42
The Animal Kingdom From creepy-crawly to cute & fuzzy

The Animal Kingdom From creepy-crawly to cute & fuzzy

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

The Animal Kingdom

From creepy-crawly

to cute & fuzzy

Characteristics Shared By All Animals

• Eukaryotes

• Multicellular

• Most are motile

• Consume food and are dependent upon photosynthetic organisms

• Most reproduce sexually

Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate Animals

• Invertebrates lack a vertebral column (no backbone)– 95% of all animals are

“inverts”– Examples: jellyfish,

worms, shellfish, snails, crustaceans, spiders, insects, and sea stars

• Vertebrates possess a nerve cord surrounded by a spine (backbone!)– You are a vertebrate!– Examples: fish,

amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals

Invertebrates: Major PhylaChapters 15 and 16

• Porifera

• Cnidaria

• 3 Worm Phyla: – Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida

• Mollusca

• Arthropoda

• Echinodermata

Invertebrates: Porifera

• The Sponges!

• Asymmetrical– No definite body shape

• Filter feeders

• Nonmotile adults but larva swim!

• Asexual and sexual reproduction

• No true tissues

Invertebrates: Cnidaria• Jellyfish, corals, hydra, sea anemone, and

corals• Organism armed with stinging cells• Radial symmetry: Top and bottom but no

back or front• Gastrovascular cavity: Carnivorous• Asexual and sexual reproduction• Two life stages: medusa and polyp• True Tissues

Invertebrates: Worms

• Bilateral Symmetry: Definite head containing nerves and sensory organs

• Complex tissues

• Variety of habitats and life cycles

• 3 Major Worm Phylum:– Platyhelminthes: flatworms– Nematoda: roundworms– Annelida: segmented worms

Invertebrates: Mollusca

• Bivalves, snails, slugs, octopoda, and squid• Bilateral symmetry, Complex tissues and organs,

sexual reproduction• Muscular foot, mantle, radula, and soft body

(visceral mass)• Many mollusks have hard, protective shells• Includes filter feeders, foragers, and predators• 3 Major Classes

– Gastropods (snails, limpets, slugs)– Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)– Cephalopods (octopoda and squid)

Phylum: Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda

• Octopus, Squid, Nautilus, Cuttlefish• Intelligent invertebrates?• A new octopus in the aquarium…• What on Earth is a cuttlefish?• Cuttlefish Specialist Interview on Nova

The NautilusA logarithmic spiral and 90 tentacles!

Invertebrates: ArthropodsOver 1 million species! Extremely diverse phylum

• Mastered habitats of land, water, and air

• Bilateral symmetry, Jointed appendages

• Complex organ systems and sense organs– Sight, smell, taste, gravity, and touch– Compound eyes detect light and movement

• Segmented bodies: head, thorax, abdomen

• Exoskeleton: animal molts as it grows in size; a new exoskeleton forms

Invertebrates: ArthropodsHow do insects hear?

Katydid knee

Grasshopper Dissection

Invertebrates: ArthropodsWhat are compound eyes?

What about simple eyes?

Invertebrates: ArthropodsOver 1 million species! Extremely diverse phylum

• Arthropod Classes– Insects (6 legs): Most successful organism on Earth! Includes

flies, ants, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, beetles, bees, and wasps

• Wing type used to classify insects• Life cycle includes metamorphosis• Many are important pollinators for plant kingdom• Social insects such as bees and ants live in complex colonies

complete with specialized jobs and communication between insects.

– Arachnids (8 legs): spiders, ticks, and scorpions– Crustaceans (10 legs): barnacles, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, lobster– Centipedes (about 30 legs, 1 pair of legs per body segment)– Millipedes (about 30 legs, 2 pair of legs per body segment)– What about the horseshoe crab?

