38
244 The Asian World 400–1500 Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the development of the Asian world. Innovations in agricultural production, the reemergence of trade routes, and a unified central government allowed China to prosper under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. Japan’s geography isolated it from other countries and caused the island nation to develop its own unique culture. The Muslim expansion made both Islam and Hinduism powerful religions in the Indian subcontinent. Because of the geography of the region, Southeast Asian countries developed into a series of separate states with their own culture, religion, and language. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. Gunpowder and printing were invented during the Tang dynasty in China. The expansion of Islam into northwestern India is reflected in the current division of the Indian subcontinent into India, which is mostly Hindu, and the two Islamic states of Bangladesh and Pakistan. World History Video The Chapter 8 video, “The Great Wall,” chronicles the development of Asian cultures. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 500s Grand Canal is completed 618 Tang dynasty begins c. 905 Fire-lance invented 1000s Moveable type invented in China 802 Jayavarman is crowned god-king and unites the Khmer of Angkor Tang sculpture Tang silk painting

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244

The Asian World400–1500

Key EventsAs you read this chapter, look for the key events in the development of the Asian world.

• Innovations in agricultural production, the reemergence of trade routes, and a unified central government allowed China to prosper under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties.

• Japan’s geography isolated it from other countries and caused the island nation to develop its own unique culture.

• The Muslim expansion made both Islam and Hinduism powerful religions in the Indiansubcontinent.

• Because of the geography of the region, Southeast Asian countries developed into a series of separate states with their own culture, religion, and language.

The Impact TodayThe events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today.

• Gunpowder and printing were invented during the Tang dynasty in China.• The expansion of Islam into northwestern India is reflected in the current division of the Indian subcontinent into India, which is mostly Hindu, and the two Islamic states of

Bangladesh and Pakistan.

World History Video The Chapter 8 video, “The Great Wall,”chronicles the development of Asian cultures.

500 600 700 800 900 1000

500sGrand Canal iscompleted

618Tang dynastybegins

c. 905Fire-lanceinvented

1000sMoveable type inventedin China

802Jayavarman iscrowned god-kingand unites theKhmer of Angkor

Tang sculpture

Tang silk painting

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245

Heiji Scroll (detail) This scroll depicts one of the first samurai battles, the Heiji Insurrection of 1159.

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the Glencoe WorldHistory Web site at

and click on Chapter 8–ChapterOverview to preview chapter information.

wh.glencoe.com15001100 1200 1300 1400

1392Yi dynasty isestablished inKorea

1368Zhu Yuanzhangdefeats theMongols andestablishes theMing dynasty

1369Timur Lenkseizes powerand beginsconquests

1397Golden Pavilionbuilt in Japan

1450Japanese civil war results in thecollapse of theshogunate

1258Mongols defeatthe Abbasids atBaghdad

Timur Lenk enthroned

Genghis Khanin battle

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246

n 1274, the Mongol emperor of China, Kublai Khan,demanded that the Japanese pay tribute to China or face

invasion. When the Japanese refused, the khan sent a force ofthirty thousand warriors to teach the Japanese a lesson. Badweather forced the emperor’s forces to retreat, however.

Not until 1281 was the Great Khan prepared to try again.This time he sent a force of two fleets, consisting of 4,400ships carrying almost 150,000 warriors. The Japaneseappeared to be doomed. The emperor ordered prayers to beoffered everywhere in Japan.

Then, on August 15, just as the khan’s forces were prepar-ing to land, the sky darkened. For two days, massivetyphoons struck, uprooting trees and raising waves that bat-tered the Mongol fleet and killed tens of thousands. OneKorean observer wrote, “The bodies of men and broken tim-bers of the vessels were heaped together in a solid mass sothat a person could walk across from one point of land toanother on the mass of wreckage.” Those warriors who madeit to shore were cut down by the Japanese defenders.

To the Japanese, this victory over the Mongols was a signof supernatural aid. They called the storm a “divine wind,” orkamikaze, and became convinced that they would always beprotected from foreign invasion.

IJapan Faces Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan,grandson of

Genghis KhanDestruction of the Mongol fleet attacking Japan

Why It MattersThis great confrontation betweenthe ancient and well-established civ-ilization of China and the newly-emerged Japanese state was aturning point in Asia during thisperiod. Chinese civilization contin-ued to build on the achievements ofprevious dynasties, making it one ofthe greatest civilizations in theworld. Along the fringes of China,other societies were emerging onthe islands of Japan, in Korea, andin Southeast Asia.

History and You Using the Inter-net and a computer, create a data-base that shows the amount of landadded to the khanate during therule of Kublai Khan. Include dates of conquests and identify the peo-ples who were conquered. Add illus-trations to your database and createa multimedia presentation.

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China ReunifiedGuide to Reading

581Sui dynasty begins

618Tang dynasty begins

868First completebook printed

907Tang dynastyends

960Song dynastyrises to power

Preview of Events

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 247

A seventh-century Chinese writer described how the emperor Sui Yangdi kept aneye on his empire:

“Moreover, the Emperor caused to be built dragon boats, war boats of the ‘Yellowdragon’ style, and multi-decked transports. The Emperor rode in the dragon boat, andcivil and military officials rode in the multi-decked transports. . . . The districts throughwhich they passed were ordered to prepare to offer provisions. Those who madebountiful arrangements were given an additional office or title; those who fell shortwere given punishments up to the death penalty.”

—The Sui Dynasty, Arthur F. Wright, 1978

The Sui dynasty had reunified China after hundreds of years of turmoil. Chinese civilization began to flourish once more.

The Sui DynastyThe Han dynasty came to an end in 220, and China fell into chaos. For the next

three hundred years, the Chinese suffered through disorder and civil war. Then,in 581, a new Chinese empire was set up under a dynasty known as the Sui(SWAY). The Sui dynasty (581–618) did not last long, but it managed to unifyChina once again under the emperor’s authority.

Sui Yangdi, the second emperor of the dynasty, completed the Grand Canal,built to link the two great rivers of China, the Huang He (Yellow River) and theChang Jiang (Yangtze River). Both rivers flowed from west to east. The new canallinked north and south, making it easier to ship rice from the south to the north.

Voices from the Past

✦500 ✦600 ✦700 ✦800 ✦900 ✦1000

Sui dynasty

Main Ideas• The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties

restored peace to China in betweenperiods of chaos and disorder.

• Innovations and reforms in government,agriculture, and technology broughtperiods of growth and prosperity toChina.

Key Termsscholar-gentry, dowry

People to IdentifySui Yangdi, Tang Xuanzang, Uighurs,Marco Polo, Wu Zhao

Places to LocateTibet, Changan, Hangzhou

Preview Questions1. What contributions did the Sui, Tang,

and Song dynasties make to Chinesecivilization?

2. What economic changes occurred under the Tang and Song rulers?

Reading StrategySummarizing Information Draw andcomplete three diagrams like the onebelow to summarize the time periods, themost important rulers, and the reasonsfor decline of the Sui, Tang, and Songdynasties.

The followingare the majorSunshine StateStandards coveredin this section.

SS.A.2.4.8:Understand cultural,religious, political,and technologicaldevelopments of civilizations in Asia and Africa.

SS.B.2.4.1:Understand how social,cultural, economic, andenvironmental factorscontribute to the dynamicnature of regions.

SS.D.2.4.6:Understand factors that haveled to increased internationalinterdependence and basicconcepts associated with tradebetween nations.

SS.A.1.4.2:Identify and understand themes in history that cross scientific, economic, and cultural boundaries.

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248 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

1,000 kilometers

1,000 miles0

0

N

SE

W

Two-Point Equidistant projection

30°N

20°N

10°N

0°60°E 80°E 100°E 120°E

130°E

140°E

TROPIC OF CANCER

70°E 90°E 110°E

G O B I

H

I MA L A Y A

ASIA

ArabianSea

Bay ofBengal

SouthChina Sea

EastChina Sea

Sea ofJapan

PaCIFIC

OCEaN

INDIaN

OCEaN

Hu

an

g

He

Cha

ngJia

ng

Mek

on

gR.

Gan

gesR.

Indus

R.

TIBET

INDIA

MONGOLIA

CHINA

KOREA

JAPAN

Beijing

Changan LuoyangHangzhou

Guangzhou

Sui, 581–618• Built canal linking northern

and southern China

Tang, 618–907• Restored civil service• Distributed land to peasants• Controlled Tibet• Traded with Southeast Asia

Civil War, 907–960

Song, 960–1279• Lost control of Tibet• Formed alliance with Mongols

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Dynasties of China, 581–1279

Sui, Tang, and Song Empires in China, 581–1279

Sui Yangdi was a cruel ruler. He used forced laborto build the Grand Canal. This practice, together withhigh taxes, his extravagant and luxurious lifestyle,and military failures, caused a rebellion. The emperorwas murdered, and his dynasty came to an end.

Explaining What were the principalreasons for the murder of Sui Yangdi and the end of the Suidynasty?

Reading Check

The Tang DynastyA new dynasty, the Tang (TONG), soon emerged.

It would last for almost three hundred years, from618 until 907. The early Tang rulers began their reignsby instituting reforms, as rulers often did in the earlydays of new dynasties. They restored the civil serviceexamination from earlier times to serve as the chiefmethod of recruiting officials for the civilian bureau-cracy. They also tried to create a more stable econ-omy by giving land to the peasants and breaking upthe power of the owners of the large estates.

Tang rulers worked hard to restore the power ofChina in East Asia. They brought peace to north-western China and expanded their control to the borders of Tibet, an area north of the Himalaya.China claimed to be the greatest power in East Asia.Neighboring states, including Korea, offered tribute

Sui Empire, 581–618

Tang Empire, 618–907

Song Empire, 960–1279

Grand Canal

Silk Road

The Sui dynasty was the first to reunify China after the fallof the Han dynasty.

1. Interpreting Maps What was the length of the GrandCanal?

2. Applying Geography Skills What do you notice about the western border of each dynasty? What wouldaccount for the movement of the border?

FCAT MA.B.1.4.3

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CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 249

Woodblock printing was used to printThe Diamond Sutra, which is the earliestprinted text with a known printing date(868).

to China. The Chinese imperial court also set uptrade and diplomatic relations with the states ofSoutheast Asia.

Like the Han, however, the Tang sowed the seedsof their own destruction. Tang rulers were unable toprevent plotting and government corruption. Oneemperor was especially unfortunate. Emperor TangXuanzang (TONG SEE•WAHN•DZONG) is remem-bered for his devotion to a commoner’s daughter. Toentertain her, he kept hundreds of dancers and musi-cians at court. He also ordered riders to travel thou-sands of miles to bring her fresh fruit.

Finally, the emperor’s favorite general led abloody revolt. The army demanded that someone beheld accountable for the war and strife in the country.For this reason the emperor invited his true love to

Composing stick

FaceCounter

Beard

Shoulder

hang herself from a nearby tree, although it is saidthat for the rest of his life, the emperor “washed hisface everyday with a fountain of tears.”

During the eighth century, the Tang dynastyweakened and became prey to rebellions. Tang rulershired Uighurs (WEE•GURZ), a northern tribal groupof Turkic-speaking people, to fight for the dynasty.Continued unrest, however, led to the collapse ofTang rule in 907.

Contrasting How did the Tang andSui rulers differ?

The Song DynastyIn 960, a new dynasty known as the Song

(SOONG) rose to power. The Song ruled during a

Reading Check

The Invention of Printing in Tang China

Woodblock printing on paper began in the seventh century A.D. Thefirst printed text in China (and in the world) was a Buddhist prayer,

done sometime between 704 and 751. The first complete book was a Buddhist work printed in 868.

Once woodblock printing was developed, it was used to make numerouscopies of important works. In the tenth century, a printing of the Confucianclassics used over twenty thousand woodblocks and comprised 130 vol-umes. Over four hundred thousand copies still exist of one Buddhist workprinted in the tenth century.

In the eleventh century, the Chinese improved on the art of printing by inventing movable type. An eleventh-century Chinese author describedthe work of Pi Sheng, who lived from 990 to 1051:

“. . . he took sticky clay and cut in it characters as thin as the edgeof a coin. Each character formed, as it were, a single type. He bakedthem in the fire to make them hard. He had previously prepared aniron plate and he had covered his plate with a mixture of pine resin,wax, and paper ashes. When he wished to print, he took an iron frameand set it on the iron plate. In this he placed the type, set closetogether. When the frame was full, the whole made one solid block of type. If one were to print only one or three copies, this method would be neither simple nor easy. But for printing hundreds of thousands of copies, it was marvelously quick.”

