the Arctic Ocean

the Indian Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

the Atlantic Ocean

seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore, onshore, beach, beach-ball, seabed, sea-bird, seagull, seashell, seaside, sea water, seasick, coastline, tide, wave, c

urrent…

sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude, equator, horizon, captain, land island, nautical, explore, e

xploration…

Explanation

navigation n. 航海，航行

navigational adj. 航海的，航行的

navigate vi. 航行 , 航海 , 航空 vt. 航行于 , 驾驶 , 操纵 , 使通过

navigator n. 导航者 , 领航员

navigation n. 航海，航行

navigational adj. 航海的，航行的

navigate vi. 航行 , 航海 , 航空 vt. 航行于 , 驾驶 , 操纵 , 使通过

navigator n. 导航者 , 领航员

What is the difference between

a navigator and an explorer?

What is the difference between

a navigator and an explorer?

What is the difference between

a navigator and an explorer

(explore; exploration)?

What is the difference between

a navigator and an explorer

(explore; exploration)?

navigator sea

nautical instruments

find new islands or continents

A navigator is sb. who finds the position and plots the course of a ship by using maps and nautical instruments.

explorer land

compass and landmarks

find new places within an already identified island or continent

A explorer is sb. who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it.

Very often navigators are also explorers.

Can you identify these early navigators\explorers?

Zheng He Marco Polo

James Cook Christopher Columbus

Zheng He, the most famous Chinese na

vigator, lived from 1371 to 1433 and mad

e seven voyages around the South China

Sea, visiting more than thirty countries.

The people there gave him a warm welco

me. And he not only spread Chinese cult

ure, but also developed many trade lin

ks with the other countries.

In the years between 1405 and 1433, s

even large treasure fleets sailed westwar

ds on voyages of trade and exploration.

Under the command of Zheng He, the fle

ets set sail from the South China Sea acr

oss the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, and

then traveled further south, discovering t

he eastern coast of Africa.

He renewed relations with the

Kingdoms of the East African coast.

One African king sent the Ming

emperor a royal present: two giraffes.

Marco Polo was the only person to pro

vide information about China to the ou

tside world. His journey around Asia la

sted 24 years. He reached further than

any of his predecessors, travelling beyo

nd Mongolia and into China. Finally he

wrote his adventures down and his boo

k was published and became a best-sell

er.

About 700 years ago a young trader from

Italy took a long trip to Cathay. Cathay is

known as China today. He went with his father

and uncle, who had traveled there once before.

They stayed in China for about two decades.

The young man's name was Marco Polo. He

was liked by the leader in China at the time.

He knew four languages and traveled a

round the kingdom as the leader. When

Marco Polo returned to Italy, he dictated

his story to a writer. He told of the Chines

e postal system, paper money, and the use

of coal as fuel.

James Cook

James Cook (1728-1779) was the greatest Bri

tain navigator. Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy

in 1755. In 1768 he was promoted and sent to th

e Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealan

d, and Australia. On his famous second expediti

on (1772-1775) he explored Antarctica. In 1776

he undertook his third and final voyage in whic

h he explored

the West Coast of North America and trie

d to locate a passage between the Atlantic

and Pacific oceans.

On this voyage he discovered the Hawai

ian Islands, and sailed up the coast of Nor

th America through the Bering Straits to t

he Arctic Ocean. On his return he was kill

ed by Hawaiian islanders.

1.Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used?

2. How do they work?

compasscompass

a bearing circle

方位圆

the first instrument to measure the sun’s position and the sun’s shadow

astrolabe

The astrolabe measures the height and

position of the sun. If you can measure

this accurately, a sailor can tell how

many degrees the boat is from the

North Pole. From this he can tell

where the boat is in the ocean.

The astrolabe measures the height and

position of the sun. If you can measure

this accurately, a sailor can tell how

many degrees the boat is from the

North Pole. From this he can tell

where the boat is in the ocean.

sextant

The sextant is a navigational instrumen

t for measuring the angle between the h

orizon and some object in the sky. First

a sailor looks at the horizon through an

eyepiece( 接目镜） . At the same time h

e can see light from the sun or a star ref

lected off a small mirror on top of the i

nstrument, onto a second mirror and in

to the eyepiece.

