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The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera

leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine

and the Arabian and Islamic Region

By: Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) is a subspecies of lion (Panthera leo).

The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion, which in historical times ranged from Caucasus to

Yemen and from Macedonia to India through Arabia and Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir

Forest National Park of western India. About 350 lions (August 2005) live in a 1,412 km²

(558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there were only 13 lions left

in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave complete protection to them.

Persian Lion, is similar to a tiger in the length of body and tail, but differs in skin colour

which is tawny overall without the appearance of dark vertical stripes. Coat is thicker

than African lions, with a longer black tail tassel and a more prominent tuft of hair on the

elbows. Black patches are visible at the back of the ears. However, there is little variation

in colour between the sides of its body and its abdomen, and between the inner surface of

the limbs and the outer surface.

There is even one example of a melanistic Persian lion. The archaeologist Sir Austen

Henry Layard reports that he saw a very big Persian lion, which was described as being

"very dark brown in colour, in parts almost black."

Males are larger in size than females. The size of the mane varies from race to race with

the Persian race having a smaller mane than the African one. The colouration of the

manes varies from lion to lion. The only rare ones are the very dark manes, which

according to a research done in Africa are the ones preferred by lionesses. The young are

sometimes born with an even colour overall, but often a row of patches is visible on the

upper surface of the body; seeming like a horizontal stripe. Patches usually disappear

after 6 months but may still be visible up two or more years.

Lions mostly live in large prides. These prides can sometimes have up to 3 adult males

but it is always one that is the dominant leader. The males are known for their laziness

and lordship like behaviour. The females do all the hunting, with the males only rarely

joining in when the prey is a very large animal like an aggressive buffalo. However, once

the kill is made, the males always get the first go at the meal.

The bonding among a family of lions is extremely strong with aunts and sisters helping in

the bringing up of all young. Females stay with the pride all through life, whereas the

males tend to set out on their own around the age of three. They mostly lead solitary lives

then onwards but have been known to also roam territories in pairs and trios. These

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bachelors are known to be the main threats to the dominant males leading their prides.

They are also known to kill cubs to try and get the females into estrus once again. These

bachelors are mostly brothers that left a pride together, but individual bachelors have

been known to team up with other individuals.

Lions, unlike the tiger, hunt in groups. They collectively stalk their prey and have been

commonly seen applying strategies that would do any army commander proud. Very

often some of the females pinpoint a particular individual prey and chase it in the

direction of other lionesses waiting in ambush. The prey is mostly killed by a quick,

powerful bite to the spine or with the help of a classic choke grip, with the strong jaws of

the lion cutting off air supply to the lungs.

Although history shows the coexistence of lions and tigers, there is no prevalent example

of this anywhere in the world at present. Lions do coexist even in the current era with

leopards and cheetahs. However, they are extremely territorial and attempt to kill these

leopards and cheetahs whenever their paths happen to cross. If the attempt at relocating

lions to other parts of India is finally undertaken, it will also answer the question of

whether it is possible for two such ferociously territorial and powerful large cats to

inhabit the same jungle.

Unlike the tiger, which prefers dense forests with adequate cover, the lion inhabits the

scrub-type deciduous forests. Asiatic lions seldom come into contact with Indian tigers,

which don‟t live in the Gir region as this forest is hotter and more arid than the habitat

preferred by the tiger.

The Asiatic Lion has been declared the most endangered large cat species in the world.

Their numbers ranging between 250-350, all concentrated in the same area, they are

under the constant threat of being wiped out by some deadly epidemic. It is hoped by all

conservationists that the governing authorities settle their differences of opinion on the

best possible plan and take some action before it's too late to save one of the most

magnificent beasts to roam the planet.

Fact Sheet:

Weight: Male 150-250 Kg; Female 120-180 Kg.

Length (head and body): Male 170-250 cm; Female 140-175 cm.

Length (tail): 70-105 cm.

Shoulder height: Male 100-123 cm; Female 80-107 cm.

Sexual Maturity: Male 5 years; Female 4 years.

Mating season: All year round.

Gestation period: 100-119 days.

Number of young: 1 to 6.

Birth interval: 18-26 months.

Typical diet: Deer, antelope, wild boar, buffalo.

Lifespan: 16-18 years.