Drawing Inferences What did the invention of movable type mean to China and the rest of the world? FCAT SC.H.3.4.6

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Government and the EconomyThe era from the beginning of the Sui dynasty to

the end of the Song dynasty lasted nearly seven hun-dred years. During that period, a mature politicalsystem based on principles first put into practice dur-ing the Qin and Han dynasties gradually emerged inChina. As in the Han Era, China was a monarchy thatemployed a relatively large bureaucracy. Beyond thecapital, government was centered around provinces,districts, and villages. Confucian ideals were still thecement that held the system together.

During the long period between the Sui and Songdynasties, the Chinese economy grew in size andcomplexity. Agriculture flourished, and manufactur-ing and trade grew dramatically.

China was still primarily a farming society. In thelong period of civil war, aristocratic families hadtaken control of most of the land, and the majority of

period of economic prosperity and cultural achieve-ment, from 960 to 1279. From the start, however, theSong also experienced problems, especially fromnorthern neighbors. These groups crossed intonorthern China and occupied large parts of Chineseterritory. Because of this threat, Song rulers wereforced to move the imperial court farther south toHangzhou (HONG•JOH).

The Song dynasty could never overcome the chal-lenge from the north. During the 1200s, the Mon-gols—a nomadic people from the Gobi—carried outwars of conquest and built a vast empire. Within 70years, they controlled all of China. As we shall see,the Mongols overthrew the Song and created a newMongol dynasty in China.

Identifying What problems did theSong dynasty encounter?

Reading Check

250

memorize their first work, The ThousandCharacter Classic by Confucius. This con-sisted of a thousand different characters,rhymed in four-character lines. Any mistakein recitation was greeted with a blow onthe backside by a boy’s teacher.

Over the course of many more years,students memorized many otherConfucian classics. Not until a work

was completely memorized was astudent given an explanation ofthe work’s meaning. Ultimately,students memorized all of theConfucian classics.

Young men who were beingeducated for the civil serviceexaminations had little timefor recreation. They were notallowed to take part in any

strenuous physical activities.They could fish, which wasconsidered a scholarly

Traditional China

By using the civil service examination, a practice started by the Qin dynasty,

Tang and Song rulers sought to recruit aclass of civil servants based on merit. Thisundermined the power of the aristocratsand created a new class of scholar-gentry.

To the sons of the scholar-gentry, thecivil service examinations were crucial ingaining a civil service position andhence a government career. Conse-quently, preparing their sons forthese examinations became veryimportant to scholar-gentry families.

Education began at a young age. Boys began to learn to writeChinese characters at the age offour. Within three years, they wereable to read a number of charac-ters. They were then expected to

Confucius

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CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

This silk watercolor shows students taking a civil service examination during the Song dynasty.

CONNECTING TO THE PAST

251

peasants had become serfs or slaves. The Song gov-ernment, however, worked to weaken the power ofthe large landholders and help poor peasants obtaintheir own land. These reform efforts and improvedfarming techniques led to an abundance of food.

Technology and Trade In Chinese cities, techno-logical developments added new products and stim-ulated trade. During the Tang dynasty, for example,the Chinese began to make steel by mixing cast ironand wrought iron in a blast furnace heated by theburning of coal. The steel was then used to makeswords and sickles. The introduction of cotton madeit possible to make new kinds of clothes.

Gunpowder was also invented during the Tangdynasty and was used to make explosives and aprimitive flamethrower called a fire-lance. The fire-lance could spit out a mixture of flame and projectilesthat could travel as far as 40 yards (almost 37 m).

Long-distance trade had declined between thefourth and sixth centuries as a result of the collapse ofboth the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire. Tradebegan to revive under the Tang dynasty and the uni-fication of much of Southwest Asia under the Arabs.The Silk Road was renewed and thrived as caravanscarried goods back and forth between China and thecountries of Southwest and South Asia.

Trade with regions near China also increased dur-ing the Tang and Song dynasties. The Chineseexported tea, silk, and porcelain to the countriesbeyond the South China Sea. In return, they receivedexotic woods, precious stones, and various tropicalgoods. As a result of trade, the city of Changan, witha population estimated at two million, became thewealthiest city in the world during the Tang Era.

Comparing In what ways did tradeimprove during the time between the Sui and Song dynasties?

Reading Check

1. Summarizing What skills were Chinese boysrequired to master in preparation for the civil serv-ice exams?

2. Explaining What measures were taken to preventfavoritism in the testing process?

3. Writing about History How was the use of the civilservice examination a departure from the traditionalway of placing young men in government service?

sport; play the lute; write poems; paintlandscapes; and look at scenery. Studentswere taught never to use their handsexcept for painting or writing. Manual laborwas strictly forbidden.

After many years of education, youngmen began to take their civil service exam-inations. If they passed (only one in fivedid), they could go on to positions in thecivil service. Those who failed could teach,assist officials, or hope for family support.Because of their family connections, fewstarved.

During the Tang period, people com-plained that the choice of who would passthe test was made before the tests weregraded. In response, the Song institutedthe policy of “name covering” so that thetest graders would not know whose testthey had. Later, they required that eachtest be copied so that only the copieswould be graded. The examiners thuscould not tell from the handwriting whosetest they had graded.

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252 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

9. Expository Writing Imagine thatyou have just heard about one of theTang dynasty innovations, perhapsthe process of making steel, but youdo not understand it. Write a letterof inquiry to the Tang emperor ask-ing for further information.

Checking for Understanding1. Define scholar-gentry, dowry.

2. Identify Sui Yangdi, Tang Xuanzang,Uighurs, Marco Polo, Wu Zhao.

3. Locate Tibet, Hangzhou.

4. Describe the reasons that civil serviceexaminations were instituted by theTang and Song rulers. Also describe theimpact of the use of the exams on theChinese government.

5. List the new social and economicclasses that emerged in the countrysideduring the Tang and Song Eras.

Critical Thinking6. Evaluate The Chinese form of govern-

ment was adopted by many othercountries. Describe the basis for theChinese form of government and evalu-ate its effectiveness.

7. Compare and Contrast Using a Venndiagram, compare and contrast familylife in early China with family life in theUnited States today.

Analyzing Visuals8. Describe in detail the people and activ-

ities depicted in the painting shown onpage 251. Identify and describe ele-ments in a present-day situation thatparallel the situation shown in thepainting.

China UnitedStates

Chinese SocietyEconomic changes had an impact on Chinese soci-

ety. For wealthier city dwellers, the Tang and SongEras were an age of prosperity. There was probablyno better example than the Song capital ofHangzhou. In the late thirteenth century the Italianmerchant Marco Polo described the city to Europeanreaders as one of the largest and wealthiest cities onEarth. “So many pleasures may be found,” he said,“that one fancies himself to be in Paradise.”

For rich Chinese during this period, life offeredmany pleasures. There were new forms of entertain-ment, such as playing cards and chess (brought fromIndia). The invention of block printing in the eighthcentury provided new ways to communicate.

The vast majority of the Chinese people still livedoff the land in villages. Most peasants never left theirvillages except for an occasional visit to a nearbymarket town. Changes were taking place in the coun-tryside, however. Before, there had been a great gulfbetween wealthy landowners and poor peasants. Amore complex mixture of landowners, free peasants,sharecroppers, and landless laborers now emerged.

Most significant was the rise of the landed gentry.This group controlled much of the land and at thesame time produced most of the candidates for thecivil service. The scholar-gentry, as this class wasknown, replaced the old landed aristocracy as thepolitical and economic elite of Chinese society.

Few Chinese women had any power. An exceptionwas Wu Zhao (WOO JOW), known as Empress Wu.

Empress Wu625–705—Chinese ruler

Wu Zhao, daughter of a Chinesegeneral, became mistress to theemperor in 649. She so longed forpower that she strangled her owndaughter and then accused theempress, who was childless, of the crime. The emperordeposed his wife and chose Wu Zhao as his newempress. After the emperor’s death in 683, Wu Zhaogained supreme power. Although she was known for herruthlessness, Empress Wu was also a strong leader. Shewas the first ruler to select graduates of the civil serviceexaminations for the highest government positions. Shealso formed an alliance with Korea and lowered taxes.

As in other parts of the world, female childrenwere considered less desirable than male children.In times of famine, female infants might be killed ifthere was not enough food to feed the whole family.When a female married, she became part of her hus-band’s family. In addition, a girl’s parents wereexpected to provide a dowry (money, goods, orproperty) to her husband when she married. Poorfamilies often sold their daughters to wealthyvillagers.

Identifying Which group in Chinesesociety replaced the landed aristocracy?

Reading Check

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Preview of Events

The Mongols and China

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 253

Guide to Reading

Preview of Events

Causes Effect

World’s Largest Land Empire

The followingare the majorSunshine StateStandards coveredin this section.

SS.A.2.4.11:Understand politicaland cultural featuresof the Mongol Empireand the Empire’simpact on Eurasianpeoples.

SS.A.2.4.8:Understand cultural, religious, political, and technological developments of civilizations in Asia and Africa.

SS.B.2.4.3:Understand how the allocation of control of the Earth’s surface affectsinteractions between people in different regions.

The Mongols were masters of military tactics. John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscanfriar, wrote:

“As soon as they discover the enemy they charge and each one unleashes three orfour arrows. If they see that they can’t break him, they retreat in order to entice theenemy to pursue, thus luring him into an ambush prepared in advance. If they con-clude that the enemy army is stronger, they retire for a day or two and ravage neigh-boring areas. Or they [set up] camp in a well chosen position, and when the enemyarmy begins to pass by, they appear unexpectedly.”

—L’Empire des Steppes, Rene Grousset, 1939

Due in large part to their military prowess, the Mongols rose to power in Asia withstunning speed.

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongols were a pastoral people from the region of modern-day Mongolia

who were organized loosely into clans. Temujin (teh•MOO•juhn), born duringthe 1160s, gradually unified the Mongols. In 1206, he was elected Genghis Khan(“strong ruler”) at a massive meeting somewhere in the Gobi. From that time on,he devoted himself to conquest.

The Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, cre-ating the largest land empire in history. To rule the new Mongol Empire, GenghisKhan set up a capital city at Karakorum. Mongol armies traveled both to the westand to the east. Some went as far as central Europe (see Chapter 9).

Voices from the Past

1206Temujin elected GenghisKhan of the Mongols

1231Mongols attackPersia

1279Kublai Khan defeats the Songand establishes the Yuan dynasty

Guide to Reading

✦1200 ✦1220 ✦1240 ✦1260 ✦1280

Main Ideas• The Mongols acquired the world’s

largest land empire.• With the invention of printing, a golden

age of literature and art emerged inChina.

Key Termskhanate, neo-Confucianism, porcelain

People to IdentifyGenghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Li Bo, Duo Fu

Places to LocateMongolia, Gobi, Beijing, Vietnam, Java,Sumatra

Preview Questions1. What were the major achievements

of the Mongol dynasty?2. What changes resulted from the

Mongol invasions?

Reading StrategyCause and Effect Use a chart like theone below to show how the Mongolsacquired the world’s largest land empire.

FCAT LA.E.2.2.1

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After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the empirebegan to change. Following Mongol custom, upon thedeath of the ruling khan, his heirs divided the terri-tory. The once-united empire of Genghis Khan wasthus split into several separate territories calledkhanates, each under the rule of one of his sons.

It may be that only the death of Genghis Khankept the Mongols from attacking western Europe. In1231, the Mongols attacked Persia and then defeatedthe Abbasids at Baghdad in 1258 (see Chapter 6).Mongol forces attacked the Song dynasty in China inthe 1260s.

In their attack on the Chinese, the Mongolsencountered the use of gunpowder and the fire-lance. By the end of the thirteenth century, the fire-lance had evolved into the much more effective gunand cannon. By the early fourteenth century, foreign-ers employed by the Mongol rulers of China hadintroduced the use of gunpowder and firearms intoEurope.

Describing How did the MongolEmpire change after the death of Genghis Khan?

Reading Check

The Mongol Dynasty in ChinaIn 1279, one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, named

Kublai Khan (KOO•BLUH KAHN), completed theconquest of the Song and established a new Chinesedynasty, the Yuan (YOO•AHN). Kublai Khan, whoruled China until his death in 1294, established hiscapital at Khanbaliq (“the city of the Khan”) in north-ern China. Later the city would be known by theChinese name Beijing.

Under the leadership of the talented Kublai Khan,the Yuan (or Mongol) dynasty continued to expandthe empire. Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam,and Mongol fleets were launched against Java andSumatra and twice against the islands of Japan. OnlyVietnam was conquered, however—and then onlyfor a while. The other campaigns failed. Mongol tac-tics, such as cavalry charges and siege warfare, werenot very effective in tropical and hilly regions.

