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ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR Class 10 English Worksheet-7 THE BANGLE SELLERS -SAROJINI NAIDU About the Poem The Bangle Sellers‟ is a musical poem written by the prominent Indian Poet and politician Sarojini Naidu. It is a song sung by the men who sell glass bangles at village fairs and markets that are organized around temples during festivals or on auspicious days. It is a poem that explores the life of Indian Women, the Indian culture and traditions revolving around women. The Poem revolves around bangles, which is an important ornament for beautification of women in Indian Society. It focuses our attention on the social, religious and symbolic value of bangles in Indian culture where no widow is supposed to wear bangles. The wearing of bangles is suggestive of happiness, peace and prosperity. The poem celebrates the value and virtues of Indian womanhood, with the help of a string of images associated with different colours of bangles. The bangles are not just any ornament to be worn, but a symbolic representation of the various stages in the life of a typical Indian woman. Explanation Stanza 1 Bangle sellers are we who bear Our shining loads to the temple fair Who will buy these delicate, bright Rainbow-tinted circles of light? Lustrous tokens of radiant lives, For happy daughters and happy wives

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ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 10 English Worksheet-7

THE BANGLE SELLERS

-SAROJINI NAIDU

About the Poem

‘The Bangle Sellers‟ is a musical poem written by the prominent Indian Poet and politician

Sarojini Naidu. It is a song sung by the men who sell glass bangles at village fairs and markets

that are organized around temples during festivals or on auspicious days. It is a poem that

explores the life of Indian Women, the Indian culture and traditions revolving around women.

The Poem revolves around bangles, which is an important ornament for beautification of women

in Indian Society. It focuses our attention on the social, religious and symbolic value of bangles

in Indian culture where no widow is supposed to wear bangles. The wearing of bangles is

suggestive of happiness, peace and prosperity. The poem celebrates the value and virtues of

Indian womanhood, with the help of a string of images associated with different colours of

bangles. The bangles are not just any ornament to be worn, but a symbolic representation of the

various stages in the life of a typical Indian woman.

Explanation

Stanza 1

Bangle sellers are we who bear

Our shining loads to the temple fair

Who will buy these delicate, bright

Rainbow-tinted circles of light?

Lustrous tokens of radiant lives,

For happy daughters and happy wives

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The Poem begins with the speakers introducing themselves as bangle sellers who sell their

articles at the temple fair. They call out to the people to buy their bangles. These hawkers

describe their bangles as delicate, bright, rainbow-tinted circles of light. Here the poet wants to

highlight that the bangles are in variety of colours and they are like circles of light hereby

describing the round shape of the glass bangles which reflect light through it. They advertise by

questioning who will buy these bangles? The bangles are described here as lustrous tokens of

radiant lives which depict the Indian tradition of wearing bangles which are worn on special

occasions and are associated with happiness and prosperity.

Read the extract and answer the following questions:

Q1.What is being referred to as „shining loads‟? Who are its prospective buyers?

Q2.What role do the bangle sellers play in a traditional Indian set-up, according to this extract?

Q3.Why are the bangles referred to as rainbow-tinted circles of light? Which figure of speech is

used here?

Q4.Why are the bangles called „lustrous tokens of radiant lives‟?

Stanza 2

Some are meet for a maidens wrist,

Silver and blue as the mountain mist,

Some are flushed like the buds that dream

On the tranquil brow of a woodland stream,

Some are aglow with the bloom that cleaves

To the limpid glory of new born leaves.

In the second stanza, the bangle sellers give an account of the bangles suitable for a maiden‟s(an

unmarried young girl)wrist. They say that the silver and blue coloured bangles which are like

the colour of the mist of the mountain ,will suit her as they symbolize purity, freshness and the

beauty of young maidens. Some of the bangles are „flushed „, that is pink and light red in colour

like buds growing beside a woodland stream desiring to grow into a flower, while some are

green and glowing like clear dew drops on new born leaves. All these colourful- mist like, buds

like and flower like – bangles are suitable for young girls dreaming of marriage.

Read the Extract and answer the following questions:

Q1.What types of bangles are suitable for a maiden‟s wrist? Why are silver and blue

coloured bangles compared to the mountain mist?

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Q2.In what way are the buds set to dream? Which figure of Speech is used in „the buds that

dream‟?

Q3.Explain: Some are flushed like the buds that dream

On the tranquil brow of a woodland stream.

Q4.What is meant by the „limpid glory of new born leaves?

Q5.What are the „new born leaves‟ symbolic of?

Stanza 3

Some are like fields of sunlit corn,

Meet for a bride on her bridal morn,

Some, like the flame of her marriage fire,

Or, rich with the hue of her heart’s desire,

Tinkling, luminous, tender, and clear,

Like her bridal laughter and bridal tear.

In the third stanza, the bangle sellers describe the bangles suitable for a bride on her bridal

morning. Some of these bangles are golden yellow, like fields of corn which are lit up by

sunlight in the morning while some are bright red like the reddish flame of the sacred marriage

fire.It also reflects the passion in her heart about her married life. The bangles tinkle when the

bride moves, they are bright, delicate and clear in colour just like the laughter of the bride. They

express both her joy of starting a new life with her husband and the sorrow of leaving her parents

behind. The words „bridal laughter and bridal tear‟ convey the sudden transition of a woman

from a maiden to a wife and all her mixed emotions of sorrow and happiness attached to it.

Read the extract and answer the following questions:

Q1.What is being compared to „fields of sunlit corn‟? Why?

Q2.What do you understand by the phrase „bridal laughter‟ and „bridal tear‟? With what

have they been compared in the extract?

Q3.In which context is the „marriage fire‟ used in the poem? Explain.

Q4.Which literary device is used in the last two lines of the extract? Explain it.

Stanza 4

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Some are purple and gold flecked grey

For she who has journeyed through life midway,

Whose hands have cherished, whose love has blest,

And cradled fair sons on her faithful breast,

And serves her household in fruitful pride,

And worships the gods at her husband’s side.

In the last stanza, the bangle sellers say that they have some purple and grey bangles that have

gold flecks on them suitable for middle- aged women who have „journeyed through life‟. These

women are mature, and have experienced life and have reached middle age in the journey of life.

They are mothers who have loved, blessed, cared and brought up their children. They have held

their worthy sons close to their hearts and have taken care

of their household with pride. They have fulfilled their duties perfectly because of which they

get honour to sit at their husband‟s side while worshipping.

Read the extract and answer the following questions:

Q1. For whom are the „purple and gold flecked grey‟ bangles suitable? Which phase of their

lives is symbolized by these bangles?

Q2.What special significance does the phrase „fruitful pride‟ hold in the extract?

Q3.Explain the line: worships the gods at her husband‟s side.