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Historical Range:

Past and Present Distribution Map of the Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica).

www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html

a. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the

first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedonia in 480 B.C., several of

his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed to have died out within the

borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100 (Guggisberg, 1961).

b. Lions were probably found in the Azerbaijan area up to the 10th century A.D. Their

disappearance from the reed thickets and pistachio and juniper forests is primarily

associated with an increase in human population and a change in environmental

conditions, which in turn led to the decline of ungulates in the region (Heptner and

Sludskii 1972).

c. The thickets of the Jordan River in Palestine were a preferred habitat. Lions could still

be found in the vicinity of Samaria, Lejun (near Megiddo), Ramla, the area of Nahr

(River) Al-Auja and the coastal forests in the early 14th century (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2001,

2006).

d. Lions disappeared from the Moroccan coast by the mid-1800s. They may have

survived in the High Atlas Mountains up to the 1940s.

e. Last known lion in Algeria killed in 1893 near Batna, 97 km south of Constantine.

f. Last known lion killed in Tunisia in 1891 near Babouch, between Tabarka and Ain-

Draham.

g. Lions were extirpated from Tripolitania, western Libya as early as 1700.

h. Last known lion in Turkey killed in 1870 near Birecik on the Eurphrates (Üstay 1990).

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i. Sir Alfred Pease reported that lions still existed west of Aleppo, Syria, in 1891 (Kinnear

1920).

j. Lions occurred in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq in the 1850s. The Turkish governor's bag

of two in 1914 is the last report of them from the area (Kinnear 1920).

k. Lions were reported to be numerous in the reedy swamps bordering the Tigris and the

Euphrates rivers in the early 1870s. The last known lion in Iraq was killed in 1918 on the

lower Tigris (Hatt 1959).

l. The valley of Dashtiarjan, 57 km west of Shiraz in Iran, was famous for its lions in the

late 1800s.

m. The last known report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near

Dizful, by American engineers building a railway (Heaney 1943).

n. There are no confirmed records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, nor

Afghanistan or Baluchistan.

o. The last known lion in Pakistan killed near Kot Deji in Sind province in 1810.

p. However, a British admiral travelling by train reported seeing a maneless lion near

Quetta, north-western Pakistan in 1935, eating a goat: "It was a large lion, very stocky,

light tawny in colour, and I may say that no one of us three had the slightest doubt of

what we had seen until, on our arrival at Quetta. Many officers expressed doubts as to its

identity, or the possibility of there being a lion in the district" (Guggisberg, 1961).

q. The lion's range may have extended as far east as Bihar and Orissa states in India: a

lion was reportedly killed in the district of Palamau (Bihar) in 1814.

r. Last lion recorded from the southern end of its Indian range killed at Rhyl in Damoh

district, near the Narmada River, in the cold season of 1847-1848 (Kinnear 1920).

s. Fifty lions were killed in the district of Delhi, India between 1856-1858. Twenty-five

years later Blanford (1891) wrote that "in India the lion is verging on extinction."

Note: Historical Range source is Guggisberg (1961) unless otherwise stated. (Reference:

www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html).

Asiatic Lions in Europe:

The Asiatic lion used to live also in Europe. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions

were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes

advanced through Macedon in 480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by

lions. Lions are believed to have died out within the borders of present-day Greece in

A.D. 80-100. And also there was a population in the Caucasus that became extinct in the

10th century. It remained widespread elsewhere until the mid 1800s when the advent of

firearms led to its extinction over large areas (Guggisberg, 1961). By the late 1800s the

lion had disappeared from Turkey (Üstay, 1990).

North African relative (The Barbary or Atlas Lion):

The Barbary Lion, Atlas lion or Nubian lion Panthera leo leo is a subspecies of lion that

has become extinct at least in the wild. It was believed to be extinct in captivity.

However, stray possible Barbary lion individuals or descendents were located in zoos and

circus populations within the last three decades. It is often considered to be the largest of

the lion subspecies with males weighing between 400-650 lb (181 to 295 kg) and females

270-400 lb (120 to 181 kg), approximately the size of Bengal tigers. However, more

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recent research suggests that they were only slightly larger than today's African lion,

which weighs approximately 420 lbs on average. The Barbary Lion also called the Atlas

or Nubian lion, formerly ranged in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and in territory

from Morocco to Egypt. The last known Barbary Lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas

Mountains in 1922.

Unlike most African lions, the Barbary Lion was a mountain predator, preferring

woodlands. The two other primary Atlas Mountain predators, the Barbary leopard and

Atlas bear, are also now extinct, with no known individuals in the wild.

There are several dozen individuals in captivity believed to be Barbary Lions; Port

Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent (England) has twelve specimens descended from

animals owned by the King of Morocco; one of the lions is named Suliman. In addition,

11 animals believed to be Barbary Lions were found in Addis Ababa zoo, descendants of

animals owned by the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie.

A Picture taken by the Author in the Emirates Mall, Dubai in July 2006 of a replica “Louis

Moullin” (1817-1876) painting, which shows Arabian lion hunters killing two Arabian lions and

taking the two cups.

In the past, scientists believed that the "distinct" subspecific status of the Barbary lion

could be justified by their seemingly fixed external morphology. This morphology was

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used to identify them. However, now it is known that various extrinsic factors influence

the colour and size of a lion‟s mane, like the ambient temperature. The cooler ambient

temperature in e.g. European and North American zoos can result in heavy mane.

Therefore, the heavy mane is an inappropriate marker for identifying Barbary lines.

Mitochondrial DNA research published in 2006 did support the "distinctness" of the

Barbary lion. The results showed an mtDNA haplotype that is unique to the Barbary lion.

This could be a good molecular marker for identifying Barbary lions. They revealed that

five tested samples of lions from the famous collection of the King of Morocco are not

maternally Barbary.

In 1968, a study on the skulls of the extinct Barbary (North African), extinct Cape,

Asiatic, and African lions showed that the same skull characteristics - the very narrow

postorbital bar - existed in only the Barbary and the Asiatic lion skulls. This shows that

there may have been a close relationship between the lions from Northernmost Africa and

Asia. It is also believed that the South European lion that became extinct at the beginning

in A.D. 80-100 could have represented the connecting link between the North African

and Asiatic lions. It is believed that Barbary lions possess the same belly fold (hidden

under that entire mane) that appears in the Asian lions today.

The mane of "Scar," the villain of Disney's “The Lion King”, was based on a Barbary

Lion.

The former popularity of the Barbary Lion as a zoo animal provides the only hope to ever

see it again in the wild in North Africa. After years of research into the science of the

Barbary Lion and stories of surviving examples, WildLink International, in collaboration

with Oxford University, launched their ambitious International Barbary Lion Project.

They are using the very latest DNA techniques to identify the DNA 'fingerprint' of the

Barbary Lion subspecies. WildLink International has taken bone samples from remains of

Barbary Lions in Museums across Europe, like those in Brussels, Paris, Turin and others.

These samples are returned to Oxford University where the science team is extracting the

DNA sequence that identifies the Barbary as a separate subspecies. Although the Barbary

is officially extinct, WildLink International had identified a handful of lions in captivity

around the world that is descended from the original Barbary Lion, like the royal lions in

Temara Zoo in Rabat, Morocco. These descendants will be tested against the DNA

fingerprint and the degree of any hybridization (from crossbreeding) can then be

determined. The best candidates will then enter a selective breeding Programme that will

'breed back' the Barbary Lion. The final phase of the project will see the lions released

into a National Park in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco.

The Arabian Lion by the early Arabic and Islamic Zoologists:

Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri Al-Jahez (776-869), one of the Greatest Arabic

and Islamic Zoologists, described in his Reference Book “Kitab Al-Haywan” (The

Animal Book), the lions‟ General appearance and uniform colour and the different body

parts; and he wrote about the lions‟ behaviour. Al-Jahez wrote about “Sayed Alsiba‟”

(Master of the Predators) and how they came around the villages in Iraq to attack and

devour the wild boars, and the domesticated sheep, donkeys, cows and dogs. The lions

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came also to the water ponds and river banks to feed on crabs, toads, terrapins and turtles.

The lion also attacks and feeds on cheetahs; and they feed on carrions too. The Iraqi lion

can also attack and feed on domesticated Indian elephants, but wild elephants are strong

and can defend themselves. Lions also attacks and feed on camels. Al-Jahez writes that

old lions attacks and devour humans, because the old ones are weak and cannot hunt

animals. He wrote also that the lion eats salt, because their body needs it; and they can

bear hunger and thirst for a long time. Al-Jahez writes that the Indian Lions are weaker

than Iraqi Lions; and he adds that the lion is weak inside the deep water; even a boy can

ride on his back and grasp his ears, pushing him under the water. Lions fear fire, and loud

noises; and they can live peacefully (coexistence) with tigers, but their enemies are the

leopards. Lions and Leopards can fight each other for a long period of time during the

day, without killing each other. Lions and Tigers can even help each other, fighting the

Leopard. Al-Jahez adds that wild boar may kill a lion with its tusks, and the buffalo can

kill a lion with its horns.

Abi „Othman Al-Jahez wrote about the wide distribution of the lion in Iraq especially in

Mosul, Alkufa, Siwad Al-Iraq and the banks of the Euphrates River. He adds that lions

can live for many long years.

Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin Khalaweh bin Hamdan (died 980), a famous

Arabic Linguist, mentioned in his Reference booklet “Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The Names of

the Lion), about 500 names and descriptions for the lion, and some names for the lioness,

the cubs and lion places. The Arabic Linguist “Ali bin Qassem bin Ja‟far Al-Laghawi”

added another 130 names and descriptions in his booklet “Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The

missing Names of the Lion). The two booklets were revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-

Darwish in 1989.

Note: The two booklets (in Arabic) are published at the end of this article (pp. 14-16).

Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud Al-Qazwini (1203-1283), one of the Greatest

Islamic Zoologists, mentioned in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa

Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat” (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things

Existing), the presence of the lion in Qurna, on Naher (River) Ja‟far (in Iraq), and

described how the lions were attacking the men (cane cutters) who killed a young lion,

and how they (the men) defended themselves by cutting the tail of one lion, then this lion

attacked the other lions, and then all the lions flew into the desert.