The sextant is a navigational instrumen

t for measuring the angle between the h

orizon and some object in the sky. First

a sailor looks at the horizon through an

eyepiece( 接目镜） . At the same time h

e can see light from the sun or a star ref

lected off a small mirror on top of the i

nstrument, onto a second mirror and in

to the eyepiece.

The navigator can then see two images,

the horizon and the sun side by side. He

can then measure the angle between

them on a scale at the bottom of the

instrument. The scale goes from 0 to

120 degrees. An earlier instrument,

called a quadrant, measured in angle in

the same way but it could only measure

angles from 0 to 90 degrees.

The navigator can then see two images,

the horizon and the sun side by side. He

can then measure the angle between

them on a scale at the bottom of the

instrument. The scale goes from 0 to

120 degrees. An earlier instrument,

called a quadrant, measured in angle in

the same way but it could only measure

angles from 0 to 90 degrees.

quadrantquadrant

nautical chartnautical chart

Nautical charts are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since. These charts were not available to Captain Bligh or Zheng He.

Nautical charts are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since. These charts were not available to Captain Bligh or Zheng He.

A

longitude

latitude

Discussion

How do you think seamen found their

way before modern accurate methods of

navigation were invented?

How do you think seamen found their

way before modern accurate methods of

navigation were invented?

Kept close to the shore, used nature such

as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help

them, and used some of the instruments

including a compass, astrolabe, etc.

Kept close to the shore, used nature such

as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help

them, and used some of the instruments

including a compass, astrolabe, etc.

Comprehension

Using nature

Keeping alongside the coastlineUsing celestial bodies (north star; sun; clouds)Using wildlife (seaweed; birds)Using the weather (fog; winds)Using the sea

Using navigational instruments

Finding longitudeFinding latitude (the bearing circle; the astrolabe; the quadrant; the sextant)

What do you think was the first and most important way of exploration then?

Keeping alongside the coastline

Using celestial bodies

to plot the positionsto work out the latitude

a special cloud formation indicates there is land close by

Using wildlife

If seaweed was fresh and smelled strongly, the ship was close to land.

Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.

Using the weather

To help identify the position of a stream or river when they were close to land.

To direct their sailing

Using the sea

carry ships to their destination

tides and currents

Please complete the following blanks using the information of the text book.

1)Seamen explored the oceans by using _______ and navigational ___________.

2)Using nature navigators could keep alongside the _______, use such celestial bodies as North Star to _______ their positions, as the sun overhead to _______ by, as clouds over islands to indicate land close by.

nature instruments

coastline

plot navigate

3)Wildlife, especially _______ could tell how far or close the ship was to land and _______ could be used to show the way. Fog could help identify the _______ of a stream or river and winds direct the sailing. Certain tides and currents could be used to carry ships to the _______.

seaweed

sea birds

position

destination

Using navigational instruments

Read Page 2 and fill in the blanks

There were two methods to find longitude: 1. _______________________

2._______________________

measuring time and speed

compass and complicated

mathematical tables

Finding latitude

Write down the working principles of the following instruments:Bearing circle:

Astrolabe:

Quadrant:

Sextant:

to compare the height of the sun with the position of the sun at midday

to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun

a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements

an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship

horizon

Sun height

A Bearing Circle

Bearing the sun--- height and azimuth

(The marks were used to measure the shadow of the sun and its height and position in the sky.)

Please complete the following blanks using the information of the text book.

1.Navigational instruments helped the sailor to find ___________. They used the compass to calculate longitude and find the _______ for the ship to go.

2.The _____________ was the first instrument to measure the sun’s position.

3.The astrolabe could tell the position of the _______ in relation to the _______ and stars.

longitude

direction

bearing circle

ship sun

4.The quadrant measured how high stars were above the _______ and the sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant, measuring the _______ between two fixed objects outside the ship. It _______ to be the most accurate and reliable of the earlier _____________ instruments.

horizon

angle

proved

navigational

Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meanings from the reading passage.

1.Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home.

2.Sailing a boat alone far away from the shore made Flora’s parents worry about her safety.

3.Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed?

offshore

overhead

alongside

4. “Why don’t you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops?” asked Mary.

5. Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.

simplified

voyageseamen

Comprehending

1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.

1) What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( )

A. To set the course of the ship B. To measure the position of the ship C. To measure the speed of the ship D. To tell the time

AB

2) Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.

2) Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship?Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.

3) Why is the position of the sun and various

stars useful for working out latitude?

The position of the sun and stars are

useful for working out latitude because

they are fixed points in the sky and their

movements in relation to the earth are

already known. So they can be used to

measure a ship's position.

3) Why is the position of the sun and various

stars useful for working out latitude?

The position of the sun and stars are

useful for working out latitude because

they are fixed points in the sky and their

movements in relation to the earth are

already known. So they can be used to

measure a ship's position.

1. What skills would you seek in your sailors?

The sailors would need to be excellent navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.

2. What problems would you anticipate for this journey?

I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around Cape of Good Hope), very stormy seas (around the Cape), and problems with food and water, etc.

What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage?

What would you do if: Plan of action

You were far from land and a storm arose.

You knew your latitude but didn’t know your longitude.

You were blown off-course.

You were offshore but you needed more food and water.

You wanted to keep a straight course.

You were lost with no land in sight.

wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course

use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude

use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course.

follow nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land

use a compassmeasure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby

category items category Items

Clothes shoes

Hygiene Tools

bedding Medicines

What would you need for a week’s journey across the North Sea to England?

shirt, trousers

soap

blanket

waterproof boots

knife, scissors

sea-sick tablets,

1. How do you think seamen found thei

r way before modern accurate methods

of navigation were invented?

在现代精确的导航法尚未发明之前 ,

你认为航海员是怎样探路的 ?

1. How do you think seamen found thei

r way before modern accurate methods

of navigation were invented?

在现代精确的导航法尚未发明之前 ,

你认为航海员是怎样探路的 ?

Explanation on P11Explanation on P11

这是一个“特殊疑问词 +do you think…”

特殊疑问句结构。除 think 以外 believe ， g

uess, suppose ， imagine 等词也可以用于此结构。What do you suppose has happened to him?

这是一个“特殊疑问词 +do you think…”

特殊疑问句结构。除 think 以外 believe ， g

uess, suppose ， imagine 等词也可以用于此结构。What do you suppose has happened to him?

你认为热和温度有什么不同 ?

你看我们在晚会上应表演什么节目？

How do you think heat is different from temperature?

What performance do you think we should give at the party?

你认为他们什么时候会回来？

他们建议我们暑假到哪儿？

When do you suppose they will be back?

Where did they suggest we should go during the summer holidays?

I don’t think he will come ． 在 I think ／ believe ／ guess ／ s

uppose/ imagine 等词的句式中 , 如果从句有否定 , 否定词应该前移 , 即否定转移。

I don’t think he will come ． 在 I think ／ believe ／ guess ／ s

uppose/ imagine 等词的句式中 , 如果从句有否定 , 否定词应该前移 , 即否定转移。

1.I don't think the boy is a student, __________?

2.We think it is better for us to go home now _____________?

is he

反意疑问句的陈述部分的主语是第一人称时 , 不管否定还是肯定，疑问部分都要和从句一致 。

isn’t it

3.He believed Mary could do it well, __________?

反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称 + think ( believe, suppose, consider ) +  that 从句时 , 疑问部分要和主句保持一致 .

They all think that English is very important,  ?

He didn’t think that the news was true,  ? 

didn’t he

don’t they

did he

1.I think that he has done his best,  _______________?

2.She doesn't think you are a good boy, ____________?

3.We think that English  is  very  useful, _____________?  

4.He thinks you can do better, _____________ ?

hasn’t he

does she

doesn’t he

isn’t it

 

5.The boy must have got there yesterday, _________________?

6.You used to go to school on foot, ______________________?

didn’t he

didn’t you / usedn't you

2. work out

① to calculate an answer, amount, price, o

r value 计算 ② to think about sth. and manage to unde

rstand it 设法弄懂 ③ to think carefully about how you are go

ing to do sth. and plan a good way of doing

it 精心制定出，安排

2. work out

① to calculate an answer, amount, price, o

r value 计算 ② to think about sth. and manage to unde

rstand it 设法弄懂 ③ to think carefully about how you are go

ing to do sth. and plan a good way of doing

it 精心制定出，安排

eg.