Q4.Do you think that the poet‟s presentation of the Indian society is based on patriarchal

ideology which is unacceptable in our times of feminist outlook? Explain.

……………………………………………………………………..

ANSWER KEY of English Worksheet-6 A HORSE AND TWO GOATS

CLASS 10 ENGLISH LITERATURE (PROSE)

A1. Kritam, meaning „crown‟ or „ coronet‟ in Tamil, is one of the smallest of India‟s seven

hundred thousand villages. It is a village that has fewer than thirty houses. Most of the houses are

made of bamboo, thatch, straw and mud. The only sophisticated residence in the village is the

Big House built from brick and cement.

A2. Kritam in Tamil means „coronet‟ or „crown‟. Muni along with his wife lived in one of the

huts.

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A3. The Big House was the only sophisticated residence in the village made from brick and

cement. It was painted in a brilliant yellow and blue colour. There were paintings of gods and

gargoyles on several posts.

A4. In his prosperous days, Muni had a flock of 40 sheep and goats. Most of them had died due

to years of drought, a great famine and an epidemic. Now he is left with only two goats.

A5. Muni usually went to the highway to let his goats graze. While he was there, he would sit on

a pedestal at the base of a life sized clay statue of a horse .

A6. Muni was fed up of eating drumstick leaves alone. He had a craving to relish them with

sauce for a change.

A7. Muni tried to convince the shopkeeper to give him items on credit by engaging in

conversation and laughing at his jokes. This time however he refused. He showed Muni a ledger

of past debts that he owed and told him to clear them before asking for credit.

A8. Muni said that his daughter would be giving him money for his fiftieth birthday. The

shopkeeper did not believe him because he appeared to be almost seventy.

A9. The statue of the horse was life-sized and moulded out of clay. It was as white as a dhobi-

washed sheet and had on it‟s back a cover of pure brocade of red and black lace.

A10. Muni saw a yellow station wagon coming towards him down the highway. The car had run

out of gas and had come to a stop on the road in front of the statue.

A11.The foreigner was wearing khaki clothes. It made Muni think that he was a policeman.

A12.Muni mistook the foreigner‟s khaki dress and thought the foreigner was a policeman who

had arrived to investigate the dead body that was found on the border of Kritam and a

neighbouring village. Muni thought that the foreigner had come to arrest him.

A13.Muni feared that he was going to be arrested and that the business card was a warrant for his

arrest, so he stepped back He was immediately suspicious and afraid.

A14.The American concluded that Muni was the owner as he was sitting on the pedestal of the

horse statue and when the American asked about it Muni gave an explanation of its history and

origin.

A15.Muni‟s wife was furious on seeing the hundred rupee note and accused Muni of stealing it.

She threatened to leave him and return to her parents house.

******************************************************************************

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Class 10 Hindi Worksheet-7

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Class 10 Punjabi Worksheet-7

ਕਥਾ-ਸੰਵੇਦਨਾ ਾਠ -7 ਰੱਬ ਤ ੇਰ ੱ ਤਾਂ (ਕਹਾਣੀ) - ਡਾ. ਦਲੀ ਕਰ ਟਿਵਾਣਾ

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ਬਾਕੀ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਨੀ ਅਗਲ ਹਫ਼ਤ ੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਜਾਵਗੀ।

Worksheet ਵਵਿੱਚ ਵਦਿੱਤ ਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਵਿਆਸ ਆਣੀ ਕਾੀ ਵਵਿੱਚ ਕਰ।

ਹਠਾਾਂ ਵਦਿੱਤੀ ਵਲਖਤ ਨੂੂੰ ਚੂੰਗੀ ਤਰਹਾਾਂ ੜ੍ਹ ਕ ਨੀਚ ਵਦਿੱਤ ਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ਦ ਉੱਤਰ ਕਾੀ ਵਵਿੱਚ ਵਲਖ।

ਰਸ਼ਨ 1-"ਰਾਮ ਜੀ, ਧਰਤੀ ਉੱਤ ਸਾਡੀ ਲੜ੍ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਾਨੂੂੰ ਰਤ ਆਉਣ ਦੀ ਆਵਗਆ ਵਦਓ।"

੧-ਰਾਮ ਜੀ, ਸ਼ਬਦ ਟਕਸ ਲਈ ਵਰਟਿਆ ਟਗਆ ਹੈ? ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਟਕਸ ਨੇ, ਟਕਸ ਨ ੂੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ਕਹੇ?

੨-ਧਰਿੀ ਿੋਂ ਵਾਸ ਕਣ ਆਉਣਾ ਚਾਹ ੂੰ ਦਾ ਸੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ?

੩-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਟਕਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਭੇਟਜਆ ਅਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ?

੪-ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਰ ਿਾਂ ਨੇ ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਨਾਲ ਟਕਹ ਟਜਹਾ ਟਵਵਹਾਰ ਕੀਿਾ?ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਨੇ ਰ ੱ ਿਾ ਿੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਲਈ ਕੀ- ਕੀ ਉਰਾਲੇ ਕੀਿੇ ਿੇ ਟਵਟਗਆਨ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਟਵੱਚ ਟਕਸ ਿਰਹਾਂ ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਦੀ ਮਦਦ ਕੀਿੀ?

-----------------------------------------------

ਰਸ਼ਨ 2 "ਇਹ ਧਰਤੀ ਤਾਾਂ ਬੜ੍ੀ ਸੁਹਣੀ ਹ। ਰਿੱਬ ਨ ਬਹਾਰ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਵਖਆ।"

੧-ਰੱਬ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਸ ਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ?

੨-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਆ ਕੇ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਕੀ- ਕੀ ਦੇਟਖਆ?

੩- ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਦੇ ਲਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਵੇਖ ਕੇ ਟਨਰਾਸ਼ ਟਕਉਂ ਹ ਟਗਆ?

੪-ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਜਾ ਕੇ ੂੰਛੀਆਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਚ ਕੇ ਟਕਉਂ ਦ ਖੀ ਹਇਆ?

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Class 10 History –Civics Worksheet-6

THE STATE JUDICIARY – THE HIGH COURTS

INTRODUCTION

The High Court is at the apex of the judiciary in the state . Presently , there are total 24

High Courts in the country . Four among them have jurisdiction over more than one

state ; these include High Courts of Guwahati , Chandigarh , Mumbai and

Hyderabad .

COMPOSITION

Every High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges , who are appointed by the

President from time to time . The number of judges in a High Court is not fixed and

varies from state to state .

QUALIFICATION OF JUDGES

A Judge of the High Court must be a citizen of India , and

(a) Should have held a judicial office in India for atleast 10 years , or

(b) Should have been an advocate of a High Court for atleast 10 years .

