happened in the Battle of Atlanta? What happened to the city after the war?• Why did the 54th Massachusetts become a famous regiment?• Who was William T. Sherman? What was Sherman’s March to the Sea?• What happened at Appomattox Courthouse?