The Mongols had more success in ruling China.Mongol rulers adapted to the Chinese political sys-tem and made use of Chinese bureaucrats. Cultur-ally, however, the Mongols were quite different fromthe Chinese and became a separate class with theirown laws. The highest positions in the bureaucracywere usually staffed by Mongols.

Over time, the Mongol dynasty won the support ofmany Chinese people. Some came to respect the sta-bility and economic prosperity that the Mongols atfirst brought to China. The capital at Khanbaliqreflected Mongol prosperity. It was a magnificent city,and foreign visitors were impressed by its splendor.

One such visitor was Marco Polo, who lived inKhanbaliq during the reign of Kublai Khan. Accord-ing to Polo, “The streets are so straight and wide thatyou can see right along them from end to end andfrom one gate to the other. And up and down the citythere are beautiful palaces, and many great and finehostelries, and fine houses in great numbers.” Polo’sstories of the glories of China seemed unbelievable tothe Europeans who heard them.

The Mongol dynastyeventually fell victim tothe same problems thathad plagued other dynas-ties: too much spending onforeign conquests, corrup-tion at court, and growinginternal instability. In 1368,Zhu Yuanzhang (JOOYOO•AHN•JAHNG), theson of a peasant, puttogether an army, ended

254 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

HISTORY

Web Activity Visitthe Glencoe WorldHistory Web site at

andclick on Chapter 8–Student Web Activity to learn more about theMongol dynasty.

wh.glencoe.com

In the thirteenth-century battle shown above,Mongol troops storm across the Chang Jiang on a bridge made of boats. Which Chinesedynasty do you think the Mongols wereattempting to conquer in this battle?

History

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after the collapse of the Han dynasty, both Buddhismand Daoism became more attractive to many people.Both philosophies gained support among the rulingclasses. ; (See page 993 to read excerpts from The Buddha’sSermon in the Primary Sources Library.)

The growing popularity of Buddhism continuedinto the early years of the Tang dynasty. Early Tangrulers lent their support to Buddhist monasteries thatwere set up throughout the country. Buddhistsbecame advisers at the imperial court. Ultimately,though, Buddhism lost favor at court and wasincreasingly subject to attack.

255CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Mongol Empire, 1294

Border of the Mongol Empire

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Khanate of the Great Khan

Khanate of Chagatai

Khanate of PersiaCampaign of the Yuan dynasty(under Kublai Khan)Route of Marco Polo

Great Wall

Genghis Khan created the largest land empire in history.After his death, according to Mongol custom, the empirewas divided among his heirs into regions called khanates.

the Mongol dynasty, and set up a new dynasty, theMing dynasty.

Summarizing Why were the Mon-gols so successful in ruling China?

Religion and GovernmentBy the time the Mongols established their dynasty

in China, religious preferences in the Chinese courthad undergone a number of changes. Confucianprinciples became the basis for Chinese governmentduring the Han dynasty (202 B.C.–A.D. 220). By thetime of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism andDaoism rivaled the influence of Confucianism. Dur-ing the Song dynasty, however, Confucian ideasreemerged in a new form. Once again, Confucianismbecame dominant at court, a position it retained untilthe early twentieth century.

Buddhism and Daoism Buddhism was brought to China in the first century A.D. by merchants andmissionaries from India. At first, only merchants and intellectuals were intrigued by the new ideas. However, as a result of the insecurity that prevailed

Reading Check

1. Interpreting Maps Can you identify any physical geo-graphic factors that might have determined the bound-aries of the khanates?

2. Applying Geography Skills This map indicates thecampaigns staged by Kublai Khan. Using this map andyour text, draw a new map with the borders of KublaiKhan’s khanate at the end of his reign.

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Buddhism was criticized for being a foreign reli-gion. Like Christian monasteries in Europe during the Middle Ages, Buddhist monasteries had acquiredthousands of acres of land and serfs. With land camecorruption.

The government reacted strongly. During the laterTang period, it destroyed countless Buddhist templesand monasteries and forced more than 260,000monks and nuns to leave the monasteries and returnto secular life. Buddhism no longer received supportfrom the state.

Neo-Confucianism Official support went instead toa revived Confucianism. From the Song dynasty tothe end of the dynastic system in the twentieth cen-tury, Confucianism was at the heart of the state gov-ernment. However, it was different from theConfucianism established during the Han dynasty.

Neo-Confucianism, as the new doctrine wascalled, served as a Confucian response to Buddhismand Daoism. Neo-Confucianism teaches that theworld is real, not an illusion, and that fulfillmentcomes not from withdrawal but from participation inthe world.

Neo-Confucianists divide the world into a mate-rial world and a spiritual world. Humans form thelink between the two worlds. Although humans livein the material world, each individual is also linkedwith the Supreme Ultimate. The goal of individualsis to move beyond the material world to reach unionwith the Supreme Ultimate. Humans do this througha careful examination of the moral principles thatrule the universe.

Explaining What caused Buddhismto lose favor with the Chinese government?

Reading Check

A Golden Age in Literature and Art

The period between the Tang andMing dynasties was in many waysthe great age of Chinese literature.The invention of printing during theTang dynasty helped to make litera-ture more readily available and morepopular. Art, too, flourished duringthis period.

Poetry It was in poetry, above all,that the Chinese of this time bestexpressed their literary talents. TheTang dynasty is viewed as the greatage of poetry in China. At least

48,000 poems were written by 2,200 authors. Chinesepoems celebrated the beauty of nature, the changesof the seasons, and the joys of friendship. Theyexpressed sadness at the shortness of life and thenecessity of parting.

Li Bo (LEE BWAW) and Duo Fu (DWAW FOO)were two of the most popular poets during the TangEra. Li Bo was a free spirit whose writing often cen-tered on nature. The following is probably the best-known poem in China and has been memorized byschoolchildren for centuries. It is entitled “QuietNight Thoughts”:

“Beside my bed the bright moonbeams boundAlmost as if there were frost on the ground.Raising up, I gaze at the Mountain moon;Lying back, I think of my old home town.”

256 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

The World’s Oldest RestaurantChina has a long history of advanced discover-ies, including steel, printing, and gunpowder. It is also home to the world’s longest runningrestaurant. In 1153, Ma Yu Ching opened arestaurant that specialized in chicken dishes.Operating today as Ma Yu Ching’s BucketChicken, the restaurant offers takeout food.

The Buddha, carved about 460, in the Yun-Kang caves in China

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257CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Mongols’ rise to power

portray the idea of “moun-tain.” Empty spaces wereleft in the paintings becausein the Daoist vision, onecannot know the wholetruth.

Daoist influence wasalso evident in the por-trayal of human beings asinsignificant in the midst ofnature. Chinese artistspainted people as tiny fig-ures fishing in small boatsor wandering up a hillsidetrail, living in but not dom-inating nature.

Next to painting in cre-ative accomplishment wasthe field of ceramics. Inparticular, Tang artisansperfected the making of porcelain—a ceramic madeof fine clay baked at very high temperatures. As anArab traveler in 851 described it, “There is in China avery fine clay from which are made vases having thetransparency of glass bottles; water in these vases isvisible through them, and yet they are made of clay.”The technique for making porcelain did not reachEurope until the eighteenth century.

Summarizing What inventionhelped to make literature both more available and more popular?

Reading Check

Where Li Bo was carefree, Duo Fu was a seriousConfucian. Many of his works reflect a concern withsocial injustice and the plight of the poor. In his poementitled “Spring Prospect,” the poet has returned tohis home in the capital after a rebellion against thedynasty has left the city in ruins:

“The capital is taken. The hills and streams are left,And with spring in the city the grass and trees grown

dense.Mourning the times, the flowers trickle their tears;Saddened with parting, the birds make my heart

flutter.The army beacons have flamed for three months;A letter from home would be worth ten thousand

in gold.My white hairs have I anxiously scratched ever

shorter;But such disarray! Even hairpins will do no good.”

Painting and Ceramics During the Song and Mon-gol dynasties, landscape painting reached its highpoint. Influenced by Daoism, Chinese artists wentinto the mountains to paint and find the Dao, or Way,in nature. This practice explains in part the emphasison nature in traditional Chinese painting. The wordfor landscape in Chinese means “mountain-water”and reflects the Daoist search for balance between theearth and water.

Chinese artists tried to reveal the hidden forms ofthe landscape. Rather than depicting the realisticshape of a specific mountain, for example, they tried to

Song ink and watercolor drawing on silk

Checking for Understanding1. Define khanate, neo-Confucianism,

porcelain.

2. Identify Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Li Bo, Duo Fu.

3. Locate Mongolia, Gobi, Beijing, Viet-nam, Java, Sumatra.

4. Explain how neo-Confucianism differsfrom Confucianism.

5. List the ways in which Daoism is repre-sented in Chinese art of the Song andMongol dynasties.

Critical Thinking6. Explain What is the difference

between the Buddhist and neo-Confucian philosophies? What impactmight these two philosophies have hadon the way the early Chinese viewedlife?

7. Sequencing Information Create atime line like the one shown below thatillustrates the Mongols’ rise to power.

Analyzing Visuals8. Describe what you see in the land-

scape painting shown on this page,then describe your emotional reactionto the painting. How do you think thepainting reflects the times during whichit was created? What artistic ideals didthe artist express in the work?

9. Expository Writing Evaluate howthe poems of Li Bo and Duo Fureflect their different relationships toChinese thought and culture.

FCAT LA.A.2.4.2

FCAT You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.PRACTICE

FCAT LA.A.2.4.2

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258 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

SSamarkand, Bukhara, Urgench, Balkh, Merv, Nisha-

pur, Herat, Ghazni: The glorious cities of central

Asia toppled like dominoes before fierce horsemen

who burst from the Mongolian steppe in the thir-

teenth century. According to one survivor of a

Mongol raid, “They came, they sapped, they burnt,

they slew, they plundered, and they departed.” The

leader of this ruthless horde was called Genghis

Khan—“strong ruler.” But was Genghis Khan only

a merciless killer and looter? The answer, say mod-

ern historians, is yes—and no.

There is no questionthat the Mongols blazed

a trail of destruction.Some historians think

that Genghis Khan sti-fled development in

parts of Asia for centuries.Other scholars point out that Genghis was simply a

major player in one of the most war-torn centuries in history.While Crusaders attacked in the Holy Land, and dynasties fought

one another in China, central Asiasuffered a number of wars even beforeGenghis invaded.

Whatever opinions historians mayhold, present-day Mongolians regardGenghis Khan as a national hero.

After more than six decades of Sovietdomination—during which Mongo-lia’s own history was suppressed todestroy any trace of national pride—Mongolians have reclaimed GenghisKhan as the father of their country. Inthe capital, Ulaanbaatar, the formerLenin Avenue is now Genghis KhanAvenue, and Genghis’s face is stampedon the currency.

The boy who would grow up to be the great khan was born in the1160s some 200 miles (321.8 km)northeast of Ulaanbaatar near theOnon River. It is said that the baby,named Temujin (“blacksmith”), was born with a clot of blood in his hand—a sign of good fortune.

Genghis Khanlord of the mongols

1

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259CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Later his shaman (a spiritual leader)told Temujin that the supreme Mon-gol deity had ordained him to be master of the world.

At this time, the Mongolian popula-tion included some 30 nomadic groupsthat had long vied with one anotherfor power. When Temujin was nine,Tatars poisoned his father, a minorchieftain. To help the family survive,Temujin and his brothers caught fishand snared small animals called mar-mots. Like other Mongol children,Temujin grew up on horseback, proba-bly learning to ride at age four or five.

In his youth Temujin began todemonstrate the leadership that wouldmake him famous. He made allies with

other leaders, one of whom wasToghril, a leader of the Kereyits.When the Merkit group kidnappedTemujin’s young wife, Borte, in a raid, Toghril and other friends helpedTemujin rescue her. Later, throughconquest or bestowal of gifts, Temujinsteadily built a confederation ofgroups. He did not include the Tatars,who had killed his father. When hedefeated them he left only the smallestmales alive and enslaved the womenand children. This act of vengeanceeffectively erased the Tatars from theface of the earth. (One of the ironiesof history is that Europeans for cen-turies used a variation of Tatars, “Tartars,” to refer to the Mongols.)

Eventually, some of Temujin’s former friends began to oppose hisgrowing power, but he crushed them.When he was about 40, the Mongolsnamed him Genghis Khan.