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APPOINTMENT OF THE JUDGES

1.The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of High Court after consultations with

the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned State .

2. The President of India appoints the other judges of High Court after consultations with

the Chief Justice of India( Supreme Court ) , Governor of the State and the Chief Justice

of the concerned High Court .

TERM OF OFFICE AND REMOVAL

A judge of the High Court retires at the age of 62 years . A judge may be removed from

his office by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity .

JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT

Jurisdiction refers to the power that a Court of Law exercises to carry out judgement , to

interpret laws and to settle disputes .

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

It extends to those cases which High Court has authority to hear and decide in the first

instance . The High Court in its original jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases

:

1. Cases regarding wills , divorce , marriage , Admiralty , Company Law and

Contempt of Court .

2. Constitutional cases

3. To issue Writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights .

APPELLATE JURISDICTION

Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court is both civil and criminal . In civil cases the

High Court hear the appeals against the decisions of District judges. In criminal cases

appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals :

1. Against the judgement of a sessions judge or an additional sessions judge

2. Against the judgements of assistant sessions judge , the chief metropolitan

magistrate or other judicial magistrates .

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REVISORY JURISDICTION

The High Court is empowered to review any judgement or order made by the

subordinate or lower court with a view to removing any mistake that might have

crept in the judgement .

HIGH COURT IS A COURT OF RECORD

The High Court is a Court of Record . The Court of Record has 2 features :

1. Its judgements are preserved as record and can be produced in any court as

precedents .

2. If a person commits a contempt of High Court , the court has the authority to

punish him .

JUDICIAL REVIEW

If a High Court finds that a particular law or order of the executive goes beyond the

provisions of the Constitution , it can declare them null and void .

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ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND WRITS

All High Courts have the power to issue Writs to a person or an official . The writs

comprise of :

Habeas Corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Quo Warranto and Certiorari .

The writ jurisdiction of the High Court is wider than the Supreme Court as the

High Court can issue writs for enforcement of all legal rights whether fundamental

rights or other .

Answer the following questions :

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Q.1 What is the composition of a High Court ?

Q.2 Name the different types of Jurisdictions . Mention 2 types of cases regarding

which the High Court exercises Original Jurisdiction .

Q.3 What is the scope or purpose of :

(a) Writ of Quo Warranto (b) Writ of prohibition

Q.4 In what way do the High courts have a wider scope in enforcement of writs as

compared to the Supreme Court ?

Q.5 What is meant by „Judicial Review‟ of the High Court ?

Q.6 What do we mean when we say that the High Court is a Court of

Record ?

Q.7 What is meant by “Appellate Jurisdiction” ? Name the 2 types of cases in which an

appeal shall lie to the High Court .

Answer key of History Civics Worksheet-5

Q.1 Explain the meaning of the term „jurisdiction‟ .

Ans.1 Jurisdiction refers to the power that a Court of Law exercises to carry out judgement ,

to interpret laws and to settle disputes .

Q.2 Name the different types of Jurisdictions . Mention 2 types of cases regarding which

the Supreme Court exercises Original Jurisdiction .

Ans.2 The different types of jurisdictions are – original jurisdiction , appellate jurisdiction ,

revisory jurisdiction & advisory jurisdiction .

The Supreme Court in its original jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases :

1. A dispute between the Government of India & one or more States .

2.Disputes between 2 or more States .

Q.3 What is meant by the term “ Writ ” ?

Ans.3 A writ is a “ legal instrument to enforce obedience to the orders of a Court .”

Q.4 What is the scope or purpose of :

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(a) Writ of Mandamus (b) Writ of Habeas Corpus

Ans.4 (a) Writ of Mandamus : The purpose of this writ is to compel a lower court or an

individual to perform their duty .

(b) Writ of Habeas Corpus : The purpose of this writ is that it provides a remedy for

a person who has been unlawfully held in prison , in police custody or by a private individual

.

Q.5 What is meant by „Judicial Review‟ ?

Ans.5 It is the power of the Supreme Court to examine the laws passed by the legislature &

the orders issued by the executive officials to find whether or not they are permitted by the

Constitution .

Q.6 What do we mean when we say that the Supreme Court is a Court of

Record ?

Ans.6 The Supreme Court is a Court of Record . A Court of Record is one whose

judgements are recorded for evidence & testimony . They are not to be questioned when they

are produced before any Court .

Q.7 What is meant by “Appellate Jurisdiction” ? Name the 2 types of cases in which an

appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court .

Ans. 7 It is the power of a court to review , amend & overrule decisions of a lower court .

An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a High Court

in India . The appellate jurisdiction extends to the following cases :-

1. Constitutional Cases : Every High Court has the power to interpret the Constitution

but the decision of the Supreme Court is final . An appeal lies to the Supreme Court

from any judgement of the High Court , if the High Court certifies that the case

involves the interpretation of the Constitution .

2. Civil Cases : Appeals in civil matters lie to the Supreme Court , if the High Court

certifies (a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance

, (b) that the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court .

Q.8 Name the Courts which are competent to issue Writs for the Enforcement of

Fundamental Rights .

Ans. 8 Both the Supreme Court and the High Court are competent to issue Writs for the

Enforcement of Fundamental Rights .

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Class 10 Geography Worksheet-6

WATER RESOURCES

WATER RESOURCES: -

Are of utmost importance in a country like India where agriculture is the main occupation

of the people. The dense population, which is increasing at a tremendous rate needs food.

The agriculture production can be increased by following better farming techniques, with

the use of fertilisers and better seeds. This is not possible unless adequate amount of

water is available. Therefore irrigation is absolutely essential in India where water

resources are available in the form of surface water and ground water.

SOURCES OF WATER: -

1. Surface Water Resources

2. Ground Water Resources.

1. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:-

The water available on the surface of the land in the form of streams, rivers, lakes or

reservoirs is known as surface water resources. The maximum water available is from

rivers and their tributaries. Due to a number of factors like relief, location, climate, etc

only about 32% of the available surface water can be utilised.

2.GROUND WATER RESOURCES : -

Water enters the ground through crack, pores, sand and rock formation and collects in the

lower layers. The basins of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra have over 50% of the

groundwater resources. Due to the plateau in South India there is a smaller amount of

underground water.

NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF WATER: -

1. India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation, still we suffer from water scarcity.

2. Water scarcity may also arise because of the large and growing population.

3. India has seasonal rainfall, and this rainfall is not evenly distributed throughout the

country.

4. Indian rivers like Ganga and Yamuna are the most polluted rivers. Due to their over

exploitation, their glaciers are melting at a high rate.

5. Excessive irrigation to meet excessive population demands depletes 90 % of the fresh

water content of the earth.

6. Industries utilize huge amounts of water and also pollute surface fresh water.

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7. . The misuse of water, wastage and inability to tap and harness our water potential has

resulted in growing depletion of water resources.

CONSERVATION PRACTICES : -

Means preventing and controlling of the depletion and degradation of water and making

the best use of available water resources for the present and future needs.

It is necessary due to increasing demand, short supply and uneven distribution of rainfall

NECESSARY STEPS FOR WATER CONSERVATION ARE: -

Developing water saving technology

Preventing water pollution

Promoting watershed development, rain water harvesting, water recycling and reuse.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING : -

Water harvesting involves different methods of conserving and collecting rainwater. It is

the simplest and most efficient method.

There are various methods of water harvesting-

1. Rainwater harvesting.

2. Recharging of ground water.

WHAT IS MEANT BY RAIN WATER HARVESTING?

The activity of collecting rain water directly or recharging it into the ground to improve

groundwater storage in the aquifer.

It is the most important technique for storing water and later using it during drought or

day season.

In this method, the rain water is collected on rooftop and is directed to dry tanks

OBJECTIVES OF RAIN WATER HARVESTNG. –

1. Recharging the ground water and raising its level.

2. Preventing rain water runoff.

3. To prevent soil erosion or flooding surrounding area.

4. Checking rain water from becoming polluted.

5. To meet the demand of water during dry season.

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IMPORTANCE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: -

1. It increases the availability of water during dry season

2. Improves the quality of ground water by diluting salinity.

3. Does not cause pollution

4. Cost effective and easily affordable.

5. It reduces soil erosion and improves soil moisture.

6. This can even provide for drinking water when all other sources have dried up.

7. To meet population demand.

8. Industries can also use such water for their purposes and this water is also applicable

in irrigation.

ADVANTAGES OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:-

1. Provides self-sufficiency to water supply.

2. Reduces the cost of pumping groundwater

3. Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals.

4. Improves the quality of ground water.

5. Reduces soil erosion.

6. Rainwater harvesting system are simple which can be easily adopted by individuals.

7. In hilly terrain rain water harvesting is preferred.

8. In desert were rainfall is low it provides relief to people.

9. In saline or coastal areas, rainwater provides good quality water and when recharged

to ground water, it reduces salinity and also helps in maintaining balance.

10. In Island, due to limited extent of freshwater aquifers, rainwater harvesting is most

preferred source of water for domestic use.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT STATES :-

1) Rainwater harvesting techniques: -

Many other states in India still use the traditional methods of rainwater harvesting, for eg.

Johads (earthen dams), Kunds (covered underground tanks), in Rajasthan.

Khadin (a long earthen embankment to store run off water) in Gujarat

Cheruva (reservoirs) in Andhra Pradesh

Dongs (ponds) in Assam used by Bodo tribes.

Kere (tanks) in Karnataka.

Bhandaras in the Deccan plateau

Surangam in Western Ghats.

Korambu in Eastern Ghats.

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Zing in Ladakh.

Zongs in Jammu Kashmir.

Pukuar , Bil and Khal- rainwater is stored in ponds, in the state of W Bengal.

2) Recharge of groundwater: -

Pit recharge- pits are constructed to recharge shallow aquifers

Trenches- when water is collected at a shallow depth due to permeable soil.

Dug wells- water is carried with the help of drain pipes to tank from where it flows

into dug wells.

Hand pumps- may be used for recharging the shallow or deep aquifers.

Filtration tank- Roof top water is carried with the help of pipe to a filtration tank.

Ferrocement tank- Type of storage.

HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER: -

There are two ways of harvesting rainwater

1. Surface runoff harvesting

2. Rooftop rainwater harvesting

1. Surface run off harvesting: - The excess water from rain, snow melt, or other source

flows over the land can be harvested.

2. Roof top Rainwater harvesting: - is the technique through which rain water is

captured from the groot catchments and stored in reservoirs.

The main objective of rooftop rainwater harvesting is to make water available for future

use.

NEED FOR ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING:-

To meet the ever increasing demand for water

To reduce the runoff

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To avoid flooding of roads.

To augment the groundwater storage and control decline of water levels.

To reduce ground water pollution

To improve the quality of ground water

To reduce the soil erosion.

To supplement domestic water requirement during summer, drought etc.

What are check dams?

Check dams or embankments built to store rainwater during the monsoon season on a

large scale to prevent scarcity of water during dry season.

For eg Johads. Johads are abundant in Rajasthan.

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Class 10 Physics Worksheet-7

MACHINES

It is our common experience that it is much easier to open a nut by using a wrench rather

than by hand. It is difficult to pull up a bucket of water directly from a well, but it

becomes much easier to pull up with the use of a pulley. It is difficult to shift a heavy

block by pushing it, but it becomes difficult to shift it by using a crow bar. We can find

many such examples in our daily life where the use of a machine (such as a wrench,

pulley, crow bar, etc.) makes the job easier.

A machine is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force for

(or load) at some point by applying a small force (or effort) at a convenient point and in a

desired direction or by which we can obtain a gain in speed.

Technical terms related to a machine

1) Load: The resistive or opposing force to be overcome by a machine is called load

(L).

2) Effort: The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called effort (E).

3) Mechanical advantage (M.A.): The ratio of load to effort is called the mechanical

advantage of the machine, i.e.,

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑀.𝐴. ) =Load (L)

Effort (E)

4) Velocity ratio (V.R.): The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of load is

called the velocity ratio of machine,

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑉.𝑅. ) =Velocity of effort

Velocity of load

5) Work input: The work done on the machine by the effort, is called work input

(Winput), i.e.,

Work input = work done by the effort.

6) Work output: The work done by the machine on the land, is called work output

(Woutput), i.e.,

Work output = work done on the load.

7) Efficiency (η): Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the work done on the load by

the machine to the work done on the machine by the effort.

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PRINCIPLE OF A MACHINE

When energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort, it overcomes the load by

doing some useful work on it.

The point at which energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort is called the

effort point and the point where energy is obtained by overcoming the load, is called

the load point.

For an ideal machine,

Output energy = Input energy

Ideal machine: An ideal machine is that in which there is no loss of energy in any

manner. Here the work output is equal to the work input i.e. the efficiency of an ideal

machine is 100%.

Actual machine: In an actual machine, the output energy is always less than the

input energy i.e. there is always some loss of energy during its operation. The loss of

energy in a machine is due to the following three reasons:

1) the moving parts in it are neither weightless nor smooth (or frictionless)

2) the string in the (if any) is not perfectly elastic, and

3) Its different parts are not perfectly rigid

RELATIONSIP BETWEEN EFFICIENCY (η), MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)

AND VELOCIY RATIO (VR)

Suppose a machine overcomes a load L by the application of an effort E, in time t. Let the

displacement of effort be dE and the displacement of load be dL.

M.A. = V.R X η

LEVERS

Levers are the simplest kind of machines used in our daily life.

A lever is a rigid, straight (or bent) bar which is capable of turning about a fixed axis.

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KINDS OF LEVERS

Depending upon the relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum, there are following

three types of levers: (1) Class I levers, (2) Class II levers and Class III levers.

(1) Class I levers: In this type of levers, the fulcrum F is in Between the effort E

and the load L.

(2) Class II levers: In this type of levers, the fulcrum f and the effort E are at the

two ends of the lever and the load L is somewhere in between the effort E and

the fulcrum F.

(3) Class III levers: in this types of levers, the fulcrum F and the load L are at the

two ends of the lever and the effort E is somewhere in between the fulcrum F

and the load L.

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Class 10 Chemistry Worksheet-7

ACID BASES AND SALT

ACID-Acids are defined as compounds which contain one or more hydrogen

atoms, and when dissolved in water, they produce hydronium ions (H3O+), the

only positively charged ions. E.g. HCl, H2SO4

Base-are the substances which react with acid to form salt and water. All metal

oxides and hydroxides are bases.

Alkali- water soluble bases are called Alkali. They produce hydroxyl ions as the

negatively charged ions when dissolved in water eg. NaOH, KOH.

Neutralization- It is the process in which Acid reacts with a base to form salt and

water.

NaOH+HClNacl + H2O

Base Acid Salt Water

Strong

Acid

Weak Acid

1

.

Compoun

ds which

fully

dissociate

in water to

produce

large

number of

hydrogen

ions or

hydroniu

m ions are

called

strong

acids

1

.

Compounds

which dissociate

partially in water

to produce less

number of

hydrogen ions or

hydronium ions

are called weak

acids

2

.

They only

produce

ions

2

.

They produce

ions and

molecules

3

.

E.g. HCl,

H2SO4

3

.

E.g.

CH3COOH,H2C

O3

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Strong Alkali Weak Alkali

1. Compounds which

fully dissociate in

water to produce

large number of

hydroxyl ions are

called strong alkali

1. Compounds which

dissociate partially in

water to produce less

number of hydroxyl

ions are called weak

alkali

2. They only produce

ions

2. They produce ions

and molecules

3. E.g. NaOH, KOH. 3. E.g. NH4OH

>Basicity of acid is defined as the no of ionizable hydrogen (H+) ions present i

n one molecule of an acid is called basicity.

Monobasic Acids

Monobasic acids are acidic compounds that have one replaceable hydrogen atom per one

acid molecule. , these acids produce one hydrogen ion on complete dissociation in water.

Therefore, these are called monoprotic acids. There are organic and inorganic

monobasic acids. Some are strong acids whereas others are weak acids. Strong

monobasic acids such as HCl, HNO3, HBr can completely dissociate and donate one

hydrogen to a base. Weak monobasic acids such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) are partially

dissociated.

HCl H+ + Cl

-

Dibasic Acids

Dibasic acids are chemical compounds that have two replaceable hydrogen atoms per

acid molecule. Therefore these dibasic acids can produce two hydrogen ions on complete

dissociation in water . In an aqueous solution, dibasic acids dissociate providing two

hydrogen ions (H+) to the system. Therefore, these are also called diprotic acids.

Some common examples of dibasic acids include H2SO4, H2CO3

H2SO4 2H+

+ SO42-

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Tribasic Acids

Tribasic acids are chemical compounds that have three replaceable hydrogen atoms.

These acids produce three hydrogen ions on complete dissociation in water. Since they

are able to remove three H+ ions (protons), these acids are also called triprotic acids.

H3PO4 3H+

+ PO43-

>Acidity of base is defined as the no of ionizable hydroxyl ions present in one

molecule of an base is called acidity.

Monoacidic base

Monoacidic base are the compounds that have one replaceable hydroxyl ion per

one base molecule. , these bases produce one hydroxyl ion on complete

dissociation in water. For example NaOH

NaOHNa+

+ OH-

Diacidic Base

Diacidic bases are the compounds that have 2 replaceable hydroxyl ion per one

base molecule. , these bases produce 2 hydroxyl ion on complete dissociation in

water. For example Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 Ca2+

+ 2OH-

Triacidic Base

Triacidic bases are the compounds that have 3 replaceable hydroxyl ion per one

base molecule. , these bases produce 3 hydroxyl ion on complete dissociation in

water. For example Fe(OH)3

Fe(OH)3Fe3+

+ 3OH-

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Class 10 Biology Worksheet-7

Absorption by Roots (continued.......)

Turgidity and flaccidity: When a cell absorbs water by endosmosis, it becomes fully

stretched and is unable to take up any more water. Such a cell is called turgid. and the

condition is described as turgidity. It helps in opening and closing of stomata. When a

cell loses water it loses its shape and becomes flaccid and the condition is described

as flaccidity. Flaccid guard cells close stomata.

Uses of turgidity:

The pressure exerted by the cell sap of turgid cell on the cell wall is called turgor

pressure. It prevents further entry of water into the cell.

Turgidity keeps the plant erect, maintains leaf shape.

The stimulus of touch causes loss of turgor pressure at the base of the petiole and the

leaflets in touch me not plant. This causes the leaflets to wilt and fold up.

In insectivorous plants, opening and closing of the traps is also due to turgor

movements.

Turgidity helps the seed to push through the hard ground.

Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis: Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of the protoplasmic

contents away from the cell wall when the cell is placed in a hypertonic

solution. Deplasmolysis is the return of a plasmolysed cell to its normal condition when

placed in a hypotonic solution. Dry seeds soaked in water swell up due to imbibition. The

cell wall and the protoplasm take up water by capillary action and by diffusion.

Root pressure: Root pressure refers to the osmotic pressure within the cells of a root

system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves.

Ascent of sap: Ascent of sap refers to the upward movement of water and dissolved

minerals from the root to the top of tall trees through the xylem vessels.

Root pressure, sectional pull and cohesive forces all act together to transport water and

minerals. No process is singly sufficient to provide water to tall trees.

Root pressure is the osmotic pressure developed in the xylem cells of the root system

which allows the upward movement of water.

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Adhesive forces: Water molecules rise in narrow xylem tubes due to capillary action.

This is due to adhesive forces between the water molecules and the walls of the xylem.

Cohesive forces and transpiration: As the water in the leaves is lost to the atmosphere in

the form of water vapour through stomata (transpiration), a pressure gradient arises.

Water has a tendency to remain joined as a continuous column, this is called cohesion.

Cohesive forces between water molecules form a continuous column of water in the

xylem vessels.

EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT ROOT ABSORB WATER

Answers of Biology Worksheet-5

1)The process in which the molecules of a substance move from aregion of their

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

2)It is the movement of water molecules from a dilute to a concentrated solution.

3)It is a process by which living or dead plant cells absorb water by surface

attraction.

4)Due to Imbibition.

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Class 10 Commercial Studies Worksheet-6

TOPIC: E-COMMERCE

Information technology have caused unprecedented changes in all walks of life including

business. Some of the major applications of information technology in business

operations are described in this chapter.

MEANING OF E-COMMERCE

E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) means commercial transactions conducted over a

network using computers and telecommunications. According to the International Fiscal

Association, "E-commerce means commercial transactions in which an order is placed

electronically and goods or services are delivered in tangible or electronic form." The

terms e-business and e-commerce are often used interchangeably. But e-business is a

wider term than e-commerce. E-business includes not only e-commerce but also other

electronically conducted business transactions such as product development, production,

inventory management, accounting, finance and human resource management. E-

commerce simply covers a firm's interactions with its customers and suppliers over the

Internet.

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E-commerce refers to commercial transaction over internet whereas e-business is the

process of conducting business over internet. ... E-commerce is the use of electronic

transmission medium that caters for buying and selling of products and services. In

addition e-business also includes the exchange of information.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL BUSINESS AND E-BUSINESS

BASIS OF DISTINCTION TRADITIONAL BUSINESS E-BUSINESS

1. Formation Difficult Simple

2. Setting up cost High-fixed assets required Low-fixed assets not

required.

3. Operating Cost High due to fixed charges Low as little fixed

charges

4. Locational needs Nearness to source of raw

material or markets

None

5. Physical presence Necessary Not necessary

6. Response time Long Instant

7. Personal touch High Low

8. Transaction risk Low due to face to face contact High

9. Type of staff

required

Semi skilled High skilled

10. Government support Low High

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BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE OVER TRADITIONAL COMMERCE

1.Global Reach/Global Choice:

The boundaries of electronic business are not defined by geography or by national

borders, but rather by the coverage of computer networks. Since the most important

networks are in scope, electronic commerce enables global even the smallest suppliers to

achieve global presence and to conduct business worldwide. Access to global market

place helps to improve operations of business firms.

The corresponding customer benefit is global choice-a customer can select from all

potential suppliers of a required product or service, regardless of their geographical

location.

2. Improved Competitiveness/Quality of Service:

Electronic business enables suppliers to improve competitiveness by becoming "closer to

the customer". As simple example. many companies are employing electronic commerce

technology to offer improved levels of pre- and post-sales support, with increased levels

of product information, guidance on product use,

and rapid response to customer inquiries. The corresponding customer benefit is

improved quality of service.

3. Mass Customisation / Personalised Products and Services:

With electronic interaction, suppliers are able to gather detailed on flic of each individual

customer and tailor products and services to individual needs. This results in customised

products comparable to those offered by specialised suppliers, but at mass market prices.

One simple example is an online magazine that is tailored for the individual reader on

each access to emphasise articles likely to be of interest and

exclude articles that have already been read.

4. Substantial Savings/Reductions:

One of the major contributions of electronic business is a reduction in transaction costs.

While the cost of a business transaction that entails human interaction might be measured

in dollars, the cost of conduction a similar transaction electronically might be a few cents

or less. Hence, any business process involving "routine" interactions between people

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offers the potential for substantial cost savings, which can in turn be transacted into

substantial price reductions for customers.

5. Convenience:

On the Internet transactions can be made 24 hours, 7 days a week and 365 days a year.

One can access anything from anywhere at any time. Such flexibility provides great

convenience to sellers, buyers and employees.

6. Paperless Society:

E-business reduces independence on Paperwork and the attendant red tape. Tax payers

can file returns electronically. Government can grant licenses and approvals without

much paperwork.

7. Speed:

Much of the buying and selling involves exchange of information. On the Internet,

information can be exchanged at the click of a mouse. E-business substantially reduces

the cycle time of a transaction.

8. Lower Investment:

It is much easier to start an e-business than a traditional business. Capital required is

much less. A small firm can obtain the same benefits of Internet technology which are

available to big business. In e-business, networked firms are more efficient than

networthed firms.

Q1. Define e-commerce.

Q2. Define e-business.

Q3. Differentiate between e-commerce and traditional commerce.

Q4. Give any four benefits of e-commerce over traditional commerce.

Answer Key of Commercial Studies Worksheet-5

Ans:1 Consumer exploitation means harming the interest of consumer in various ways.

When consumers do not get value for their money due to dishonesty on the part of traders

and manufacturers, consumer exploitation takes place. Consumers feel cheated.

Ans:2 1. Right to safety:

Consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are

hazardous to life and health. Food additives and colours, dangerous toys, flammable

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fabrics, unsafe appliances are examples of such goods. Consumers are entitled to healthy

and safe products.

2. Right to information: It means the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard

and the price of goods so as to protect the consumers against unfair trade practices.

3. Right to choose: Consumers must have access to a variety of goods at competitive prices. Free competition

and wide variety enable consumers to choose the best goods.

4. Right to be heard: Consumers need to be assured that their interests will receive due consideration at

appropriate forums. This right includes the right to make protest.

Ans:3 Types of consumer exploitation:

Consumers are exploited in several ways, such as the following:

1. Overcharging: charging unjustified high prices.

2. Under weighing: giving less weight or quantity.

3. Adulteration: mixing undesirable elements in goods example horse dung in Dhaniya

powder.

4. Misleading advertising : use a particular cream and you will become fair within a

week.

5. Not informing consumers about adverse impact of the product.

Ans:4 1. Check on Overcharging: The Act also provides for complaints against

charging in excess of the price of a product fixed by a law or rule and/or displayed on the

packaged commodities.

2. Check on Unfair Trade Practices: The Act also covers complaints relating to unfair

trade practices. Thus, a consumer can protect against food adulteration, short weighing

and overcharging, directly to the District Forums. The consumer can pick up a food

sample from a shop, get it analysed by a chemist and file a complaint on that basis.

3. Social Welfare law: It is a highly progressive piece of social welfare legislation. It is

acclaimed as the Magna Carta of Indian consumer. This is a unique law which directly

pertains to consumers in the market place and seeks to redress complaints arising

therefrom.

Ans:5 (a) Removal of Defects: If after proper testing the product proves to be defective,

then the „remove its defects‟ order can be passed by the authority concerned.

(b) Replacement of Goods: Orders can be passed to replace the defective product by a

new non-defective product of the same type.

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Class 10 Maths Worksheet-7

Banking

BANK: It is an organization which carries business of receiving, safeguarding and lending of money.

characteristics:

1) Receiving money from depositors

2) Lending money on demand

3) Providing other useful services to the society- loans , school fees , bills ,taxes etc..

TYPES OF ACCOUNTS

1) Saving account

2) Current account

3) Fixed deposit account

4)Recurring or cumulative deposit account

RECURRING OR CUMULATIVE DEPOSIT ACCOUNT

1. In this, depositors choose certain amount of money to deposit every month for fixed time period .

2. Time period may vary from 3 to 10 months or more years .

3. Depositors get maturity amount at the time of expiry of recurring deposit.

COMPUTING THE MATURITY VALUE OF A RECURRING DEPOSIT

ACCOUNT

Let a sum of P be deposited every month in a bank for 'n' months. if the rate of interest be r% per annum

the interest on the whole deposit is computed as

I = 𝑷 ×𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)

𝟐×

𝒓

𝟏𝟎𝟎×

𝟏

𝟏𝟐

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Since the total sum deposited in 'n' months = Amount deposited every month × number of months

therefore maturity value = total money deposited + interest

= P×n + 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)

𝑟

12×100

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1:

Sonia had a recurring deposit account in a bank and deposited र 600 per month for 21

2 years. If the rate of

interest was 10 % per annum. Find the maturity value of this account.

SOLUTION:

Here: P = र 600

n= 21

2 years that is equal to 30 months

r=10% p.a.

Amount deposited in 30 months = 600 × 30

= 18,000

interest = 600×30×(30+1)×10

2×12×100 = र 2,325

therefore, amount received by Sonia on maturity = (18000+2325)

= र 20,325

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------EXAMPLE 2

Ahmed has recurring deposit account in a bank. he deposited र 2500 per month for 2 years . if he gets र 66,250 at

the time of maturity. Find

1) The interest paid by the bank

2) the rate of interest

SOLUTION:

Here P= र 2500

n= 2 years =24 months

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amount at the time of maturity= र 66,250

money received

Total money deposited = र 2500×24

= र 60,000

1) Interest = 66,250-60,000

= र 6250

2) As we know the formula,

I = 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)

𝑟

12×100

6250 = 2500 ×24(24+1)×𝑟

2400

therefore r = 6250 ×24

24×25×25

r= 10% p.a.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE-3

Rekha opened a cumulative deposit account for 20 months. The rate of interest is 9% p.a and Rekha

received र 441 as interest at the time of maturity. Find the amount Rekha deposited each month.

SOLUTION :

Here n= 20 months r=9%p.a I= र 441

Let Rekha deposited x each month

As we know the formula for interest ,

I = 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)

𝑟

12×100

र 441 = 𝑥×20×21×9

2400

x= र 280

Therefore Rekha deposited र 280 per month.

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EXAMPLE 4

Beena has a recurring deposit account of र400 per month at 10% p.a. simple interest. if she gets र30,100 at the time of

maturity. find the total time for which the account was held.

SOLUTION :

Here, P= र 400

r=10% p.a.

maturity value = र30,100

Let 'n' be the required number of months

total deposited money = 400n

total received money = र30,100

I = 30,100 - 400n

400×𝑛×(𝑛+1)×10

2400 = 30,100 - 400n

after simplifying,

5×𝑛(𝑛+1)

3 = 30,100 - 400n

n(n+1) = 18060 - 240n

n2 + n + 240n -18060 = 0

n2 + 241n - 18060 = 0

n2 + 301n - 60n -18060 = 0 (By splitting the middle term)

n(n+301) -60(n+301)= 0

(n+301) (n-60) = 0

n = -301 , 60

Therefore n = 60 months or 5 years

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QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

1. Inderjeet opened a cumulative time deposit account with Punjab National

Bank. He deposited Rs. 360 per month for 2 years. If the rate of interest

be 7% per annum, how much did he get at the time of maturity?

2. Tanvy has a recurring deposit account in a finance company for 11

2 years

at 9% per annum. If she gets Rs. 15426 at the time of maturity, how

much per month per month has been invested by her?

3. Mr. Gupta opened a recurring deposit account in a bank. He deposited

Rs. 2500 per month for 2 years. At the time of maturity, he got Rs.

67500. Find:

(i) The total interest earned by Mr. Gupta.

(ii) The rate of interest per annum.

4. Preeti has a recurring deposit account of Rs. 1000 per month at 10% per

annum. If she gets Rs. 5550 as interest at the time of maturity, find the

total time for which the account was held.

ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET 6

1. (i) 57 (ii) 46 (iii) 12

2. (i) Rs. 600 (ii) Rs. 550 (iii) 29

3. (i) 44 (ii) 31 (iii) 11

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Class X Economics Worksheet-6

Supply of labour - we mean the amount of labour that is available in the country .

It is usually measured in units of man day ( 1 day = 8 hours of work ) per year .

For eg. If the country has 1000 workers , if these work for 300 days in a year , then

the annual supply of labour in country is 3,00,000 man-days.

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Factors affecting Supply of Labour –

1. Size of population – the larger the population , the larger will be no. of people to work

. Hence the larger will be supply of labour .

2. Age composition – salaried people are legally barred from working as labour after

attaining a certain age like 58 years . Some workers stop working when their health no

longer permits them to work then there will be a fall in the supply of labour .

3. Wage rate – higher the wage rate , the larger becomes the supply of labour. Hence ,

the willingness to work increases with the rise in wage rate ,but sometimes an increase in

wage rate can make the opposite effect as the worker may prefer leisure to income . For

eg. When a worker was working at Rs. 10 per hour , the worker had to work for 10 hours

to earn Rs. 100 per day . but if his wage rate increases from Rs. 10 to Rs. 15 per hour ,

then he can easily earn Rs. 120 by working only 8 hours per day . Thus , the individual

labour curve backward bending .

Self-Evaluation-

1. Define supply of labour.

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2. State any four factors affecting supply of labour.

Answer key of worksheet-5

1. Mobility of labour means the ability and the capacity of labour to move easily

and quicklyfrom one place to another, from one occupation to another occupation,

from one industry to another industry.

OR

Mobility of labour refers to movement of labor from one place to another or

changing ofprofession or status or grade.

2. There may be three types of mobility of labour :

1. Geographical Mobility

2. Occupational Mobility

3.Social Mobility

3. The factors affecting mobility of labour are - means of transport ,

industrialisation, education and training, . outlook and advertisement ( explain

them in detail ).

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Class X Physical Education Worksheet 5

Cricket

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Dismissal of Batsman

1. Bowled: The bowler has hit the wicket with the ball and the wicket has “broken”

with at least one bail dislodged. If the ball hits the wicket without dislodging a bail

it is not out.

2. Caught: The batsman has hit the ball with his bat or with his hand and the ball has

been caught before it has touched the ground by a member of the fielding team.

3. Leg before Wicket (LBW): Leg before wicket is judged in the manner that when

the left leg of the right handed batsman comes in front of the ball which may be

hitting the stumps, then that situation can be termed as LBW. This rule is

introduced because the batsmen will try to cover the full stumps to avoid the bowl

to hit the stumps.

4. Run Out: A member of the fielding side has broken or “put down” the wicket

with the ball while a batsman was out of his ground; this usually occurs by means

of an accurate throw to the wicket while the batsmen are trying to make a run.

5. Stumped: It is similar to run out except it is done by the wicketkeeper after the

batsman has missed the bowled ball and has stepped out of his ground and is not

attempting to make a run.

6. Hit Wicket: A batsman is out hit wicket, if he dislodges one or both bails with his

bat, person, clothing or equipment in the act of hitting the ball, or when setting off

for a run.

7. Hit the ball twice: This is very unusual and was introduced as a safety measure to

counter dangerous play and protect the fielders. The batsman may legally play the

ball a second time only to stop the ball hitting the wicket after he has already

played it.

8. Obstructed the Field: Another unusual dismissal which tends to involve a

batsman knowingly getting in the way of a fielder.

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9. Handled the ball: A batsman must not intentionally use his hand to protect his

wicket.

10. Timed out: Timed out usually means that the next batsman did not arrive within

three minutes of the previous one being dismissed.

In the vast majority of cases, it is the striker who is out when a dismissal occurs. If

the non-striker is dismissed it is usually by being run out, but he could also be

dismissed for obstructing the field, handling the ball or being timed out.

Terminology

Dolly catch: A very simple catch which is easily taken by a fielder.

Maiden over: A maiden over is that over in which the batsman is unable to make

run.

Bump Ball: A ball which is played off the bat almost instantly into the ground and

is caught by the fielder.

Ball tampering: The illegal action of changing the condition of the ball by

artificial means usually picking or lifting the seam of the ball or applying saliva or

sweat.

Hat Trick: When a bowler takes three wickets on three consecutive balls he is

said to have scored a hat trick.

Extra: Run not scored by the batsman but the run though byes, leg byes, no-balls

and wide balls. These runs are included in the scores of a team but not credited to

the batsman.

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Rubber: In the series of International Test matches, a team, who wins more

matches than the other team, is called to have won the rubber.

Seam: Slightly raised band of stitches round a cricket ball which enables bowlers

to make it spin.

Spin: To twist the ball when bowling so that, on pitching it changes direction.

No Ball: A ball is called “no ball” when either umpire considers that the bowler‟s

delivery is not fair.

Dead Ball: If the ball, while in play, is hit by the batsman on to camera or its

cable.

Follow on: The side batting first and leading by 200 runs in a five days match,

150 runs in 3 day match, 100 runs in 2 day match and 75 runs in a one day match

can ask their opponents to follow their innings.

Power Play: It is the name of fielding restrictions in limited overs ant T-20

cricket.

Innings: One player‟s or team‟s turn to bat or bowl.

Beamer: It is a type of delivery in which the ball without bouncing, passes above

the batsman‟s waist height. This ball is often close to the head of the batsman and

is thus dangerous.

Night Watchman: A lower order batsman sent in when the light is dimming to

play out the remaining overs of the day to protect more valuable batsman for the

next day‟s paly.

Overthrow: The scoring of extra runs due to an errant throw from a fielder.

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Dot Ball: A delivery bowled without any scored off it, so called because it is

recorded in the score book with a single dot.

Century: A single score of at least 100 runs, a significant landmark of a batsman.

Nick: A faint edge off the bat.

Golden Duck: A dismissal from the first ball faced in a batsman‟s innings.

……………………………………………………………………

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Class 10 Computer Applications Worksheet-5

(BASED ON ITERATIVE CONSTRUCTS OF JAVA - LOOPS)

9.2.1 Variations in the for loop

Java offers a number of variations of the for loop that increase its power and

applicability.

These variations are detailed below:

System. out . println (d);

Control variable data type:

The control variable may be of any data type, for example, character, float and double

/ * DoubleCVForLoop.java * /

public class DoubleCVForLoop

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

for (double d = 10.0; d <20; d+= 2.5 )

{

System.out.println( d);

}

}

}

OUTPUT

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

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/* NumberPattern.java * /

public class NumberPattern

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

for ( int i = 1, j=9; I <= 9; i+=2, j - = 2)

{

System.out.println(i + “ “ + j);

}

}

}

Multiple Initialization Multiple Update

Notice that in this program, two initializations i=l and j=9 are used. Both initializations

will be executed at the start of the for loop. However, the for loop will be dependent on

the control variable i for iterations as that is the only variable used in the test-condition.

OUTPUT

1 9

3 7

5 5

7 3

9 1

Control variable independence: The test-condition need not be limited to use only

control variables. In fact, the test-condition controlling the for loop can be any boolean

expression.

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For example, let us look at the following program code:

/ * ConditionForLoop.java * /

public class ConditionForLoop

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

boolean finished = false;

for (int counter = 11; ! finished; counter++)

{

System. out. println(counter);

if (counter % 7 = 0)

{

finished = true;

System.out.print1n("Condition met ..”);

}

}

}

}

OUTPUT

11

12

13

14

Condition met..

In this example, the for loop continues to run until the boolean variable finished is set to

true. It does not test the value of i.

Optional segments: In the for loop, the test-condition, and the update

That means, you can create the for loop without any or all of these segments.

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The following code is an

/ * OptionalForLoop.java * /

public class OptionalForLoop

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

int n = 5;

for ( ; n <= 19; )

{

System. out. println(n);

n ++

}

}

}

OUTPUT

5

6

7

8

9

10

Note that even if the initialization and update segments are omitted, the semicolon (;)

following initialization must still be present. The Java compiler takes the current value of

the variable as the start value for the loop.

Infinite for loop: A loop that never terminates is called an infinite loop.The following is

an example where all the three segments have been omitted. Such a for

statement will create an infinite loop.

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/ * InfiniteForLoop.java */

public class InfiniteForLoop

{

public static void main(String args[ ])

{

for ( ; ; )

{

System. out. Println( “hello there! ");

}

}

}

This loop will run forever displaying the message "Hello there!" because there is no test-

condition under which it will terminate.

Empty for loop: A for loop can just contain a null statement, i.e., just a semicolon (;).

Such a loop is called an empty loop.

Program shows the code for an empty loop. The program just waits until the loop

completes.

/ * EmptyForLoop.java * /

public class EmptyForLoop

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

for (int i = 1; i < 50000; i++) ;

}

}