Al-Qazwini in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat”

writes about the lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the

different lion body parts in curing different diseases.

Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali Al-Dumairi (1341-1405), one of

the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, wrote in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-

Haywan Al-Kubra” (The Great Animal Life), that the lion has more than 630 names and

descriptions in Arabic, like: Alasad , Usama, Albayhas, Alnaaj, Aljakhdub, Alharth,

Haydara, Aldawas, Alri‟ebal, Zafar, Alsabe‟e, Alsa‟eb, Aldurgham, Aldaygham,

Altaythar, Ala‟nbas, Alghadanfar, Alfarafisa, Qaswara [this name was mentioned in the

Holy Qur‟an], Kahmas, Allaith, Almutaanes, Almutahayeb, Alhirmas, Alward, Abu

Alabtal, Abu Hafs, Abu Alakhyaf, Abu Alza‟faran, Abu Shibel, Abu Ala‟bas, Abu

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Alhareth.

Al-Dumairi mentioned also that Hamza bin Abd Almutaleb (Uncle of Prophet

Mohammed Peace be upon him) was named “Asadu Allah” (Allah‟s Lion) [because he

was a brave man and a fierce warrior and lion hunter in Mecca; and he was known

wearing his famous lion coat].

According to Al-Dumairi the lion was living around Mecca, Arabia in the time of Hamza

and Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) in the 7th

Century, and he mentions that a

man („Utba bin Abi Lahab) was devoured by a lion in Al-Zarqa‟a, Ard Al-Sham (in

Jordan); and tells about a story between safeena (Mawla [servant] of Prophet Mohammed

[Pbuh]) and a lion in Ard Al-Roum [Byzantine Empire] (in Turkey); Al-Dumairi also

tells the story of Prophet Daniel in the lions‟ den in Babel [Babylon] (in Iraq), under the

reign of the Persian King Darius.

Al-Dumairi in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra” writes also about the

lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the different lion body

parts in curing different diseases. He goes further and writes about the interpretation of

dreams; when somebody dreams about a lion or a young lion in a certain situation.

Daniel in the Lions‟ den. Painted by Peter Paul Rubens. ca. 1615. National Gallery of Art in

Washington. www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienD/Daniel.htm

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine:

. فزت من قسورة . صدق الله العظيم مستنفزة بسم الله الزحمن الزحيم . فما لهم عن التذكزة معزضين . كأنهم حمز“Then what is wrong with them that they turn away from receiving admonition. As if

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they were frightened wild donkeys. Fleeing from a lion (Qaswara)." (The Holy Qur‟an,

Suret Al-Muddather, Aya 49-51).

Lions are the most powerful of all carnivorous animals. Although not now found in

Palestine, they must have been in ancient times very numerous there. They had their lairs

in the forests (The Bible: Jeremiah 5:6; Jeremiah 12:8; Amos 3:4), in the caves of the

mountains (Song of Solomon 4:8; Nahum 2:12), and in the canebrakes on the banks of

the Jordan (Jeremiah 49:19; Jeremiah 50:44; Zechariah 11:3).

"Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil

them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: everyone who goes out of them shall be torn

in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased."

(The Bible, Jeremiah, 5:6).

"Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; she has lifted up her voice against me:

therefore have I hated it." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 12:8).

"Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? Will a young lion cry out of his den,

if he has taken nothing?" (The Bible, Amos, 3:4).

"Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the top of

Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of

the leopards." (The Bible, Song of Solomon, 4:8).

"The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and

filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin." (The Bible, Nahum, 2:12).

"Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of

the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man

that I may appoint over her? For who is like me? And who will appoint me the time? And

who is that shepherd that will stand before me?" (The Bible, Jeremiah, 49:19 and 50:44).

"There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the

roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled." (The Bible, Zechariah, 11:3).

"And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the sun went down,

what is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? And he said unto them, if

ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle." (The Bible, Judges,

14:18).

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Felis leo persica), this proud symbol of strength and

courage, must have been abundant in Biblical times. According to the Bible, in which it

appears under several different names, the lion must have been quite common at that

time. The species appears often on mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The

thickets of the Jordan River were a preferred habitat. It became extinct after the time of

the Crusaders. The last mention of them being by Arab writers of the 13th and 14th

century, when lions still existed near Samaria and other areas. One specimen has been

hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in the thirteenth century. Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of

Ramla, wrote that he saw eleven dead lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area of

Nahr (River) Al-Auja in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of Safad (1304-1307),

killed in the coastal forests 15 lions. At this time, lions certainly roamed over parts of

Syria and Arabia and along the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient

times lions figured prominently in the great royal hunts in Assyria. It is clear that lions

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survived in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth century, and there are several references to

them by travellers of that period.

In Al-Jaleel (Galilee) there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion Hill in Arabic), and there is

a village nearby called Deir el Assad (Monastery of the Lion), that may refer to a quite

late occurrence of this species. Bie‟r Al-Sabe‟e (Well of the Lion) is a famous Palestinian

city in the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Persian Lions in Persia:

The Persian lion is now extinct in Iran, and there are no confirmed modern records of lion

presence in central or eastern Iran, or Baluchistan, but it's believed that lions that still live

in India are the same as lions that once were living in Iran.

According to one story, the last Iranian lion was killed by Zelolsoltan, the son of

Naseredin Shah (before 1919); but on the other hand, the last reliable report of lion

presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near Dezful, by American engineers

building a railway (Heaney 1943, Harrington 1977).

The lion motif dates from ancient times in Iran, and it is found on innumerable objects of

daily use such as seals, vessels, horse equipment, weapons, and in the decoration of

palaces, tombs, and temples as far back as the 3rd millennium B.C. The lion was well

known to the Achaemenians (6th-4th century B.C.) as it is testified by numerous

examples at Persepolis, showing bas-reliefs of a lion attacking a bull, and by lion headed

stone capitals. The Sassanian kings visualized themselves in rock reliefs as fighting with

the lion. The lion motif has been one of the most persistent in Iranian art and religion,

albeit with changing connotations (Tanavoli, 1985).

In literature, art, stories, and the social life of the Iranians, lions have always been

thought of as a symbol of power, courage and greatness. Kings and noblemen have

demonstrated their greatness and glory through illustrations of lions on coins and swords.

The symbol of the old flag of Iran (Shahanshah time), is a lion holding a sword in his

hand and with a half of the sun behind him.

It is interesting to know that the Iranian series of Chieftain Tanks built by the UK during

the 1970s for the Imperial Iranian Army was named: "Shire-Iran" (Iranian lion).

Lion was in the game category for royalty or they were just hunted for pleasure; and

that's one of the main extinction reasons of this animal. Many miniatures show Kings

going in lion-hunt trips, alone or with troops. As late as the 19th century, lion hunting

was one of the favorite pastimes of the Iranian nomad Khans too.

The Persian lion, once lived in the valley of Dasht-e Arzhan (57 km west of Shiraz), as

well as the " Kam-Firuze" and "Gourab" hunting ground, south of Hamedan (in the late

1800s). It used to roam the oak forests of the Zagros Mountains and the riverine areas of

Khuzistan.

References and Internet Websites:

Al-Dumairi, Al-„Alama Al-Sheikh Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali (born

in 1341 [742 H.] in Cairo and died in 1405 [808 H.] in Cairo, Egypt). Hayat Al-Haywan Al-

Kubra (The Great Animal Life). Two Parts. Muasaset Al-A‟lami Lilmatbua‟t, Beirut, Lebanon,

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11

2003, 1424 H. Part 1: pp. 464; Part 2: pp. 512. (in Arabic).

Al-Jahez, Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri (born ca. 776 [160 H.] in Basra and died in 869

[255 H.] in Basra, Iraq). Kitab Al-Haywan (The Animal Book). Eight Parts. Explained by Abd

Al-Salam Muhammed Haroun. Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, Lebanon, 1996, 1416 H. Part1: 428; Part2:

383; Part 3: 548; Part 4: 503; Part 5: 611; Part 6: 515; Part 7: 516; Part 8: 331. (in Arabic).

Al-Qazwini, Al-Imam Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud (born in 1203 [600 H.] in Qazwin,

Persia and died in 1283 [682 H.]). „Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat (Marvels of

Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing). Introduced by Farouq Saad. Dar Al-

Afaq Al-Jadida, Beirut, Lebanon, 1978. pp. 526. (in Arabic).

Aristotle (Aristoteles) (350 B.C.E.). Tiba‟o Al-Haywan (The History of Animals). Translated

from Greek into Arabic by Yohanna bin Al-Batriq. Explained by Dr. Abd Al-Rahman Badawi.

Wakalet Al-Matbua‟t, Kuwait, 1977. pp. 563. (in Arabic).

Asiatic Lion. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Lion

Asiatic Lion Information Centre. www.asiatic-lion.org/

Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826). References.

http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/asaleorf.htm

Baidaba (Indian Philosopher) (Fourth Century A.D.). Kitab Kalila wa Dimna (Kalila and Dimna).

Originally written in Sanskrit. Translated from Pehlavi (Old Persian) into Arabic by Abi

Mohammed Abdullah Rawzeh bin Dathweh bin Al-Muqaffa‟ (724 [106 H.] – 761 [144 H.]).

Revised by Mustafa Lutfi Al-Manfaluti (1876-1924). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon.

1984, 1404 H. pp. 397. (in Arabic).

Barbary Lion. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion

Blanford, W.T. (1891). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia.

London.

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Gazelle – Number 58 – October 2006

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أسنبء األسد

هجرية( 073أبي عبد اهلل الحسيه به أحند به خبلويه به حنداه )النثوفي سوة

: هط ف جيق نالى اهلصة نخة اهوغج ي أظيبء األظس ئال يب كس نختخ هم، ضبء زيط كبل ات زبه يبئج اظى ؼفج، فبكصف شهم:

: اهؾصؾى، األظس لبل ه .ط، هوؾزى اهغسس، غت تبألظساهؾصؾى، اهستزط، لبل: صجل ستزط، جيل ستزص، اهستزط. ؼصث، اهلظ ؼص، اهبؼصث، اه ؼص، اهيبؼص، اهي صث، األفؾخ، ظبكسث، اه اهلظ

صيبط، ص، األغؾف، األغوة، اهفصبط، اهلصكط، اهؾيؾى، اهؾتبصى، اهؾتبصيج، اه اهتظتط، األظجص، اهلبتط، اهتبظل، اهيزسص، اهزبشص، اهزشص، دتل تصاح، ا يط، اهل هؼوسى، اهغخى، اهسه

، اهلضاى، اهيضكفص، اهغص تد، اهغؾة، اهغغى، اهلغصث، اهغغيغى، اهليػ، اهليلبى، اهلبسص، اهدؿبى، اهلؿة، ا ص، اهت ى، اهدبى، اهت ى، اهج ؾبى، اهغسكى، اهيسهف، اهل ، اه هنص

اط، اهسصتبط، اهؾؿص، األغجق، اهسا، اهيخ ؿص، اهسصاط، اهس جص، اهلظلط، اهيؾتص، اهؾ ضيض، اهف يض، اهصتبل، تال ؼى، اهغجلى، اهلفص، األغى، اهلغيغى، اهصئتبل، تبه سغى، اهؼيل، اه

د اهود، ؾتبد، األؼتخ، األ ، ه د كفص ضى، اهؼيح، اهلفصج، اهفصج، اهلفصح، اهفصح، هاط، اهؾيص، اهيؼوزس، اهؼوزبس، اهلف ض، اهؾصغبى، اهؾصغبيج، اهغؾفص، اهل ضا صط، اه

صبص، اهفصافص، اهي تبع، اه ضاتص، اه ضتص، اهلؼلػ، اهلؼبكػ، اهلؼبكؼج، اهيلصفػ، اه ؾغى، اهلى، اهفؼفب تظج، اهلؼػ، اهظص، اه بد، ديضث، اهضتص، اهضتص، اهل ػ، اهفؼبفؼج، اهينخبى، اه

ص، فصاط، كؼلبػ ح، اهينف أؾب: اهشئة. اهي . اهظصدب سهف، اهظصدب اهللص، اهظتؿص، ، اهيي يبى، اه ح، اهصؼس، اهشايص اهشفص، اهلظلط،اه خ تبص، اهي بى، اهيضسهف، اه ى، اه ي ى، اه

ذبص، اهجاهق أ ؼف، اهيؿدص، اهغخ، اهؿبص، اهغساكى، اهؿ ى، اهيلص فػ، اهغ اهلذيذى، ؾب،اهيلصس، اهظصؿى، تفخخ اهظ اهلصؾبة، اهظف أؾب. اهسهبد، ف اهبكج أؾب. اهجيل أؾب، اهف

ل، األغس .اهظصؿى: فبهزؿة اهفؼخاهؿبء، فؤيب بط، اهزل اهيفصفص، األغصط، األد نة، قاه ، األصس، اهلفصص، اهلصيؼبيج، اهظف أؾب. اهؼاهيصفبع. غى، أظبيج. اهزبتط، اه ط، اهؾ

صح، اهيصأ صحاه اط، اظى هػ أؾب. اه. ث اهيفؾبث أؾب، اه ، اهلب، ش اهوتسث، اهيضتصا، اهزتلذج. اهلوة، اهديصث أؾب. اهغسس اهلوة، اهشئة أؾب. اهيلساى، اهؾيؾبى، اهزتلذ

ؼل، تبهؼبس، فؤيب ا خص، اه س، األ ؾل، تبهؾبس: فبهجع.نشهم اهظ يص أؾب. اهنخوج ي اهخاهلستط، ه أؾب. اهدبسص، تبهدبء غ. غيغيج، اهيلخضىاه سة. اهص يلجيج، اهظي ل اهيصضى، اه

تؿ، اهياهزذلى، أؾب كتوج. . ؽ األف أؾب ي اهصجبلاألزذى، اهلص ة، اهية، اهجو صة، اهيؼيغس، اهصاظة، اهلبصح، اهجص، اهيغ ط، اهصئبط. اهي هجزسة، اهجصاس اتل، اهي