Some historians suggest Genghisdid not consciously set out to conquerthe world. He acted because heneeded to feed his people and supplythem with horses, although he may attimes have been out for revenge.

Whatever the Mongol leader’s

1 A Mongol cavalryman, lightlyarmored in leather, was much moreagile than the knights of Europe in theirheavy chain mail. He carried a smallleather shield that he could raise toprotect his face, and under a loose robehe wore a tightly woven silk tunic toblunt enemy arrows. Braced on disk-shaped stirrups he could maneuvereasily during battle, firing arrows eitherforward or backward.

2 A lone horseman rides on the flood-plain of the Onon River in northeasternMongolia, where a boy named Temujinwas born in the 1160s.

3 Bronze plaque of Genghis Khan.

4 Mongol youngsters, like these chil-dren racing at a summer festival, learnto ride by the time they are aboutfive—just as their ancestors did eightcenturies ago.

S P E C I A L R E P O RT

2

3

4

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260 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

motivation, however, warfare was an old tradition among these nomads,and soon Genghis’s army was on the move. According to modernresearchers, his troops never num-bered more than 110,000, but theywere molded into a disciplined force.Genghis was a canny judge of menwho had survived power struggles. To prevent other leaders from gainingtoo much influence, Genghis gavecommand only to those who hadproven themselves in campaigns.

Genghis’s army moved against two kingdoms in quick succession.His first campaign outside Mongoliawas in 1209 against Xi Xia. Xi Xiawas a kingdom in northern Chinathat controlled oases along the SilkRoad and exacted heavy taxes fromMongol caravans. To reach Ningxia,the capital (now the Chinese city ofYinchuan), Genghis’s army had tocross the Gobi, a harsh desert thathad discouraged invasions. Crossingwas relatively easy for Mongolnomads, however, who could surviveon mare’s milk and blood drawn froma cut in a horse’s hide. After a defeatby Genghis’s forces, the emperor ofXi Xia opted for peace in 1210, offer-ing tribute and giving Genghis one ofhis daughters to marry.

This pattern was repeated with thevastly richer kingdom east of Xi Xia,ruled by the Jin dynasty, which hadcontrolled northern China for morethan a century. With much of the600,000-man Jin army boggeddown in a war in the south,Genghis’s 70,000 troopsslaughtered the remnantforce blocking their wayinto northern China. Chinese texts say disheart-ened Jin troops changedsides and swore allegianceto the invader.

When the Mongols surroundedthe Jin capital of Zhongdu (present-day Beijing) in 1214, the emperoroffered gold, silver, and other tribute—including one of his daughters—ifGenghis would withdraw his troops.

Returning to Mongolia as hewould after each campaign, Genghisbegan to build a capital at Karakorum.Not one to waste talented artisans, hemarched some 30,000 of them backfrom Xi Xia to put them to work rais-ing his citadel. Genghis also borrowedfrom other cultures to develop Mon-gol society. He used a scholar inChina to advise him on building agovernment and recruited Uighurs,his advanced Turkic neighbors, as

accountants and scribes. Soon aschool was turning out Mongol taxcollectors and record keepers.

In 1218, Genghis sent one of histrusted generals, Jebe, to preempt

a possible attack by the prince ofKara-Khitai, at Mongolia’s

western border. The mostlyMuslim people rejoiced tobe freed of their ruler, whohad forbidden them topractice their religion andhad crucified a religious

leader. Genghis took Kara-Khitai into his protection.

With success in that quarter,Genghis’s territory now touched thatof the wealthy Khwarizm Empire,ruled by Shah Muhammad inSamarkand. Genghis attempted toestablish friendly trade relations withthe shah, but the Khwarizm wouldnot cooperate. A caravan of 450 Mon-gol merchants were murdered by thegovernor of one of Khwarizm’s outly-ing regions. When Genghis sent anambassador to the shah to demandthe governor be handed over, the shahhad the ambassador killed and hishead sent back to Genghis. Thus,Genghis aimed to punish his enemies,although the possibility of enormousplunder was surely an added incentivefor his campaign. Although the shah’sarmy was much larger than that of theMongols, he proved a weak adversary.When Genghis appeared outsideSamarkand, the shah fled. City noblesopened the gates and begged formercy, but some of the shah’s soldiersrefused to surrender. About a thou-sand took refuge in the mosque hop-ing for Allah’s protection, but flamingMongol arrows rained on the build-ing. When archaeologists excavatedthe site centuries later, they foundburned bones.

More destruction was to come. InBukhara, Genghis rode his horse intothe courtyard of the Friday Mosque,ordered the nobles to bring him theirriches, then turned his troops loose to

5

6

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261CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

5 Many Mongol cavalrymen wore elaborately designed helmets inlaid with silver.

6 One of the Mongols’ great advantagesin warfare was the mobility of its armies.To help sustain the army, the Mongolstraveled with their gers, or felt tenthomes, their families, and thousands ofanimals. The large ger in the center isthe khan’s, which functioned as hisportable court.

7 Between 1206 and his death in 1227,Genghis Khan unified Mongolia and con-quered kingdoms across central Asia.

pillage, rape, and burn the city to theground. Next came the Silk Roadcities of Urgench and Merv. By one account, a Muslim holy man andhis helpers spent 13 days in Mervcounting corpses—tallying 1.3 millionin all—“taking into account onlythose that were plain to see.”

Although Muslim accounts ofMongol butchery also report enor-mous numbers, historians doubt thesecities had such large populations.Some cities might have been deci-mated to frighten others.

While Genghis pursued Muham-mad’s son Jalal, who had escaped, he sent his generals Jebe and Subedaiafter the shah. The pair chasedMuhammad to the Caspian Sea,where the exhausted shah died. Hav-ing now entered new territory, thetwo generals took 20,000 troops on areconnaissance of Europe. Living offthe land over the next three years andvanquishing every opposing army,they rode 8,000 miles (12,872 km),circling the Caspian in one of thegreatest cavalry exploits of all time.

S P E C I A L R E P O RT

Upon rejoining Genghis in thecentral Asian steppe, the warriorsheaded for home. Genghis had a lastscore to settle. Just before the cam-paign against the Khwarizm Empire,the Xi Xia had insulted him and theyhad since been trying to revolt. In1226 he decided it was time to teachthem a lesson. As fate would have it,the lesson would be taught by some-one else. One account says thatGenghis had an accident and fellwhen his horse shied, another that hewas ill, perhaps with typhus. In anycase, the great khan delivered hisfinal orders from his deathbed: theextermination of the Xi Xia people.His army is said to have killed“mothers and fathers down to theoffspring of their offspring.” Finally,in August 1227, Genghis Khan died.His body is supposed to be buriednear a mountain called BurkhanKhaldun. It is said that a thousandhorsemen trampled the site so thegrave could not be found. Its loca-tion is still a mystery.

1. How did Genghis Khan’s experi-ences in his youth prepare him for hislater military and political success?

2. What made Mongol armies so muchstronger than their enemies?

3. What region suffered the most at thehands of the Mongols? Why was thisregion so harshly ravaged?

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INTERPRETING THE PAST

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262

At the Table of the Great Khan

THE EUROPEAN VISITOR MARCO POLOwas clearly impressed by the court of KublaiKhan. Here he describes the Great Khan at abanquet.

“And when the great Khan sits at table on any great court occasion, it is in this fashion.His table is elevated a good deal above the oth-ers, and he sits at the north end of the hall,looking towards the south, with his chief wifebeside him on the left. On his right sit his sonsand his nephews, and other kinsmen of theblood imperial, but lower, so that their heads are ona level with the emperor’s feet. And then the otherbarons sit at other tables lower still. So also with thewomen; for all the wives of the lord’s sons, and ofhis nephews and below them again the ladies ofthe other barons and knights, each in the placeassigned by the lord’s order. The tables are soarranged that the emperor can see the whole ofthem from end to end, many as they are. . . .

And you should know that those who wait uponthe great Khan with his dishes and his drink aresome of the great barons. They have the mouth andnose muffled with fine napkins of silk and gold, sothat no breath nor odor from their person shouldtaint the dish or the goblet presented to the lord.And when the emperor is going to drink, all themusical instruments, of which he has a vast store ofevery kind, begin to play. And when he takes the

cup all the barons and the rest of the company dropon their knees and make the deepest obeisance[bow] before him, and then the emperor does drink.But each time that he does so the whole ceremonyis repeated.”

—Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo

Analyzing Primary Sources

� Detail of historic map showing Marco Polo’s journey along the Silk Road

� Kublai Khan presents golden tablets to Marco Polo.

1. What did the arrangement of the banquet tables symbolize about the Great Khan’s reign?

2. Who was the center of attention at the banquet—the Great Khan or his guests? Why?

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Early Japan and KoreaGuide to Reading

Main Ideas• Japan developed differently from many

other countries because of its geography.• Japan’s history has been marked by

power struggles between rulers andindependent families.

Key Termssamurai, Bushido, shogun, shogunate,daimyo, Shinto, Zen

People to IdentifyShotoku Taishi, Minamoto Yoritomo,Murasaki Shikibu, Yi Song-gye

Places to LocateJapan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu,Shikoku, Osaka, Kyoto, Korea

Preview Questions1. Why did Japan not develop a central-

ized government like China’s?2. How was Korea influenced by China?

Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Use a chartlike the one below to identify elements of Chinese culture accepted by Korea and Japan.

Japan Korea

1192Minamoto Yoritomo establishesKamakura shogunate

794Capital movedto Heian

622ShotokuTaishi dies

1281Mongols invadeJapan

1477Civil war endsin Japan

1333Ashikagas overthrowKamakura shogunate

Preview of Events

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 263

✦600 ✦800 ✦1000 ✦1200 ✦1400 ✦1600

Chinese Culture in . . .

The followingare the majorSunshine StateStandards coveredin this section.

SS.A.2.4.8:Understand cultural,religious, political,and technologicaldevelopments of civilizations in Asia and Africa.

SS.B.2.4.6:Understand the relationships betweenresources and the exploration, colonization,and settlement of differentregions of the world.

SS.B.2.4.3:Understand how the allocation of control of theEarth’s surface affectsinteractions between people in different regions.

In 604, a new constitution for an early Japanese state was drafted. It read:

“When an imperial command is given, obey it with reverence. The sovereign islikened to heaven and his subjects are likened to earth. With heaven providing thecover and earth supporting it, the four seasons proceed in orderly fashion, giving sus-tenance to all that which is nature. If earth attempts to overtake the functions ofheaven, it destroys everything. If there is no reverence shown to the imperial com-mand, ruin will automatically result.”

—Sources of Japanese History, David Lu, ed., 1974

Reverence for the emperor became an important part of Japanese society.

The Geography of JapanChinese and Japanese societies have historically been very different. One of the

reasons for these differences is geography. Whereas China is on a vast continent,Japan is a chain of many islands. The population is concentrated on four mainislands: Hokkaido, the main island of Honshu, and the two smaller islands ofKyushu and Shikoku. Japan’s total land area is approximately 146,000 squaremiles (378,000 sq km)—about the size of the state of Montana.

Like China, much of Japan is mountainous. Only about 11 percent of the totalland area can be farmed. The mountains are volcanic in origin. On the one hand,volcanic soils are very fertile, which has helped Japanese farming. On the otherhand, the area is prone to earthquakes. In 1923, an earthquake almost destroyedthe entire city of Tokyo.

Voices from the Past

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population of rice farmers, artisans, and householdservants. The local ruler of each clan protected thepopulation in return for a share of the annual harvest.

Eventually, one ruler of the Yamato clan achievedsupremacy over the others and became, in effect,ruler of Japan. Other powerful families would, how-ever, continue to compete for power.

Chinese Influences In the early seventh century,Shotoku Taishi, a Yamato prince, tried to unify thevarious clans so that the Japanese could more effec-tively resist an invasion by the Chinese. To do this,Prince Shotoku sent representatives to the Tang capi-tal of China to learn more about how the Chineseorganized their government. He then began to createa new centralized system of government in Japan,based roughly on the Chinese model.

Prince Shotoku wanted a centralized governmentunder a supreme ruler. His objective was to limit thepowers of the aristocrats and enhance the Yamatoruler’s (his own) authority. As a result, the ruler wasportrayed as a divine figure and the symbol of theJapanese nation.

Shotoku Taishi’s successors continued to makereforms based on the Chinese model. The territory ofJapan was divided into administrative districts, andthe senior official of each district was selected fromamong the local nobles. As in China, the rural villagewas the basic unit of government. A new tax systemwas set up. Now all farmland technically belonged tothe state. Taxes were to be paid directly to the centralgovernment rather than to local aristocrats.

The Nara Period After Shotoku Taishi’s death in622, political power fell into the hands of the Fuji-wara clan. A Yamato ruler was still emperor. He was,however, strongly influenced by the Fujiwara family.In 710, a new capital was established at Nara. Theemperor began to use the title “son of Heaven.”

Though the reforms begun by Prince Shotoku con-tinued during this period, Japan’s central govern-ment could not overcome the power of thearistocrats. These powerful families were able tokeep the taxes from the lands for themselves. Unableto gain tax revenues, the central government steadilylost power and influence.

The Heian Period In 794, the emperor moved thecapital from Nara to nearby Heian, on the site ofpresent-day Kyoto. At Heian, the emperor continuedto rule in name, but actual power remained in thehands of the Fujiwara clan.

264 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Because of their geographical isolation, theJapanese developed a number of unique qualities.These qualities contributed to the Japanese beliefthat they had a destiny separate from that of thepeoples on the continent.

Evaluating How has Japan’s geogra-phy affected its history?

The Rise of the Japanese StateIn this section you will learn how

a violent storm destroyed most of the Mongol shipsthat were sent to attack Japan in 1281. After this Mon-gol defeat, Japan remained free of foreign invadersuntil 1945. The ancestors of present-day Japanese settled in

the Yamato Plain near the modern cities of Osakaand Kyoto in the first centuries A.D. Their society wasmade up of clans. The people were divided betweena small aristocratic class (the rulers) and a large

Reading Check

Lambert Conformal Conic projection400 kilometers0

400 miles0

N

S

EW

30°N

40°N

130°E 140°E

Pacific

Ocean

Sea of Japan

Kore

a

Strait

YellowSea

East ChinaSea

CHINA

Honshu

Shikoku

Kyushu

Mt. Fuji

KamakuraPeninsula

Hokkaido

RUSSIA

KOREA Edo(Tokyo)

Osaka

IseNara

Heian(Kyoto)

Early Japan

The geography of Japan influenced the development ofJapanese culture.

1. Interpreting Maps List, from north to south, the fourmajor islands that make up Japan. On which island arethe major cities of early Japan located?

2. Applying Geography Skills Heian (Kyoto) and Osakawere important cities in early Japan. Today Tokyo is amajor city. What geographic features contributed toTokyo’s importance? FCAT SC.D.2.4.1

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In fact, the government was returning to thedecentralized system that had existed before the timeof Shotoku Taishi. Powerful families whose wealthwas based on the ownership of tax-exempt farmlanddominated the rural areas. To avoid paying taxes,peasants often surrendered their lands to a local aris-tocrat, who then would allow the peasants to farmthe land in return for the payment of rent.

With the decline of central power, local aristocratstended to take justice into their own hands. Theyturned increasingly to military force as a means ofprotecting their interests. A new class of military ser-vants emerged whose purpose was to protect thesecurity and property of their employers.

Called the samurai (“those who serve”), thesewarriors resembled the knights of medieval Europe.Like knights, the samurai fought on horseback, cladin helmet and armor, although a samurai carried asword and a bow and arrow rather than a lance andshield. Like knights, the samurai were supposed tolive by a strict warrior code, known in Japan asBushido (“the way of the warrior”). Above all, thesamurai’s code was based on loyalty to his lord.

The Kamakura Shogunate By the end of thetwelfth century, rivalries among Japanese aristocraticfamilies had led to almost constant civil war.Finally, a powerful noble named MinamotoYoritomo defeated several rivals and set uphis power near the modern city of Tokyo.

To strengthen the state, he created a morecentralized government under a powerfulmilitary leader known as the shogun (gen-eral). In this new system—called the sho-gunate—the emperor remained ruler inname only, and the shogun exercised the actualpower. The Kamakura shogunate, foundedby Yoritomo, lasted from 1192 to 1333.

At first the system worked well. TheJapanese were fortunate that it did, becausethe government soon faced its most seriouschallenge yet from the Mongols. In 1281Kublai Khan invaded Japan with an armynearly 150,000 strong. Fortu-nately for the Japanese,almost the entire fleet wasdestroyed by a massivetyphoon (violent storm).Japan would not again face aforeign invader until Ameri-can forces landed in thesummer of 1945.

265CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Fighting the Mongols put a heavy strain on thepolitical system. In 1333, the Kamakura shogunatewas overthrown by a group of powerful families ledby the Ashikaga family.

Collapse of Central Rule The power of the localaristocrats grew during the fourteenth and fifteenthcenturies. Heads of noble families, now calleddaimyo (DY•mee•OH), “great names,” controlledvast landed estates that owed no taxes to the government. As family rivalries continued, thedaimyo relied on the samurai for protection, andpolitical power came into the hands of a loose coali-tion of noble families.

By 1500, Japan was close to chaos. A disastrouscivil war known as the Onin War, which lasted from1467 to 1477, led to the virtual destruction of the cap-ital city of Kyoto. Armies passed back and forththrough the city, burning temples and palaces.

Central authority disappeared. Powerful aristo-crats in rural areas seized control over large territo-ries, which they ruled as independent lords. Theirrivalries caused almost constant warfare.

Summarizing What were the resultsof the Onin War?

Reading Check

Above, you see a suit of armor worn bysamurai warriors, such as the warriorshown in the painting at right. Comparethis type of armor to the armor shownin Chapter 9. What similarities anddifferences do you see?

History

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Life in Early JapanEarly Japan was mostly a farming society. Its peo-

ple took advantage of the limited amount of farm-land and abundant rainfall to grow wet rice (ricegrown in flooded fields). As we have seen, noblefamilies were able to maintain control over most ofthe land.

Manufacturing began to develop during theKamakura period. Markets appeared in the largertowns, and industries such as paper, iron casting, andporcelain emerged. Trade between regions also grew.Foreign trade, mainly with Korea and China, beganduring the eleventh century. Japan shipped rawmaterials, paintings, swords, and other manufac-tured items in return for silk, porcelain, books, andcopper coins.

The Role of WomenIn early Japan, womenmay have had a certainlevel of equality withmen. An eighth-centurylaw code, for example,guaranteed the inheri-tance rights of women.Wives who were aban-doned could divorceand remarry. However,later practices make itclear that women wereconsidered subordinateto men. A husbandcould divorce his wifeif she did not produce amale child or if she committed adultery, talked toomuch, was jealous, or had a serious illness.

Although women did not possess the full legaland social rights of men, they played an active role atvarious levels of society. Aristocratic women wereprominent at court. Some became known for theirartistic or literary talents.

Women often appear in the paintings of the periodalong with men. The women are doing the springplanting, threshing and hulling rice, and acting assalespersons and entertainers.

Religion in Early Japan Early Japanese peopleworshiped spirits, called kami, whom they believedresided in trees, rivers, streams, and mountains. TheJapanese also believed that the spirits of their ances-tors were present in the air around them. In Japan,these beliefs evolved into a kind of state religion

called Shinto (“the Sacred Way” or “the Way of theGods”), which is still practiced today.

In time, Shinto evolved into a state doctrine linkedto a belief in the divinity of the emperor and thesacredness of the Japanese nation. A national shrinewas established at Ise (EE•SAY). There, the emperorpaid tribute to the sun goddess, Amaterasu, everyyear. According to legend, the first emperor wasdescended from the sun goddess.

Shinto, however, did not satisfy the spiritual needsof all the Japanese people. Some turned to Buddhism,which Buddhist monks from China brought to Japanduring the sixth century A.D. Among the aristocratsin Japan, one sect, known as Zen, became the mostpopular. Zen beliefs became part of the samurai war-rior’s code of behavior.

In Zen Buddhism, there are different ways toachieve enlightenment (a state of pure being). Somebelieve that enlightenment can be achieved suddenly.Others claim that it can only be achieved throughstrong self-discipline, especially a long process ofmeditation that clears the mind of all thoughts.

Culture in Early Japan During much of the historyof early Japan, aristocratic men believed that prosefiction was merely “vulgar gossip” and was thusbeneath them. Consequently, from the ninth to thetwelfth centuries, women were the most productivewriters of prose fiction in Japanese. Females learnedto read and write at home, and they wrote diaries,stories, and novels to pass the time.

From this tradition appeared one of the world’sgreat novels, The Tale of Genji. The novel was writtenby court author Murasaki Shikibu around the year1000. Murasaki Shikibu wrote, “A story happensbecause the storyteller’s own experiences . . . havemoved him to an emotion so passionate that he canno longer keep it shut up in his heart.” Her noveltraces the life of the noble Genji as he tries to remainin favor with those in power. Various aspects ofGenji’s personality are explored as he moves fromyouthful adventures to a life of sadness and compas-sion in his later years.

In Japanese art and architecture, landscape servesas an important means of expression. The landscapesurrounding the fourteenth-century Golden Pavilionin Kyoto displays a harmony of garden, water, andarchitecture that makes it one of the treasures of theworld.

Summarizing Give one example ofeach of these aspects of life in early Japan: economic, social,religious, and cultural.

Reading Check

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Aristocratic Japanese woman playing musical instrument

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The Emergence of KoreaThe Korean Peninsula, only slightly larger than

the state of Minnesota, is relatively mountainous. Itscloseness to both China and Japan has greatlyaffected its history. Indeed, no society in East Asiawas more strongly influenced by the Chinese modelthan Korea.

In 109 B.C., the northern part of the Korean Penin-sula came under the control of the Chinese. The Kore-ans, however, drove them out in the third centuryA.D. Eventually, three separate kingdoms emerged:Koguryo in the north, Paekche (pah•EHK•chee) inthe southwest, and Silla in the southeast. From thefourth to the seventh centuries, the three kingdomswere bitter rivals.

Gradually, the kingdom of Silla gained control ofthe peninsula. After the king of Silla was assassi-nated, however, Korea sank into civil war. Finally, inthe early tenth century, a new dynasty called Koryo(the root of the modern word Korea) arose in thenorth. This kingdom adopted Chinese political insti-tutions in order to unify its territory and remained inpower for four hundred years.

In the thirteenth century, the Mongols seized thenorthern part of Korea. By accepting Mongol author-ity, the Koryo dynasty managed to remain in power.Mongol rule, however, led to much suffering for theKorean people, especially the thousands of peasantsand artisans who were forced to build ships forKublai Khan’s invasion of Japan.

After the collapse of the Mongol dynasty in China,the Koryo dynasty broke down. In 1392, Yi Song-gye,a military commander, seized power and foundedthe Yi dynasty. The Korean people were once again incharge of their own destiny.

Identifying Which Asian country hadthe greatest influence on Korean political institutions?

Reading Check

267CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Role of Women

History through Architecture

Golden Pavilion, Kyoto, 1300s Landscapearchitecture has long been an important art form tothe Japanese. Describe in your own words thelandscaping around the Golden Pavilion.

Checking for Understanding1. Define samurai, Bushido, shogun,

shogunate, daimyo, Shinto, Zen.

2. Identify Shotoku Taishi, MinamotoYoritomo, Murasaki Shikibu, Yi Song-gye.

3. Locate Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu,Kyushu, Shikkoku, Osaka, Kyoto, Korea.

4. Explain why women were the most pro-ductive writers of prose fiction in Japanbetween the ninth and twelfth centuries.

5. List the reforms in government madeby Shotoku Taishi’s successors. Whichcountry’s system of government wasthe model for these reforms?

Critical Thinking6. Explain How did the samurai and

shogun affect the government of earlyJapan?

7. Summarizing Information Create acluster diagram like the one below thatclarifies the role of women in earlyJapan.

Analyzing Visuals8. Examine the painting of the woman

shown on page 266 of your text. Whatdo you think her role was in Japanesesociety? Identify elements in the paint-ing that support your answer. Do yousee any similarities between the toneand mood of the painting and the feel-ings generated by looking at the land-scape architecture shown above?

9. Descriptive Writing Imagine youare a samurai living in Japan duringthe fourteenth century. Explain whyyou became a samurai and describeyour duties. FCAT LA.B.1.4.2

FCAT You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.PRACTICE

FCAT LA.E.2.2.1

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997Mahmud of Ghazni extends Islamicinfluence into Hindu kingdoms

1200Muslim power extends tonorthern India

1369Timur Lenk begins conquest ofnorthern India

Guide to Reading

India after the Guptas

Preview of Events✦900 ✦1000 ✦1100 ✦1200 ✦1300 ✦1400

268 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Buddhism

The followingare the majorSunshine StateStandards coveredin this section.

SS.A.2.4.9:Understand signifi-cant social, cultural,and religious featuresof India, and India’sconflict with theMoslem Turks.

SS.A.3.4.4:Know the significantideas and texts of Buddhism, Christianity,Hinduism, Islam, andJudaism, their spheres ofinfluence in the age ofexpansion and their reformsin the 19th century.

SS.B.1.4.4:Understand how cultural andtechnological characteristicscan link or divide regions.

SS.B.2.4.3:Understand how the allocation ofcontrol of the Earth’s surfaceaffects interactions between people in different regions.

An Indian poet gave advice to those who wanted to follow a military career:

“When you see a fight, rush to the front, divide your enemy’s forces, stand beforethem, and get your body scarred by the deep cuts of their swords; thus your fame ispleasant to the ear, not your body to the eye. As for your enemies, when they see you,they turn their backs, and with bodies whole and unscarred, they are pleasant to theeye, not so their shame to the ear.”

—Light in the East, C.A. Bayly et al., eds., 1988

In the centuries that followed the collapse of the Gupta Empire, internal fightingplagued the Indian states. Other changes were occurring at the same time.

The Decline of BuddhismFor hundreds of years, Buddhism had retained its popularity among the Indian

people. The teachings of the Buddha came to be interpreted in different ways,however. People did not always agree on the meaning of the Buddha’s teachings.As a result, a split developed among the followers of Buddhism in India.

One group believed that they were following the original teachings of the Bud-dha. They called themselves the school of Theravada, “the teachings of the eld-ers.” Followers of Theravada see Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion that iscentered on individual salvation. They continue to insist that an understanding ofone’s self is the chief way to gain nirvana, or release from the “wheel of life.”

Another view of Buddhist doctrine was emerging in northwest India. Here, Bud-dhists stressed that nirvana could be achieved through devotion to the Buddha.This school, known as Mahayana Buddhism, said that Theravada teachings were

Voices from the Past

Main Ideas• Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam influ-

enced the development of India.• Its location made India a center for

trade, but conflicts among its statesplagued its growth and prosperity.

Key TermsTheravada, Mahayana

People to IdentifyMahmud of Ghazni, Rajputs, Timur Lenk,Moguls, Dandin

Places to LocateIndia, Ghazni, Sultanate of Delhi, DeccanPlateau, Samarkand

Preview Questions1. What major events marked the Islamic

expansion into India?2. What impact did Muslim rule have on

Indian society and culture?

Reading StrategyContrasting Information Use thegraphic organizer to diagram the maindifferences between Theravada andMahayana Buddhism. FCAT LA.A.2.2.7

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too strict for ordinary people. To Mahayana Bud-dhists, Buddhism is a religion, not a philosophy. TheBuddha is not just a wise man, but also a divine figure.Nirvana is not just a release from the wheel of life, buta true heaven. Through devotion to the Buddha, peo-ple can achieve salvation in this heaven after death.

In the end, neither the Mahayana nor the Ther-avada sect of Buddhism remained popular in Indiansociety. By the seventh century, Theravada haddeclined rapidly. Mahayana was absorbed by arevived Hinduism and later by a new arrival, Islam.

Despite their decline in India, though, bothschools of Buddhism found success abroad. Carriedby monks to China, Korea, Southeast Asia, andJapan, the practice of Buddhism has remained activein all four areas to the present.

Summarizing What are the twoschools of Buddhism?

The Eastward Expansion of IslamIn the early eighth century, Islam became popular

in the northwestern corner of the Indian subconti-nent. The new religion had a major impact on Indiancivilization. This impact is still evident today in thedivision of the subcontinent into mostly Hindu Indiaand two Islamic states, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

One reason for Islam’s success in South Asia is thatit arrived at a time when India was in a state of greatpolitical disunity. The Gupta Empire had collapsed,and no central authority had replaced it. India wasdivided into about seventy states, which fought eachother constantly.

When the Arab armies reached India in the earlyeighth century, they did little more than move intothe frontier regions. At the end of the tenth century,however, a new phase of Islamic expansion tookplace when rebellious Turkish slaves founded a newIslamic state known as Ghazni, located in present-day Afghanistan.

When the founder of the new state died in 997, hisson, Mahmud of Ghazni, succeeded him. Mahmud,an ambitious man, began to attack neighboring Hindukingdoms to the southeast. Before his death in 1030, hewas able to extend his rule throughout the upperIndus Valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean.

Resistance against the advances of Mahmud andhis successors into northern India was led by theRajputs, who were Hindu warriors. They foughtbravely, but their military tactics, based on infantrysupported by elephants, were no match for the cavalry of the invaders, which struck with great

Reading Check

speed. Mahmud’s successors continued theiradvances. By 1200, Muslim power had reached overthe entire plain of northern India, creating a newMuslim state known as the Sultanate of Delhi. In thefourteenth century, this state extended its power intothe Deccan Plateau.

Evaluating What was the impact ofthe introduction of Islam in India?

The Impact of Timur LenkDuring the latter half of the fourteenth century, the

Sultanate of Delhi began to decline. Near the end ofthe century, a new military force crossed the IndusRiver from the northwest, raided the capital of Delhi,and then withdrew. As many as 100,000 Hindu prison-ers were massacred before the gates of the city. It wasIndia’s first meeting with Timur Lenk (Tamerlane).

Reading Check

269CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection

300 kilometers0

300 miles0

N

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70°E 80°E 90°E

10°N

20°N

30°N

Indian

Ocean

Indus

R.

Ganges R.

INDIA

TIBET

DECCANPLATEAU

H I M A L A Y A

PERSIA

Delhi

Sultanate of Delhi, 1335

Sultanate of Delhi (Muslim)Hindu-controlled areas

The collapse of the Gupta Empire allowed the rise of theMuslim state known as the Sultanate of Delhi.

1. Applying Geography Skills Create a political map ofthe subcontinent of India today. Use a legend withicons or color to show Hindu and Muslim populations.How does your map compare to the map above?

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This miniature taken from an Indian manuscript shows Mongol ruler Timur Lenk.What signs of a courageous warrior and conqueror do you see in the image?

History

Like rulers elsewhere at this time, many Muslimrulers in India were intolerant of other faiths. Theygenerally used peaceful means, however, to encour-age people to convert to Islam. Still, some could befierce when their religious zeal was aroused. Saidone, “I forbade the infliction of any severe punish-ment on the Hindus in general, but I destroyed theiridol temples and raised mosques in their place.”

Most Muslim rulers realized that there were sim-ply too many Hindus to convert them all. They reluc-tantly accepted the need to tolerate religiousdifferences. Nevertheless, Muslim rulers did imposemany Islamic customs on Hindu society. Overall, therelationship between Muslim and Hindu was that ofconqueror and conquered, a relationship marked bysuspicion and dislike rather than friendship andunderstanding.

Evaluating What was the relation-ship between the Muslims and Hindus in India?

Economy and Daily LifeBetween 500 and 1500, most Indians lived on the

land and farmed their own tiny plots. These peasantspaid a share of their harvest each year to a landlord,who in turn sent part of the payment to the local ruler.In effect, the landlord worked as a tax collector for theking, who in theory owned all the land in his state.

Although the vast majority of Indians were peas-ants, reports by foreign visitors between 500 and 1500indicate that many people lived in the cities. It washere that the landed elites and rich merchants lived,often in conditions of considerable wealth.

Rulers, of course, had the most wealth. Onemaharaja (great king) of a small state in southernIndia, for example, had more than a hundred thou-sand soldiers in his pay, along with nine hundred ele-phants and twenty thousand horses. Another rulerkept a thousand high-caste women to serve as sweep-ers of his palace. Each carried a broom and a brassbasin holding a mixture of cow dung and water.“When the King goes from one house to another, or to

a house of prayer, he goes on foot, and thesewomen go before him with their brooms andbasins in their hands, plastering the pathwhere he is to tread.”

Agriculture was not the only source ofwealth in India. Since ancient times, India’slocation had made it a center for tradebetween Southwest Asia and East Asia. It hadalso been a source for other goods shippedthroughout the world.

Reading Check

Timur Lenk was the ruler of a Mongol state basedin Samarkand, to the north of the Pamir Mountains.Born sometime during the 1330s in Samarkand,Timur Lenk seized power in 1369 and immediatelylaunched a programof conquest. Duringthe 1380s, he placedthe entire region eastof the Caspian Seaunder his authorityand then occupiedMesopotamia. Afterhis brief foray intonorthern India, he turned to the west. He died in 1405in the midst of a military campaign.

The death of Timur Lenk removed a major menacefrom the various states of the Indian subcontinent, butthe calm did not last long. By the early sixteenth cen-tury, two new challenges had appeared from beyondthe horizon. One came from the north in the form ofthe Moguls, a newly emerging nomadic power. Theother came from Europe, from Portuguese tradersarriving by sea in search of gold and spices.

Describing Who seized power in1369 and launched a program of conquest?

Islam and Indian SocietyThe Muslim rulers in India viewed themselves as

foreign conquerors. They tried to maintain a strictseparation between the Muslim rul-ing class and the mass of theHindu population.

Reading Check

Baghdad

Makkah

Caspian Sea

Constantinople

Damascus

Samarkand

Delhi

MTS.

PAMIR

Indu

s R.

TIMUR LENK'SEMPIRE

INDIA

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The Wonder of Indian CultureBetween 500 and 1500, Indian artists and writers

built on the achievements of their predecessors whilemaking innovations in all fields of creative endeavor.Here, we examine two such fields: architecture andprose literature.

Temple Architecture Between 500 and 1500, reli-gious architecture in India developed from caves tonew, magnificent structures. From the eighth centuryon, Indian architects built monumental Hindu temples.Each temple consisted of a central shrine surrounded

271CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

271CHAPTER 5 Rome and the Rise of Christianity� Riots between Hindus and Muslims in British India

Internal trade within India probably declined dur-ing this period, primarily because of the fightingamong the many states of India. The level of foreigntrade, however, remained high, especially in thesouth and along the northwestern coast. Both areaswere located along the traditional trade routes toSouthwest Asia and the Mediterranean Sea.

Wealthy Hindu merchants with close ties to theroyal courts carried on much of the foreign trade. Oth-ers, including Muslims, also participated in this trade.

Summarizing What were the princi-pal sources of wealth in India?

Reading Check

The Clash between Hindus and MuslimsOn December 7, 1992, a mob of Hindu militants in

India sacked a Muslim mosque in the town of Ayodhya,in northern India. This mosque had been built in theseventeenth century on a Hindu holy site once occupiedby a Hindu temple. For years, militant Hindus haddemanded that the mosque, which was not used much,be destroyed.

When the government failed to meet the militants’demands, the Hindu demonstrators pulled down themosque and began to erect a Hindu temple at the site.These actions in turn led to clashes between Hindus andMuslims throughout the country. In neighboring Pak-istan as well, Muslim rioters destroyed a number ofHindu shrines.

Since 1992, the tensions between Hindus and Mus-lims in India have continued to grow. In the 1990s, amilitant Hindu political party led by Balasaheb Thack-eray, who calls himself the “Hitler of Bombay,” has calledfor a new Indian state that would only meet the inter-ests of the Hindu majority. This conflict between Hindusand Muslims has been a feature of life in India for overa thousand years.

The invasion of India by Muslim forces began in theeighth century. At the end of the tenth century, however,Muslim invasions became more numerous and moredevastating. One Muslim conqueror of northern India,Mahmud of Ghazni, destroyed many Hindu temples. Hisarmy massacred thousands of Hindus and caused massive destruction.

Other Muslim conquerors after Mahmud promotedIslamic culture at the expense of India’s Hindu heritage.Stones from demolished Hindu temples were oftenused to build mosques. The actions of these early Mus-lim conquerors angered Hindus and helped create thebitter rivalries that have lasted in India to this day.

Using outside sources, investigate whether there havebeen any other major clashes between the Hindusand the Muslims in India since 1992. If so, were theseclashes rooted in the same tensions? Can you identifyany possible resolution to this conflict between thetwo groups? FCAT LA.A.2.4.4

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by a tower, a hall for worshippers, an entryway, and aporch, all set in a rectangular courtyard. Templesbecame ever more ornate. The towers became higherand the temple complexes more intricate.

Probably the greatest examples of Hindu templeart of this period are found at Khajuraho. Of the 80 temples originally built there in the tenth century,20 remain standing today. All of the towers on thesetemples are buttressed (supported by stone walls) atvarious levels on the sides. This gives the whole tem-ple a sense of unity and creates an upward move-ment similar to that of Mount Kailasa in theHimalaya, a sacred place to Hindus.

272 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

9. Persuasive Writing Assume therole of either a Theravada or aMahayana Buddhist. Write a persua-sive letter to a Buddhist counterpartexplaining why your beliefs aremore true to Buddhist ideals.

Checking for Understanding1. Define Theravada, Mahayana.

2. Identify Mahmud of Ghazni, Rajputs,Timur Lenk, Moguls, Dandin.

3. Locate India, Ghazni, Sultanate ofDelhi, Deccan Plateau, Samarkand.

4. Explain what happened to the spreadof Buddhism in India.

5. List the two groups that entered Indiaafter the death of Timur Lenk.

Critical Thinking6. Evaluate What was the impact of the

introduction of Islam into the Indian cul-ture? Give reasons to support whetherthe impact was negative or positive.

7. Outlining Information Use an outlineas shown below to describe the impactof Timur Lenk.

I. Timur LenkA. born during 1330s in SamarkandB. __________________________C. __________________________

Analyzing Visuals8. Analyze how the Hindu temple, shown

above, reflects the history of the culturein which it was produced.

This Hindu temple at Khajuraho (left) was built about 950. The detail above shows the intricate sculpture in the temple’s walls.

I N D I A

T I B E T

Ganges R.Khajuraho

HI M

A L AY AIndu

s R.

Mt.Kailasa

Bay ofBengal

Prose The use of prose was well established in Indiaby the sixth and seventh centuries. This is trulyastonishing in light of the fact that the novel did notappear in Japan until the tenth century and in Europeuntil the seventeenth century.

One of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose wasDandin, a seventh-century author. In The Ten Princes,he created a fantastic world, fusing history and fic-tion. His powers of observation, details of everydaylife, and humor give his writing much vitality.

Describing How does Indian archi-tecture reflect Hindu ideals?

Reading Check

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c. 1050Kingdom of Paganfounded in Burma

1432Thai destroy Angkor capital

1500sDai Viet extend territoryto Gulf of Thailand

Civilization in Southeast Asia

Preview of Events

c. 1400Islamic state forms in Melakaon Malay Peninsula

802Jayavarman crowned god-king

Although the Chinese invaded Vietnam, the Vietnamese were not easy to defeat, asone Chinese historian related:

“The Viet people fled into the depths of the mountains and forests, and it was notpossible to fight them. The soldiers were kept in garrisons to watch over abandonedterritories. This went on for a long time, and the soldiers grew weary. Then the Vietcame out and attacked; the Chinese soldiers suffered a great defeat; the dead andwounded were many. After this, the emperor deported convicts to hold the garrisonsagainst the Viet people.”

—The Birth of Vietnam, Keith W. Taylor, 1983

The Chinese imposed their culture through conquest. The people of Southeast Asia,however, changed the ideas they adopted from neighboring countries, creating rich,diverse cultures.

The Land and People of Southeast AsiaBetween China and India lies the region that today is called Southeast Asia. It

has two major parts. One is the mainland region, extending southward from theChinese border down to the tip of the Malay Peninsula. The other is an extensivearchipelago, or chain of islands, most of which is part of present-day Indonesiaand the Philippines.

Voices from the Past

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 273

✦800 ✦1000 ✦1200 ✦1400 ✦1600

Government Economy CultureVietnamAngkorThailandBurmaMalay

Guide to ReadingMain Ideas• Geography and cultural influences

affected the development of SoutheastAsia.

• Southeast Asian countries had primarilyfarming or trading economies that influ-enced their social structures.

Key Termsarchipelago, agricultural society, tradingsociety

People to IdentifyJayavarman, Thai

Places to LocateMalay Peninsula, Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan,Thailand, Strait of Malacca, Melaka

Preview Questions1. What influence did geography have on

the development of Southeast Asia?2. How does Southeast Asia reflect Chi-

nese, Indian, and Muslim influences?

Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Use a chartlike the one below to compare character-istics of the states in Southeast Asia.

The followingare the majorSunshine StateStandards coveredin this section.

SS.A.2.4.8Understand cultural,religious, political,and technologicaldevelopments of civilizations in Asia and Africa.

SS.B.1.4.4:Understand how cultural and technological characteristics can link or divide regions.

SS.D.2.4.6:Understand factors that have led to increased international interdependenceand basic concepts associatedwith trade between nations.

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Ancient mariners called the area the “goldenregion” or “golden islands.” Located between Indiaand China—two highly advanced and densely popu-lated regions of the world—Southeast Asia is a melt-ing pot of peoples. It contains a vast mixture of races,cultures, and religions.

Mainland Southeast Asia consists of several north-south mountain ranges. Between these ranges are sev-eral fertile river valleys that run in a southerly orsoutheasterly direction. The mountains are denselyforested and often infested with malaria-bearing mos-quitoes. Thus, the people living in the river valleyswere often cut off from one another and had only lim-ited contacts with the people living in the mountains.

These geographical barriers may help explain whySoutheast Asia is one of the few regions in Asia thatwas never unified under a single government. Thegeographical barriers encouraged the developmentof separate, distinctive cultures with diverse culturalpractices, such as different religions and languages.

Examining Why was Southeast Asianever unified under a single government?

The Formation of StatesBetween 500 and 1500, a number of organized

states developed throughout Southeast Asia. Whenthe peoples of the region began to form states, theyused models from China and India. At the same time,they adapted these models to their own needs andcreated their own unique states.

Vietnam The Vietnamese were one of the first peo-ples in Southeast Asia to develop their own state andtheir own culture. After the Chinese conquered Viet-nam in 111 B.C., they tried for centuries to make Viet-nam part of China. However, Chinese officials wereoften frustrated by the Vietnamese. As one officialsaid, “The people are like birds and beasts; they weartheir hair tied up and go barefoot, while for clothingthey simply cut a hole in a piece of cloth for theirhead or they fasten their garments on the left side. Itis useless to try to change them.” The Vietnameseclung to their own identity. In the tenth century, theyfinally overthrew Chinese rule.

Chinese influence remained, however. Vietnameserulers realized the advantages of taking over the Chi-nese model of centralized government. The new Viet-namese state, which called itself Dai Viet (Great Viet),adopted state Confucianism. Following the Chinesemodel, the rulers called themselves emperors andadopted Chinese court rituals. They also introducedthe civil service examination as a means of recruitinggovernment officials on the basis of merit.

The state of Dai Viet became a dynamic force onthe Southeast Asian mainland. As its populationgrew, it expanded southward. Several centuries ofbitter warfare with its southern neighbor, Champa,ended in Vietnamese victory by 1500. Continuingtheir march to the south, the Vietnamese reached theGulf of Thailand (formerly Gulf of Siam) by 1600.

Angkor In the ninth century, the kingdom ofAngkor arose in the region that is present-day Cam-bodia. The kingdom was formed when a powerfulfigure named Jayavarman united the Khmer

Reading Check

274 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

N

S

EW

Two-Point Equidistant projection1,000 kilometers0

1,000 miles0

10°S

10°N

20°N

100°E 110°E 120°E

TROPIC OF CANCER

130°E

EQUATOR

Pacific

Ocean

South

China

Sea

Gulf ofThailand

Indian

Ocean

Strait ofMalacca

Irra

wadd

yR

.

Salw

ee

nR

.

ChaoPhraya R.

MekongR

.

Red R.

Borneo

Sumatra

Java

INDIA CHINA

MalayPeninsula

Melaka

Phnom Penh

Ayutthaya Angkor Thom

Pagan

SoutheastAsia, 1200

Angkor (Khmer)

Dai Viet

Champa Sailendra

Pagan

Srivijaya

Southeast Asia is a diverse area, largely due to the region’sgeographical barriers.

1. Interpreting Maps Is the mainland region of South-east Asia located north or south of the equator?

2. Applying Geography Skills Of the kingdoms shown,why were Sailendra and Srivijaya least influenced byChina? What geographic feature had the greatest influ-ence on their development? FCAT SC.D.2.4.1

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History through Architecture

(kuh•MEHR) people and established a capital atAngkor Thom. In 802, Jayavarman was crowned asgod-king of his people. For several hundred years,Angkor—or the Khmer Empire—was the most pow-erful state in mainland Southeast Asia.

Angkor faced enemies on all sides. To the eastwere the Vietnamese and the kingdom of Champa.To the west was the Burman kingdom of Pagan(pah•GAHN). With the arrival in the fourteenth cen-tury of new peoples from the north—known today asthe Thai—Angkor began to decline.

In 1432, the Thai from the north destroyed theAngkor capital. The Angkor ruling class fled to thesoutheast, where they set up a new capital nearPhnom Penh (puh•NAHM PEN), the capital ofpresent-day Cambodia.

Thailand The Thai first appeared in the sixth cen-tury as a frontier people in China. Beginning in theeleventh or twelfth century, Thai groups began mov-ing southward. This process was encouraged by theMongol invasion of China in the mid-thirteenth cen-tury. These migrating peoples eventually came intoconflict with Angkor, destroying the Angkor capitalin 1432.

The Thai set up their own capital at Ayutthaya(ah•YU•tuh•yuh) on the Chao Phraya (chau PRY•uh) River, where they remained as a major forcein the region for the next four hundred years.

Although they converted to Buddhism and bor-rowed Indian political practices as well, they createdtheir own unique blend that evolved into themodern-day culture of Thailand.

Burma The Thai were also threatened from the westby the Burman peoples, who had formed their ownsociety in the valleys of the Salween and Irrawaddy(IHR•uh•WAH•dee) Rivers. The Burmans hadmigrated from the highlands of Tibet beginning inthe seventh century A.D., probably to escape advanc-ing Chinese armies.

The Burmans were pastoral peoples, but theyadopted farming soon after their arrival in SoutheastAsia. In the eleventh century, they founded the firstgreat Burman state, the kingdom of Pagan. Like theThai, they converted to Buddhism and adoptedIndian political institutions and culture.

During the next two hundred years, Paganbecame a major force in the western part of SoutheastAsia. It played an active role in the sea trade through-out the region. Attacks from the Mongols in the latethirteenth century, however, weakened Pagan, caus-ing it to decline.

The Malay World In the Malay Peninsula and theIndonesian Archipelago, a different pattern emerged.For centuries, this area had been tied to the trade thatpassed from East Asia into the Indian Ocean. The

275CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Old and new come together as modern-day boatsspeed past The Temple of Dawn on the ChaoPhraya River in Thailand. Examine the closeupview of the temple (below). Do you see any similarities between this architecture and thearchitecture of other monuments shown in this chapter? Describe the similarities.

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276 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

State

Vietnam

Angkor

Thailand

Burma (Pagan)

MalaySrivijayaSailendraMajapahitMelaka

Time Frame

Conquered by China in 111 B.C.; independent in A.D. 939

Arose in 9th century; destroyed by Thailand in 1432

Thai people first appeared in 6th century, settling in area of present-day Thailand in 15th century

11th–13th centuries

8th century 8th century 13th–15th centuries 15th century

Cultural Influence(s)

China, Confucianism

India

India, Buddhism

India, Buddhism

IndiaIndiaIslamIslam

Economic Base

Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture, sea trade

Sea trade AgricultureTrade, agriculture Sea trade

States of Southeast Asia, 111 B.C.–A.D. 1600

area had never been united under a single state, how-ever. The vast majority of the people of the regionwere of Malay background, but the peoples weredivided into numerous separate communities.

Two organized states eventually emerged in theregion. In the eighth century, the state of Srivijaya(SHREE•vih•JAY•uh) came to dominate the traderoute passing through the Strait of Malacca. At thesame time, the kingdom of Sailendra emerged ineastern Java. Both states were influenced by Indianculture. Whereas Srivijaya depended on trade, thewealth of Sailendra was based primarily on farming.

In the late thirteenth century, the new kingdom ofMajapahit (mah•jah•PAH•heet) was founded. Itbecame the greatest empire the region had yet seen.In the mid-fourteenth century, Majapahit incorpo-rated most of the archipelago and perhaps even partsof the mainland under a single rule. Majapahit didnot have long to enjoy its status, however. By the fif-teenth century, a new state was beginning to emergein the region.

After the Muslim conquest of northern India,Muslim merchants—either Arabs or Indian con-verts—had settled in port cities in the region and had begun to convertthe local population.Around 1400, anIslamic state began toform in Melaka, asmall town on thewestern coast of theMalay Peninsula.

Melaka soon became the major trading port in theregion and a chief rival to Majapahit. From Melaka,Muslim traders and the Muslim faith moved into theinterior. Eventually, almost the entire population ofthe region was converted to Islam and became part ofthe Sultanate of Melaka.

Contrasting How did the develop-ment of the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelagodiffer from the development of Southeast Asia?

Reading Check

Melaka

Java

BorneoSumatra

SouthChina

Sea

INDIANOCEAN

PACIFICOCEANMalay

Peninsula

Sultanateof Melaka

The states of Southeast Asia adapted the models ofChina and India to their own needs.

1. Summarizing What religions influenced thesestates?

2. Analyzing Using the map on page 274, explainwhy the economies of certain states were basedon agriculture, while others were based on trade.

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277CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

History through Architecture

Angkor Wat, which is encircled by a three-mile (4.8-km) moat,is located in northern Cambodia at the site of the ruins of the oldcapital city of Angkor Thom. What figures can you identify in theelaborate carvings shown in the inset (right)? What do you thinkmight be the significance of these carvings?

They held both political power and economic wealth.Most aristocrats lived in the major cities. AngkorThom, for example, was a city with royal palaces andparks, a massive parade ground, reservoirs, andnumerous temples.

Beyond the major cities lived the rest of the popu-lation, which consisted of farmers, fishers, artisans,and merchants. In most Southeast Asian societies, themajority of people were probably rice farmers wholived at a bare level of subsistence and paid heavyrents or taxes to a landlord or local ruler.

Most of the societies in Southeast Asia gavegreater rights to women than did their counterpartsin China and India. Women worked side by side withmen in the fields and often played an active role intrading activities.

Summarizing Describe the socialorganization of Southeast Asia.

Culture and Religion Chinese culture made an impact on Vietnam. In

many other areas of Southeast Asia, Indian culturalinfluence prevailed. The most visible example of thisinfluence was in architecture. Of all the existingstructures at Angkor Thom, the temple of AngkorWat is the most famous and most beautiful. It com-bines Indian architectural techniques with nativeinspiration in a structure of impressive grace. Sur-rounded by walls measuring 1,700 by 1,500 feet (518

Reading Check

Economic ForcesThe states of Southeast Asia can be divided into

two groups: agricultural societies, whose economieswere largely based on farming, and trading societies,which depended primarily on trade for income. Ofcourse, the agricultural states had some tradingactivities, and the trading societies had some farm-ing. Nevertheless, some states, such as Vietnam,Angkor, Pagan, and Sailendra, drew most of theirwealth from the land. Others, such as Srivijaya andthe Sultanate of Melaka, supported themselveschiefly through trade.

Trade through Southeast Asia expanded after theemergence of states in the area and reached evengreater heights after the Muslim conquest of northernIndia. The rise in demand for spices also added to thegrowing volume of trade. As the wealth of Europeand Southeast Asia increased, demand grew for theproducts of East Asia. Merchant fleets from India andthe Arabian Peninsula sailed to the Indonesianislands to buy the cloves, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon,and precious woods like teak and sandalwood thatthe wealthy in China and Europe wanted.

Contrasting What is the differencebetween an agricultural society and a trading society?

Social StructuresAt the top of the social ladder in most Southeast

Asian societies were the hereditary aristocrats.

Reading Check

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278 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Checking for Understanding1. Define archipelago, agricultural soci-

ety, trading society.

2. Identify Jayavarman, Thai, AngkorWat.

3. Locate Malay Peninsula, Vietnam,Angkor, Pagan, Thailand, Strait ofMalacca, Melaka.

4. Explain the importance of Islam in thedevelopment of Melaka. What otherreligious and philosophical influenceswere important in the formation ofstates in Southeast Asia?

5. List the Chinese reforms that wereadopted by the Dai Viet.

Critical Thinking6. Explain How would an increase in

trade and exporting cause a region todevelop more complex forms of politi-cal and social organization? Use exam-ples from the text to support youranswer.

7. Organizing Information Create agraphic organizer like the one below todiagram the social hierarchy in mostSoutheast Asian societies discussed inthis section.

Analyzing Visuals8. Compare the examples of religious

temples and their art pictured on pages 275, 277, and on this page. What elements or features are uniquein each example? Identify the countrywhere each was built or resides. Howdo these buildings and sculptures com-pare to the religious art and architec-ture in your area?

by 457 m), Angkor Wat rises like a 200-foot-high (61-m-high) mountain in a series of three great ter-races. The construction of Angkor Wat, which took 40 years to complete, required an enormous quantityof stone—as much as it took to build Egypt’s GreatPyramid.

Hindu and Buddhist ideas began to move intoSoutheast Asia in the first millennium A.D. However,the new religions did not entirely replace existingbeliefs. In all Southeast Asian societies, as in Chinaand Japan, old beliefs were blended with those of thenew faiths. In this process, the king played a centralrole. The ruler of Angkor, for example, was seen as aliving link between the people and the gods, and hehelped unite the new Hindu gods with local gods.

Buddhism also spread to Southeast Asia. It madelittle impact, however, until the introduction of Ther-avada Buddhism in the eleventh century. FromBurma, Theravada spread rapidly to other areas ofSoutheast Asia.

Eventually, Theravada Buddhism became the religion of the masses in much of Southeast Asia.Why did it have such appeal? For one thing, itteaches that people can seek nirvana through theirown efforts; they do not need priests or rulers. More-over, it tolerated local gods and posed no threat toestablished faith.

Identifying Which countries mostinfluenced the cultural development of Southeast Asia?

Reading Check

Social Hierarchy

Stone image of the Buddha from Borobudur temple in Java

9. Expository Writing Write an essayon why the tradition of the nuclearfamily is common in Burma andThailand, but the extended family isthe rule in Vietnam and the MalayPeninsula. FCAT LA.B.1.4.2

FCAT You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.PRACTICE

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Identifying Central IssuesPracticing the Skill

Read the excerpt below fromThe Travels of Marco Polo the Vene-tian about Kublai Khan andanswer the questions that follow.

“But since the wise men of theidolaters, and especially the baksis[learned astrologers], already men-tioned, have represented to hismajesty that providing for the pooris a good work and highly accept-able to their deities, he has relievedtheir wants in the manner stated,and at his court none are deniedfood who come to ask it. Not a daypasses in which there are not dis-tributed, by the regular officers,twenty thousand vessels of rice,millet, and panicum. By reason of

this admirable and astonishing liberality which thegrand khan exercises towards the poor, the peopleall adore him as a divinity.”

1 According to Marco Polo, how do people viewKublai Khan?

2 Summarize the central issue in one sentence.

279

Applying the Skill

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook,Level 2, provides instruction and practice in keysocial studies skills.

Why Learn This Skill?If someone asked you what the movie Star

Wars was about, how would you answer? Atfirst you might want to describe everythingthat happens in the movie. Identifying centralissues is finding the key themes, or majorideas, in a body of information. Centralissues are the framework that holds a body ofinformation together.

Learning the SkillFollow the steps below to identify a centralissue:

• Find out the setting and purpose of theselection.

• Skim the material to identify its generalsubject.

• Read the information to pinpoint the ideasthat the details support.

• Identify the central issue. Ask: What part of thematerial conveys the main idea?

Read the following excerpt from Code of the Samu-rai: A Modern Translation of the Bushido Shoshinshu ofTaira Shigesuke discussing the rules and expectationsof Japan’s warrior class.

“. . . when young people or servants are unman-nerly in conversation and other interaction with theiremployers or parents, and yet this is overlooked aslong as they are sincere in their regard for theiremployers and parents, this is the loyalty and familialduty of the lower three classes. In the way of war-riors, no matter how much you may treasure loyaltyand familial duty in your heart, without the courteousmanners to express respect for your employers andhonor for your parents, you cannot be said to be inaccord with the way.”

The Bushido code emphasizes courtesy andrespect. The central issue in this excerpt is that war-riors must express their respect through actions.

Samurai warrior

Find and read a magazine article that contains a first-hand account of a recent national or internationalevent. Identify two central issues that are covered in thearticle. Write a sentence that identifies each of the cen-tral issues. FCAT LA.A.2.4.1

FCATPRACTICE

Completing the activity

below will help you prepare for the FCATReading test.

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280

Using Key Terms1. The were a class of people in China who controlled

much of the land in the countryside and produced most ofthe candidates for the civil service.

2. The sons of Genghis Khan divided his empire up into sepa-rate territories called .

3. Made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures in a kiln,became popular during the Tang Era.

4. The purpose of the in Japan was to protect the secu-rity and property of their patrons.

5. The “way of the warrior,” or , strictly governed thebehavior of the Japanese military class.

6. In Japan, a powerful military leader who exercised actualpower while ruling under the emperor’s name was called a

.

7. The were the heads of great noble families in Japanwho controlled vast land estates and paid no taxes to thegovernment.

8. In India, the teachings of the Buddha came to be interpretedin two different ways: the school of Theravada and theschool of .

9. Resistance against the advances of Mahmud and his succes-sors into northern India was led by the , who wereHindu warriors.

10. Southeast Asia has a mainland region and an extensive, or chain of islands.

In the Asian world, countries developed different political systems and forms of government. Each country, however, had strong leaders, as shown below.

Sui, Tang, andSong dynasties

Koryo and Yidynasties

Mahmud

Mongols

Yamato and Fujiwaraclans

Ashikaga family

Kamakura shogunateTimur Lenk

Vietnam

Angkor

Thailand

Burma

Malay

emperors

Jayavarman

kings

kings

overlords

Asian World, 400–1500

China Japan Korea India Southeast Asia

Reviewing Key Facts11. History Discuss the importance of the kamikaze, the

“divine wind,” in early Japanese history.

12. Geography Name the two rivers in China that the GrandCanal connected. Explain why the canal was important.

13. Science and Technology Choose three products developedby the Tang and discuss the importance of each.

14. Government Explain the circumstances under which theMongol dynasty ended. Name the dynasty that emerged as a result.

15. Geography Compare the geography of Japan and China. Howdid geography influence their development?

16. Economy Specify the reasons India was successful in world trade.

17. Culture State the role that Vietnamese culture played in theeventual overthrow of Chinese rule.

18. Economy List the Southeast Asian regions that were consid-ered agricultural societies and the ones considered tradingsocieties. Explain how they influenced each other.

Critical Thinking19. Analyzing How did the civil service examinations aid in the

development of a strong central government in China?

20. Making Comparisons In what ways were the roles ofwomen of the early Chinese dynasties similar to the roles ofwomen of Southeast Asia? How were they different?

FCAT SC.D.2.4.1

FCAT You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.PRACTICE

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Writing About History21. Descriptive Writing Pretend that you are a native Chinese

citizen traveling through Southeast Asia. Choose a countrythat you wish to visit, as well as a time period, and write abrief essay about your impressions of the area. Finally, com-pare the area to your home in China.

Analyzing SourcesRead the following quote about the Japanese samurai.

“I spurred my horse on, careless of death in the faceof the foe.

I braved the dangers of wind and wave, not reckoningthat my body

might sink to the bottom of the sea, and be devouredby monsters of the deep.”

22. How does this quote reflect the code of the samurai?

23. How would the ideals expressed in this quote relate to thecodes of other warriors, such as the Mongols?

Applying Technology Skills24. Using the Internet Search the Internet for information

about Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Shintoism,and complete the comparison table below.

Making Decisions25. Imagine that a samurai warrior is able to time travel and

meet a knight from medieval Europe. Create a dialoguebetween the two, showing how each would approach andsolve the problem of an invading enemy.

Analyzing Maps and Charts26. From the map determine in which geographic direction the

population shifted.

27. Using your text, explain why the population decreased incertain areas of China during this period.

Self-Check QuizVisit the Glencoe World History Web site at

and click on Chapter 8–Self-CheckQuiz to prepare for the Chapter Test.wh.glencoe.com

HISTORY

Directions: Use the flowchart and yourknowledge of world history to choose thebest answer to the following question.

Which of the following sentences completes the flowchart?

F Central authority eroded.

G The Yuan dynasty expanded.

H Regional trade increased.

J More Shinto shrines were built.

Test-Taking Tip: Flowcharts show how events influencedother events. Study the progression carefully. Think aboutwhat cause-and-effect relationship the flowchart illustrates.

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 281

Buddhism Hinduism Confucianism Shinto

Founder (if any)

Main God/Gods/Spirits

Celebrations/Rituals

Shogunateestablished.

Mongol invasiondefeated.

Daimyo becomemore powerful.

?

S

N

EW

400 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

400 miles0

110°E 120°E

40°N

30°N

20°N

Hainan

Taiwan

Chang

Jiang

Huan g H

e

Xi Jiang

YellowSea

EastChina

Sea

SouthChina

Sea

CHINA

Population Growth in China,750–1250

StandardizedTest Practice

DecreaseLess than 100%100%–300%301%–1,000%More than 1,000%

FCAT LA.A.2.4.4

FCAT LA.B.1.4.2

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