Invertebrates: Echinoderms

• “Spiney skin”: Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and sea urchins

• Bilateral symmetry as larvae and radial symmetry as adults

• Endoskeleton• Tube feet

– Water vascular system used for movement, gas exchange, and feeding

• Regeneration• Pattern of development more closely related to

vertebrates than other invertebrates

End of Invertebrate Test Information: Chapters 15 and 16

Vertebrates belong to Phylum Chordata

• Vertebrates possess a nerve cord surrounded by a spine (backbone!)

• Endoskeleton, Bilateral symmetry

• Vertebrates control body temperature:1. Endotherms: body temperature controlled

internally by metabolism; “warm-blooded”

2. Ectotherms: body temperature controlled through environment; “cold-blooded”

Vertebrate Classes

• Fish

• Amphibians

• Reptiles

• Birds

• Mammals

Vertebrates: Fishes• 1st vertebrates! 31,000 species• Gas exchange through gills• Ectotherms• Streamlined body with fins for locomotion• Very good sense of smell• Highly developed nervous system• Two-chambered heart

• Three Fish Classes1. Jawless fish: lampreys and hagfish2. Cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, skates3. Boney fish: halibut, trout, salmon

Jawless Fishes

Hagfishhttp://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/deepsea.html

http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~youson/lamprey-photo.htm

Lamprey

Jawless Fishes

• No jaw! (like early fishes)

• Examples: Hagfish and Lampreys

• Hagfish are scavengers.

• Lampreys are parasites. Lampreys attach to host by suckers and feed upon blood and body fluids. – Common host: Sharks

Cartilaginous fishes

“Mermaid’s purses”http://www.jaxshells.org/926c.htm

Skatehttp://www.riverocean.org.uk/Sustianablefishing/Skate.htm

The Beautiful Manta Ray

http://crabbyadventures.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/15-a.326232456_std.jpg

Tropical ray living near coral reefs; Filter feeder; 25 ft across, 5000 lbs.

The Whale Shark: World’s Largest Fish

Tropical, warm-temperate waters; Filter feeder; Largest recorded whale shark was about 41 ft long and 47,000 lbs.

The species is considered vulnerable and the population is unknown.

Cartilaginous Fishes• Endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage

– Cartilage is a flexible yet strong connective tissue. (Your ears and the end of you nose are made of cartilage.)

• Jaws present!• Sharks with sharp senses and teeth are

predators.• But the whale shark filter feeds.• Most keep swimming to stay afloat.• Examples: Sharks, rays, and skates

Bony Fishes• Appeared 350 million years ago; Largest number

of fish species• Endoskeleton of hardened minerals: Bone!• Buoyancy Control: The swim bladder is a balloon

filled with air that controls the fishes’ depth underwater.

• Scales and mucus reduce water resistance• Specialized fins make fish great swimmers• Operculum: Bony structure that pumps water into

the gill chamber even when the fish is stationary.

The African Lungfish!• A hardy, fearless

predator from swamps and rivers of West and South Africa

• Prey: Small frogs and fish

• Two lungs allow fish to breath air!

• Heart is four-chambered• Survive a drought by

burrowing in mud

The Mudskipper• Mudskippers live in intertidal

zones and are equally happy in and out of water.

• Breathing occurs through the skin, mouth, and throat. Mudskipper may even hold pockets of water in their gill chambers when burrowing in sediment.

• Feeds on small arthropods.• Habitat: Mudflats of East

Africa, Japan, China, South East Asia and Northern Australia

Copyright 2006: Chris Chafer

Movement onto Land

• Bony fishes with strong, lobed fins evolved into organisms that could spend time crawling along the ground, outside of the water.

• Fossil records show that the fins evolved into two pairs of legs. Additional adaptations included the ability to breathe through the skin and the development of lungs.

• These ancestors of the amphibian are long extinct, but the modern-day lungfish and mudskipper may share a common ancestor with early amphibians.

Vertebrates: Amphibians

• Amphibian means: “Dual Life”• Part of life spent in water, part on land:

Amphibians require water to reproduce b/c the eggs lack a waterproof shell.

• Egg fertilization occurs in the water (just like bony fish).

• Ectotherms• Gas exchange through moist skin and/or lungs• Three-chambered heart• Life cycle: Metamorphosis with fish-like tadpole

Amphibians: Frogs and Toads

• No tails as adults• Frogs are aquatic; toads are terrestrial.• Metamorphosis: Tadpoles with gills, fins, and tail

hatch from eggs. Tadpoles develop hind legs first. As the front legs form, the tail slowly shrinks. Lungs and other adult features make the changes complete.

• Vocal creatures: Spring peepers may be heard in early spring evenings and bull frogs make loud, deep calls to attract a mate.

• A few species hatch from eggs as tiny frogs instead of tadpoles.

Amphibians: Salamanders and Newts

• Adults have a tail!

• Also respire through skin or simple lungs.

• Terrestrial; Burrow under forest debris.

• Aquatic salamanders have gills as adults.

Tiger Salamander, NJ resident

The Mudpuppy!

• Aquatic salamander with gills as an adult

Vertebrates: Reptiles

• Snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, and crocodiles

• Ectotherms• Dry waterproof skin, gas exchange

through spongy lungs• Three-chambered heart (almost four)• Egg with yolk and protective waterproof

coating• Hatched young fend for themselves

How do snake jaws work?

Image source:

http://www.livescience.com/mysteries/070105_snake_jaws.html

Vertebrates: Birds

• Beaks, feathers, wings and most fly!• Hollow endoskeleton• Endotherms• Gas exchange: spongy lungs• Four-chambered heart• Egg with yolk and hard protective coating• Care for hatched young, complex social

behavior, migration, pollinators

Bird Social Behavior

Vertebrates: Mammals

• Hair and skin and large brain

• Endotherms

• Gas exchange: lungs with a diaphragm

• Four-chambered heart

• Young born live and in immature stage

• Care for young and nurse via mammary glands

Comparison of Vertebrate Hearts

Image source:

http://www.caosclub.org/members/plan28.html

Vertebrates: Mammals

• Egg-laying mammals called monotremes– Duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater

• Pouched mammals called marsupials– Opossum, koala and kangaroo

• Placental mammals– Unborn young are nourished by placenta– Live young are born fully developed– Most mammals are placental

Placental Mammals

• Carnivora: Dogs, cats, bears, seals, otters, walruses• Cetacea: Whales and dolphins• Insectivora: Moles and shrews• Rodentia: Largest order of mammals! Mice, rats,

porcupines, and gophers• Proboscidea: Elephants• Primates: Monkeys, apes, lemurs, humans• Chiroptera: Bats• Perissodactyla: Horses, zebra, and rhinoceroses• Artiodactyla: Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer• Lagomorpha: Rabbits and hares

Works Cited• Classification of Living Things: Animalia & Plantae: Cambridge Educational

(2001)• Science Insights: Exploring Living Things; Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley

(1999)• Title Images

– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t025/T025675A.jpg&imgrefurl=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461518808/Centipede.html&h=336&w=500&sz=10&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=ShlPXVKcV3cDrM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcentipede%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG

– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.actden.com/grap_den/clipart/images/rabbit.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.actden.com/grap_den/clipart/rabbit.htm&h=309&w=414&sz=47&hl=en&start=31&tbnid=G6PRvtkq-aXpkM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drabbit%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

– http://universe-review.ca/I10-26-hydra.jpg

• Bat Image source: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/mammals/images/bat.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/mammals/bat.htm&h=450&w=600&sz=23&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=QRM6gGXm2uzHmM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbat%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG

• Social Behavior Images– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.learnaboutwildlife.com/images/bowerbird.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnaboutwildlife.com/

&h=566&w=643&sz=75&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=Z2tJjAZshYKuCM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbowerbird%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

– http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j3/ferchikaiko/Parrots.jpg– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.geocities.com/rs_suresh/peacock.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/rs_suresh/

statebirds.html&h=390&w=572&sz=80&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=SeqmRAOlLhfBHM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpeacock%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG