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The Axial Skeleton. This structure is composed of 27 bones and is formed from cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones protect the brain and allow attachment for the neck and head muscles. The Skull. The facial bone have several functions: Form the frame work for the face - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Axial Skeleton
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The SkullThis structure is composed of 27 bones and is formed from cranial and facial bones.
The cranial bones protect the brain and allow attachment for the neck and head muscles.
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The SkullThe facial bone have several functions:• Form the frame work for the face• Contain cavities for the senses• Provided openings for air and food• Secure the teeth• Anchor the facial muscles
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Sutures• With the exception of the mandible all bones of the adult skull are interlocked by joints called sutures.• The major sutures are the
– Coronal– Sagittal– Squamous– Lambdoid
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Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Lambdoidsuture
Facialbones
Squamoussuture
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Coronalsuture
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The FloorThe floor is divided into the
anterior , middle and posterior fossae
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Figure 7.2b The skull: Cranial and facial divisons and fossae.
Anterior cranialfossa
Middle cranialfossa
Posterior cranialfossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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External Features
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
• Supraorbital margin is a throw back to our simian cousins
• For us it supports our eye brows
• The Supraorbital foramen is the path for the supraorbital nerve and vessels
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects
The superior nuchal and inferior nuchal lines serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Coronal suture Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomaticbone Maxilla
Alveolarmargins
MandibleMental foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoidsuture
SquamoussutureOccipitalbone
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid process
Mandibular condyleMandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomaticprocess
Temporal bone
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Figure 7.7b The floor of the cranial cavity.
Sphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranialfossa
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Posteriorcranial fossaParietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramenmagnum
(b) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Ethmoidbone
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Lesserwing Greaterwing
Cribriformplate
Crista galli Frontal bone
Olfactoryforamina Optic canal
Foramenrotundum Foramen ovale
Foramenspinosum
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
View
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Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Hard palate
Mandibularfossa
Mastoidprocess
ZygomaticarchForamen ovale
Foramen lacerumCarotid canal
Styloid process
Jugular foramenOccipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Superior nuchalline(b) Photo of inferior view of the skull
Foramen spinosum
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Skull Fractures
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Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Coronoidprocess
Mandibular foramen
Mentalforamen
Mandibularangle
Ramusofmandible
Mandibularcondyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular fossaof temporal bone
Body of mandible
Alveolarmargin
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Temporomandibularjoint
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Broken Jaw
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The Hyoid Bone
This is a “U” shaped bone. It is not connected to the skull.
It forms the base for the tongue.
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The Spinal Column
The vertebral column consists of 26 irregular bones.
It provides the main axial support for the skeleton.
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Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.
Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Thoracic curvature(convex)12 vertebrae,T1–T12
Lumbar curvature(concave)5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature(convex)5 fused vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view Right lateral view
Spinousprocess
Transverseprocesses
Intervertebraldiscs
Intervertebralforamen
C1
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The Spinal Column
There are 7 cervical vertebrae
12 Thoracic vertebrae
5 Lumbar vertebrae
5 Sacral vertebrae
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
You have breakfast at
7
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
You have lunch at 12
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
You have dinner at 5
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Anterior and Posterior Aspects of the Skull
You have to go to the bathroom at 5 am
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The Spinal Column
The major supporting ligaments are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
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Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Supraspinous ligamentIntervertebraldisc
Anteriorlongitudinalligament
Intervertebral foramen
Posterior longitudinalligament
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned bodyof vertebra
Transverse process
Sectionedspinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinousligament
Inferior articular process
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
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The Spinal Column
The anterior ligament attaches to the vertebrae and discs.
It prevents hyperextension (bending backward)
The posterior ligament is weak and resists hyperflexation.
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The Spinal Column
The Intervertebral discs accounts for 25% of your height and acts as a shock absorber.
A herniated or slip discs is a common cause of back injuries.
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Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Vertebral spinous process(posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal nerve root
Anulus fibrosusof disc
Herniated portionof disc
Nucleuspulposusof disc
Spinal cord
(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
Transverseprocess
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Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Nucleuspulposus ofintact disc
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral columnin sagittal section showing herniated disc
Herniatednucleuspulposus
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine which can occur during adolescence, old age or during pregnancy.
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Scoliosis
• Lordosis. Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis curves significantly inward at the lower back.
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• Kyphosis. Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).
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• Scoliosis. A person with scoliosis has a sideways curve to their spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped
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The Cervical Vertebrae
These are the smallest with C1 and C2 modified for the skull.
In general cervical vertebrae have– An oval body– A short spinous process which is split except
for C7– A transverse foramen for the vertebral
arteries.
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The Thoracic Vertebrae
There are12 (T1-T12)
These have :
1) Circular vertebral foramen
2)A long spinous process that points downward.
3) Transverse processes have facets for the ribs
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Figure 7.20b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Superior articularprocess
Transversecostal facet (fortubercle of rib)
Body
Intervertebraldisc
Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)Inferior articularprocess
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
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The Lumbar Vertebrae
There are 5(L1-L5)
These have :
1) Spinous process is short & flat
2) Vertebral foramen is triangular
3) articular processes face medially or laterally
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Superiorarticularprocess
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Intervertebraldisc
Body
Inferiorarticularprocess
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
Figure 7.20c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
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The Sacral Vertebrae
There are 5 (S1-S5)
These are fused and articulates with L5 and the ileum
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Figure 7.21 The sacrum and coccyx.
Coccyx
CoccyxAnteriorsacralforamina
Apex
Posteriorsacralforamina
Mediansacralcrest
Sacralpromontory
Sacralcanal
Sacralhiatus
BodyFacet of superiorarticular process
Lateralsacralcrest
Auricularsurface
Ala
Ala
(b) Posterior view
Bodyof firstsacralvertebra
Transverseridges (sites of vertebralfusion)
(a) Anterior view
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The Thoracic Cage
This is composed of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae dorsally and sternum ventrally.
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum.
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The Thoracic Cage
This is composed of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae dorsally and sternum ventrally.
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum.
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs because they attach indirectly
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The Thoracic Cage
This is composed of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae dorsally and sternum ventrally.
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum.
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs because they attach indirectly
Ribs 11 & 12 are floating and are NOT attached to the sternum
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Figure 7.22 The thoracic cage.
Intercostal spaces
Xiphisternaljoint
Heart
Sternalangle
Jugularnotch
Trueribs(1–7)
Falseribs(8–12)
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
ManubriumSternal angleBodyXiphisternal jointXiphoid process
L1
VertebraFloatingribs (11, 12) (b) Midsagittal section through the
thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column
(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costalcartilage
Costalmargin
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Figure 7.23c Ribs.
Junction withcostal cartilage
Shaft Head Neck
Articularfaceton tubercle
Costal angleCostal groove
Facets forarticulationwith vertebrae
(c) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view