Gazelle – Number 58 – October 2006

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س، اهظ لجط، اهجيل أؾب.اهأؾب. خ، اهيص أؾب.اهظت سث اهديصث أؾب. غ اهغؾة، ت ؤط، اهغسس ي نل غء، كبل اهلل خلبه ط، األصكة، اهيغة، اهزتط، " . تلشاة تئط ": اهت اهي

ط، اهتصتص، اهبة ؾى، اهسغفص، اهنص يط، اهبس، اهودى، اهغصط، األغتط، اهج يط، اه ، اهنخلص، اهنوة، اهظتق، اهظت سصث، اهز ف، اهد ذل، اهضأص. اضى، اهلؾى، اهل ذ، األغسق، اهلي

سذ. ط، اهديبصط، اهدوت، اهجصبى. ولبىاهؼبط، اهجصبط، اهلفصاط. اهغيذ، اهسصاهغسر، اهغافؼج أدس اهلويبء اهلتبس. اهفصافؽ، اهدجبر ت اهفصاهلؾبكؽ، اهدالتط، اهدوتط.

، اهستبزط، اهفصاط، اهلغبصى، اهغغبصة، اهلبتط، اهضئتص، ا ، هلغصة، اهغغصةاهؾيبؾى، اهفصاظيط. ااهصضاى، اهغصاتد. يط يذل اهسه ة، ف، اهسهل اهدبشق أؾب. اهيزغهس س، األديص، األغ األظ

صق، األسصف. األؼد ، ظيص، األ األسصف: اهلؿ ة، اهيضكى، اهيسيسى، سا. تشهم أل كخل أظات األكى، اهآح، اهيجصجص، اهيصخجض، اهيضيضى، اهضكبف، اهلض ي ى، اهي ص، اف، اهيدغصر، اهيت ض

غى، أتب اهيدبصة، أتب صضاح، أتب اهضكفصا. ي اهدبصدن أتب اهدبصد، اظأؾب صئط اهلظنص. ، أتب اهؾ، أتب اهلتبط، أتب ي األظيبء أؾب: اهخؤيصث، أتب اهيدصاة. أتب فصاط، أتب يدؿى، أتب األغتبل، أتب اهلص

هلصكع، يب أؾب اهبكج. اهفصاط، جصافط، جصفبط، جصائؽ، جصاؽ، زصاك، اهلصكع، ا ، ق، اهجص س.هس: اهغتل، اهدفػ، اهغ ـ اهفص : اهل ذ : اهلند.لبل هص ه ل ألذ األظس: لب صى. هت

صث، اهلذيج، اهللذيج جج، اهتب ث، اهوتبءث، اهودبظج، األظسث، اهب ث، اهوت ث، اهوت ، اهدؼبء، اهيغغبة، هل: غبتج، يزسص، يدصاة، كضض، ح.هدبء اهوتإث: اهوفلبل اهيصاء، أى اهلتبط. ظتلج، لبل هيؾل

ل، اهزط، األجيج، اهضأصث، اهخؤيص، اهخؤيصث، اهلضصال، اهلضصال أؾب يؾق اهدجص، اهذص، اهغيض. يؾق اهبؿص. اهضج ؼفبح األظس أؾب، أظيبئ أؾب: اهيؼسص، اهيزخد، يبجج، اهظتج، تال

ضاف، اهينخل، اهلنيع، اهلنبيع، اهيدصة، اهغ ضف، اهي ذبة، اهليػ، اهي صذيج، اه ، بسزجف، اهلظبط، ا ، اه اص، اهظبفس، اهؿدبص، اهغبل، اهيؼم، اهيؼبيػ، اهللفب هيزط، اهظ

اخيج، األصط، اهغساذ، اهسهبذج. ة، ش هتس، اهسهبى، اه ؿص، األ أؾب: شنص اهظودفبث. اهل ط. ش اهلفصث، ش اهصيخ، ، هد اهغبة، أظس ضر، أزصى، اهغبتم، اهز ، هد زفب هد اهلص، أؾب: يوم ديص اهش ال ، اهيسالر.األكفص تذب ظم، األتغد، األغذ، . تصح ظصص اهي اهس

ذص، اهغذبغ ف، اهجبفاهغذد، اهغذ ص، األضأص، األج ، د، اهيضكفص، اهغبس، اهيفصفص، اهزغبف، األضنط. فص، جفص أؾب: يدسد ص فؾبئلاهجبل، اهيلو اهيبؾ، أل اهتح، كوى أفؾل اهظالى. اهج

، اهؼتص، اهؼلة، اهيدخجض، اهلؼلؼج، اهؾبص اهظف أؾب. ، اهلصق اهش ال لؿق سيؾيج، األغصف، اهلؾؽ، اهؾتبؾة، اهلصؾى، اهصضى، جبط، اهيلؼيل. اهيسل، اه خاه صط: اهل

يب :س، كبل أت ضتسر: األظاهغ األظس، اهبكج أؾب. كس أزشا أزالف غز ويبء اهجغق صس ففيب كضيج اه

أظيبء األظس إلت زبه فبئح أظيبء األظس . اهفظؿبؿ : اهيجوج اهخبصزج . النصدر :

www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml

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فبئت أسنبء األسداللغوي علي به قبسم به جعفر

سة. اهجؤة. اهيفبجئ. ء اهيجخصئ.اهجص . اهجبئة ااهيجصة. ج اهضأصث. اهيخدصة. هل اهيسصة. يصضتبة. اهلغضة، اهلغضة. ، اهيلتلة. اهلصغة. اهلظصة. اهلؿة. اهلة، ااهيغة. األؼ ة، اهللبة. اهللهلتب

ة: يزوة األظساهيلة، اهلبة ا تد، صخب: ضتصث األظس. اهلبئح. اهنفبح. اهزة. اهنلة، اهنلب .هل اهغاهير. سح. اهؼيبسح. اهؿدؿبح.جبهخ. األؼ، اهلبد. اهآر. اهيتخ. اهياهلبئد، اهلداهيؾؿتد. اهغبتد.

س. اهيلس. ااهغسس. ش اهضائس. ألصتس اهيخصتس. يصذس. اهصاؼس. ااهضى. األتس س.هيؼيلس. األؼس. اهيؾؿ اه

صس. ظس. اهيااهاصس، اهيخ . اهتصتص. اهيتؼص. اهتبكص. ه سص تص. اهظتص. اهظ ظص. اهشيص. اهض يدخؼص. اهزتص. اهسص. اهيضص. ط نؤ اهيينص: األظس اهيخوؿر تسيبء اهفصائاهيخغشص. اهيغصغص. اهؾيضص. اهلشافص. اهلبص. اهغؾ

ص: تبهينص. ؼتغ اط. اهلؾيضاألظس اهدبشق تبالفخصاط. اهؾصض. اهؾغض. اهؾيصض. اهيخي . اهج تضص . اهط. اهزبفط. نط. اهاألزط، اهز ط. اهسدبستدط، نبهستزط. اهسصبط. اهس اهيؾصط: صدبيط. اهيط. اهس

نط. األظس يؾغ هدى سط. اهليبط. اهفس سط. اهلن هفصاط.اط اهفصط اهفبصفصظخ ال تخول. اهلص

ـوى جص أل اهغؿيع: األظس، اهصاط.ظج األظس. بيط: كصاههيبط: األظس اهيختزخص. ااهلسادط. األهط. ؽتبؽ: األظس اهذلل اهلـى. اهلصلبػ: األظس لخل ظصلب. اهصاتؽ اهصتبؽ. اهلنظص يب به. : األظس اهغ

ؾج. اهل، اهلضض ف ظس اهييخق: األضهى اهجشف. اهظيق. اهلصذق. األ: األظس اهيظخلس هوذة. اهيخلتؽأهف اهغ األظس. فج: كص تق. اهيزظف. اهز . اهيخسهف: األفظ. اهيصاف. اه خ ف اهضبف. اهضائظس اهيبغ كو

هس األظس. هظتدول: ااهؾتبصم. اهؾصام. اهيختول. اهيصيل، اهيصيل. اهفصاق.اهغسف. األظس، اهلنبضل: تصاذ. اهؼبصى. اهغاألظس. اهلفؼل. اهزغبى. اهلظيل: هس)اهس يق األؼبتق(. ـي ـى، اهغ هؾتذى،ابى. اهؼو

ذى. ىاهلصضاى، اهلصضى. اهلصضى، اهلصاضى، اهؾتبذى. اهؾ ى. األكسى. اهلغلى.، اهلاهلصا ى، اهلص ص : اهلاذ . ج . اهيج . اهيس يس. األسهى. اإلذاس. اهيضسص. اهيخلس. اهيس. اهبس. اهصاألظس اهنذص اهغلص. اهلبص

يبى. اهؼى. اهؼيج. ش كلبفق. اهلوبى. اهنصسط صذ : اهغجبف، ؼف ت األظس. اهلؿبؿ. اهيوتس. اه يج: اه .اهظتصيغ ظيلح هيفبؼو كلللج. اهزضصر: األظس هغسخ. اهتغ. ش كلبكق: األظس ئشا األظس، أف زؿي.

بصزج .أظيبء األظس إلت زبه فبئح أظيبء األظس . اهفظؿبؿ : اهيجوج اهخ النصدر :

www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml

Reference: Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in

Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]).

Asma‟ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). [& Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad (The missing Names

of the Lion) by Ali bin Qassem bin Ja‟far Al-Laghawi]. Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine

Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml