The Arms The Arms Race Race

ContinuesContinues

Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb• US tests in

1952 • USSR tests

in 1953• 1000 times

more powerful than an atom bomb

SputnikSputnik• 19571957

• Soviets launch an Soviets launch an earth-orbiting satelliteearth-orbiting satellite

• Americans panicAmericans panic

• Fund Scientific Fund Scientific education and education and researchresearch

The Space The Space Race is on!Race is on!

Explorer IExplorer I• January January

19581958

• Us launches Us launches its own its own satellitesatellite

Space ProgramSpace Program• 19581958

• National National Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Space AdministrationAdministration

AstronautsAstronauts

CosmonautsCosmonauts

First Man in Space

Alan Shepard May 5, 1961

Yuri GagarinApril 12, 1961

John GlennJohn Glenn• 1st American 1st American

to Orbit the to Orbit the globeglobe

• February 2, February 2, 19621962

Apollo 11Apollo 11

Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Michael Collins, and Buzz

Aldrin. Credit: NASA Aldrin. Credit: NASA 

Egypt/Suez Canal CrisisEgypt/Suez Canal Crisis• led by General Gamal Abdel Nasser (nationalist)led by General Gamal Abdel Nasser (nationalist)

- built a trade relationship with the Soviets- built a trade relationship with the Soviets

• Dulles doesn’t like this Dulles doesn’t like this - withdraws offer to assist building the Aswan Dam - withdraws offer to assist building the Aswan Dam across the Nile across the Nile

- the US thought that Egypt could not proceed - the US thought that Egypt could not proceed without US help. without US help.

- Nasser refused to buckle and built the dam with - Nasser refused to buckle and built the dam with Soviet aid.Soviet aid.

• October 29, 1956: Israeli forces strike EgyptOctober 29, 1956: Israeli forces strike Egypt

• October 30: French and British landed troops to October 30: French and British landed troops to drive Egyptians outdrive Egyptians out

• US joins the UN in denouncing the invasionUS joins the UN in denouncing the invasion

- - fear it will lead to Arab and Soviet Allied warfear it will lead to Arab and Soviet Allied war

- pressures French and British to withdraw- pressures French and British to withdraw

- persuades Israel to a truce with Egypt- persuades Israel to a truce with Egypt

Egypt/Suez Canal CrisisEgypt/Suez Canal Crisis

Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine• military assistance to the military assistance to the

Middle East when these Middle East when these countries were threatened countries were threatened by an outside powerby an outside power

• “ “ In relation to the Middle In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be East, the U.S. would be "prepared to use armed "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled from any country controlled by international by international

communism."communism."

1616

The Slow ThawThe Slow Thaw• End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy concernconcern• Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950swhich is set in the 1950s,, pays homage to the use of pays homage to the use of Soviets as villains.Soviets as villains.•Better relations between communists countries and Better relations between communists countries and the US began with one of the most hard-lined anti-the US began with one of the most hard-lined anti-communist communist presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go toNixon could go to China” trip, Nixon was the first China” trip, Nixon was the first US president to visit that communist country. US president to visit that communist country.

1717

The Slow Thaw…The Slow Thaw…•In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement.Agreement.• SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine-existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.launchers had been dismantled.• It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons.weapons.• SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks (1972-1979), which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real reductions in strategic II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides.forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides.

Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty.Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty. Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.

1818

The Wall Falls, 1989The Wall Falls, 1989• A wave of rebellion against Soviet A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence occurs throughout its influence occurs throughout its European allies.European allies.• Poland’s Solidarity movement Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet hold on that breaks the Soviet hold on that countrycountry• Hungary removed its border Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria.restrictions with Austria.•Riots and protests break out in East Riots and protests break out in East Germany.Germany.• East Germans storm the wall. East Germans storm the wall. Confused and outnumbered, border Confused and outnumbered, border guards do not fight back.guards do not fight back.• The wall is breached.The wall is breached.• Eventually East and West Germany Eventually East and West Germany are are reunited in 1990. reunited in 1990.

1919

The USSR DissolvesThe USSR Dissolves• On December 21, 1991, the presidents of On December 21, 1991, the presidents of

Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR dissolved and established the dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. (CIS) in its place. • On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded as the president of the USSR, yielded as the president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He turned the declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that until then were vested in him powers that until then were vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia. over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia. •The following day, the Supreme Soviet, The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, recognized the collapse of Soviet Union, recognized the collapse of the Soviet Union and dissolved itself. the Soviet Union and dissolved itself.

– This is generally recognized as the This is generally recognized as the official, final dissolution of the Soviet official, final dissolution of the Soviet

Union as a functioning state. Union as a functioning state.

Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank to defy the 1991 coupto defy the 1991 coup

Rocky beats Ivan Drago.Rocky beats Ivan Drago.

Questions?Questions?