⑴ See if you can work out this bill .

⑵ The plot is so complicated that it’ll

take you a while to work it out.

eg.

⑴ See if you can work out this bill .

⑵ The plot is so complicated that it’ll

take you a while to work it out.

计算

弄明白

⑶ I can’t work out Geoff ; one day

he’s friendly; the next day he ignores

me completely.

⑷ I haven’t worked out who’s going

to look after the kids tonight.

明白

计划

1. We may well wonder how seamen

explored the oceans before latitude and

longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s

position on a map.

1. We may well wonder how seamen

explored the oceans before latitude and

longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s

position on a map.

在经纬度未能绘出航船在地图上的位置之前，我们很想知道航海员是怎样在海上探险的。

在经纬度未能绘出航船在地图上的位置之前，我们很想知道航海员是怎样在海上探险的。

Reading

Page 1

① may/might well 很可能，极有可能

① may/might well 很可能，极有可能

这些是很不错的照片，我们很有可能把它们用在我们的杂志上。These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine.

到周末你很可能会发现你需要更多东西。You might well find that you’ll need more by the weekend.

② 主语 +think ／ feel ／ make ／ consider /

find …+it +n. ／ adj.+ for ／ of sb. to do…

其中 it 为形式宾语， for ／ of 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。

我认为学好英语对他很重要。

我已经表明我反对这个计划。

② 主语 +think ／ feel ／ make ／ consider /

find …+it +n. ／ adj.+ for ／ of sb. to do…

其中 it 为形式宾语， for ／ of 引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。

我认为学好英语对他很重要。

我已经表明我反对这个计划。

I think it important for him to learn English well ．

I have made it clear that I object to the plan.

能来这儿做报告我感到莫大的荣幸。

我已经说得很清楚我对你的表现很失望。

I feel it a great honor to come here to give a lecture.

I have made it clear that I am disappointed at your performance.

我们认为学习理论而没有实践是无用的。We found it useless learning a theory without practice.

2. The voyages of travelers before the 17t

h century show that they were not at the

mercy of the sea even though they did not

have modern navigational aids.

17 世纪前的海上航行表明，即使没有现代航海术的帮助，旅行者也没有受大海的支配。

2. The voyages of travelers before the 17t

h century show that they were not at the

mercy of the sea even though they did not

have modern navigational aids.

17 世纪前的海上航行表明，即使没有现代航海术的帮助，旅行者也没有受大海的支配。

at the mercy ofwithout any protection against; helpless before 任由…摆布；在…面前无助 They were lost at sea, 他们在海上迷失了方向 , 任凭风和天气的摆布。

I don’t like to be 我不愿受这样一个人的摆布。

at the mercy ofwithout any protection against; helpless before 任由…摆布；在…面前无助 They were lost at sea, 他们在海上迷失了方向 , 任凭风和天气的摆布。

I don’t like to be 我不愿受这样一个人的摆布。

at the mercy of wind and weather.

at the mercy of such a man.

have mercy on/ show mercy to

对……表示怜悯

恐怖分子对人质残酷无情。without mercy 毫不留情地

那位母亲狠心地把垂死的婴儿丢弃在医院。

have mercy on/ show mercy to

对……表示怜悯

恐怖分子对人质残酷无情。without mercy 毫不留情地

那位母亲狠心地把垂死的婴儿丢弃在医院。

The terrorists showed no mercy to the ho

stages.

The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.

It’s a mercy (that) (口 ) 幸运的是 , 幸亏( 用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运 )

幸亏事故发生在离医院很近的地方。

幸运的是她伤势不重。

It’s a mercy (that) (口 ) 幸运的是 , 幸亏( 用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运 )

幸亏事故发生在离医院很近的地方。

幸运的是她伤势不重。

It’s a mercy the accident happened so near

the hospital.

It’s a mercy she wasn’t seriously hurt.

3. minimum (min)

adj. 最小的 , 最低的 n. 最小值 , 最小化。其反义词为 maximum (max)

adj. 最高的 , 最多的 , 最大极限的n. 最大量 , 最大限度 , 极大

3. minimum (min)

adj. 最小的 , 最低的 n. 最小值 , 最小化。其反义词为 maximum (max)

adj. 最高的 , 最多的 , 最大极限的n. 最大量 , 最大限度 , 极大

该工作的最低要求是要有学位和两年的工作经验。

你最少必须答对 40 道题才能通过考试。

The minimum requirements for the job

are a degree and two years’ experience.

You must get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination.

keep/reduce sth. to a minimum

将某物保持在 /降低到最低限度 The school manages to

学校设法最低限度得减少恃强凌弱的行为。

每个班学生人数的最高限额是 56名。

keep/reduce sth. to a minimum

将某物保持在 /降低到最低限度 The school manages to

学校设法最低限度得减少恃强凌弱的行为。

每个班学生人数的最高限额是 56名。

The maximum number of students in each class is 56.

keep bullying

to a minimum.

我们必须最大限度地利用可得到的资源。

这儿的最高气温将达 38摄氏度。

我们必须最大限度地利用可得到的资源。

这儿的最高气温将达 38摄氏度。

We must make maximum use of the resources available.

Temperature will reach a maximum of 38

here.℃

4. nowhere adv.

无处 , 到处都无 该词用于句首时，要用倒装语序。I have no job and nowhere to live.

我没工作，也没地方住。Nowhere

我哪儿也看不到他。

4. nowhere adv.

无处 , 到处都无 该词用于句首时，要用倒装语序。I have no job and nowhere to live.

我没工作，也没地方住。Nowhere

我哪儿也看不到他。could I see him.

Maybe you have been to many cou

ntries, but nowhere else _____ such a

beautiful palace.

(2004 辽宁 )

A. can you find

B. you could find

C. you can find

D. could you find

Maybe you have been to many cou

ntries, but nowhere else _____ such a

beautiful palace.

(2004 辽宁 )

A. can you find

B. you could find

C. you can find

D. could you find

5. offshore adj./adv.

向海面吹的 , 离岸的 , 海面上的offshore workers

offshore bank/company/investment

5. offshore adj./adv.

向海面吹的 , 离岸的 , 海面上的offshore workers

offshore bank/company/investment

海上作业的工人

境外银行 /公司 /投资风暴离岸移动。The storm moved offshore.

1. secure adj. 安全的 , 可靠的 , 放心的 , 无虑的v. 保护 , 使安全 Our house is 我们的房子没有被淹的危险。 Some measures are needed to

这道堤防需要采取一些措施 , 免得被洪水冲坏。

Page2

secure from flood.

secure the bank from\against a flood.

security n. 安全，保安，保护

总统来访期间，保安工作十分严密。

为了安全起见，来宾受到了检查。

Security was tight during the President’s visit.

For security reasons the visitors were sear

ched.

2. involve vt. 包括，使陷于 , 使参与，影响

别把别人牵涉到你的错误中去。Don’t involve other people in your mistakes.

所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的戏剧。

All the children were involved in the scho

ol play.

3. random n. 随意 , 任意 adj. 任意的 , 随便的 , 胡乱的 make a random choice

任意选择 at random = aimlessly; without any pl

an 随机，随便

The travelers at the airport were searc

hed at random.

（搜查人员对）机场上的旅客随便选几个人加以搜查。 Soiled dishes were piled at random.

脏碟子乱七八糟地堆着。

4. awkward adj.

难使用的 , 笨拙的 , 尴尬的 ;

棘手的 ,难处理的 an awkward remark

令人窘迫的评论 There was an awkward silence, whe

n no one knew what to say.

当谁都不知道说什么时，出现了令人尴尬的沉默。

他很笨，总是丢东西。He is awkward; he keeps dropping things.

An awkward situation arose during th

e peace talks.

在和平谈判中出现了棘手的情况。

5. reference n.

提及 , 涉及 , 参考 , 参考书目 ,

证明书 ( 人 ), 介绍信 ( 人 )

At the meeting the teacher made referen

ces to his heroic deeds.

在会上老师提到了他的英雄事迹。These are reference books for teachers.

这些是教师参考书。

refer v.提到 , 涉及 , 查阅 , 咨询The teacher often refers her pupils to this

dictionary.

老师经常让她的学生查这本字典。Her pupils often refer to this dictionary.

她的学会经常查这本字典。Don’t refer to it again.

别再提那件事。

6. precise adj. 精确的 , 准确的 precision n. 精确 (性 ), 精密 ( 度 )

A lawyer needs a precise mind.

律师需要一丝不苟的精神。A camera is an instrument of precision.

照相机是一种精密仪器。

accurate

= correct, free of mistakes

准确的 , 无误的precise

= exact in form, detail, measurements,

time, etc

精密的，精确的

accurate, precise, exact

exact

= correct and without mistake (of things t

hat can be measured)

精密的，准确的

7. simplify vt. 单一化 , 简单化 simple adj. 简单的 The English in this story has been simp

lified to make it easier to understand.

这个故事里的英语被简写以便更容易理解。 His father lived a simple life in the coun

try.

他父亲在农村过着简朴的生活。

8. update

v. 使现代化 , 修正 , 校正 , 更新 n. 现代化 , 更新 updated

adj. 最新的，现代化的，适时的 an updated and revised edition

最新修订本

9.tendency n. 趋向 , 倾向 We’ve noticed a growing tendency for

people to work at home instead of in offi

ces.

我们注意到一种趋势，越来越多的人在家里工作而不在办公室里上班。

have a tendency to do sth.

倾向于做某事，往往会做某事 Jean’s nice but she has a tendency to

talk too much.

简人倒不错，就是往往太唠叨。

10. reliable adj. 可靠的 , 可信赖的 rely v.依赖 , 依靠 , 信赖 , 信任 , 依赖于 reliability n. 可靠性 She may forget to come --- she is not

very reliable.

她可能忘了来，她不太可信赖。

11 ．… … but at the equator it is along the horizon.

但在赤道，它是沿着地平线的。 horizon n. 地平线；视野，眼界，见识（ pl. ）I can see a ship on the horizon.

我可以看见地平线上有一艘船。Science gives us a new horizon.

科学使我们打开新的境界。【拓展】 on the horizon 在地平线上；即将发生的

事• broad one’s horizons 开阔某人的眼界。• A crisis is on the horizon. 一场危机即将发生。

Language points on P14Language points on P14

1. course n. 过程 , 经过 , 进程 , 方针 ,

路线 , 跑道 , 课程 , 一道菜 Tom made much noise in the course of d

iscussion.

在讨论期间汤姆弄出了很大的响声。

The ship was blown off course.

那船被吹离了航向。 We made three courses: soup, meat

and vegetables, and fruit.

我们有三道菜 : 汤 , 肉和蔬菜 , 还有水果。

Phrases with “course”

in course of 正在……过程中 , 在……期间in due course = at the proper or right time

在合适或正好的时间of course

① in the natural or expected order of

things; naturally.

按事物自然的或预期的顺序 ;自然地

2. aim

n. 目标 , 目的 , 瞄准v. 对 ...瞄准 , 打算He aimed the gun at the enemy officer.

他用枪瞄准了敌军官。The hunter took aim at a wolf.

猎手瞄准了一匹狼。

②without any doubt; certainly.

无疑地；当然地

3. be prepared to do

准备做某事（思想上准备好了） prepare to do

准备做某事（强调动作） They are prepared to do it.

（准备好或愿意） They are preparing to do it.

（正在准备）

prepare sth. 准备…… prepare for sth. 为……做准备 The teacher is preparing the reviewing

exercises, and the students are preparing

for the final examination.

老师正在准备复习用的练习 , 而学生们正在为期末考试做准备。

prepare sth. 准备…… prepare for sth. 为……做准备 The teacher is preparing the reviewing

exercises, and the students are preparing

for the final examination.

老师正在准备复习用的练习 , 而学生们正在为期末考试做准备。

4. justify v.

证明……是正当的；为……辩护 The course of events fully justifies our

views.

事情的发展完全证明我们的意见是正确的。 How can you justify your rude and fool

ish behavior?

你怎样为你粗鲁而愚蠢的行为辩护？

4. justify v.

证明……是正当的；为……辩护 The course of events fully justifies our

views.

事情的发展完全证明我们的意见是正确的。 How can you justify your rude and fool

ish behavior?

你怎样为你粗鲁而愚蠢的行为辩护？