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HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTINGHISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING
Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago
William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?
Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago
William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?
HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTINGHISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING
In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work
A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association
In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work
A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association
HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTINGHISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING
Fauld offered to set up a system of fingerprints at Scotland Yard (at his own expense)
Rejected in favor of the Bertillon System
This decision reversed less than two decades later
HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTINGHISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING
The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.
The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.
Bertillon’s SystemBertillon’s System
Relied on: Portraite Parlé – Detailed description of
the individual Full length and profile photographs Anthropometry – A system of precise
body measurements
ANTHROPOMETRYANTHROPOMETRY A method of identification Based upon the premise that the
dimensions of the human skeletal system remained fixed from age 20 until death
Eleven (11) measurements taken include height, width of head & length of left foot
FRANCIS GALTONFRANCIS GALTON In 1892, published the classic work
Finger Prints In this book he discussed the anatomy
of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them
Proposed three pattern types: loops, whorls and arches
FRANCIS GALTONFRANCIS GALTON
No two prints are identical An individual’s prints remain
unchanged from one year to the next
SIR EDWARD HENRYSIR EDWARD HENRY
Englishman In 1897, proposed another
classification system which is still in use today
Most English-speaking countries use some version of Henry’s classification system
Chapter 4Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
12
Primary ClassificationPrimary ClassificationThe Henry—FBI ClassificationEach finger is given a point value
right
4
88
16
16
left
4
2
21
1
Chapter 4Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
13
Primary ClassificationPrimary Classification
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation; loops & arches are assigned zero.right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1
right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1
That number is your primary classification number
=
Chapter 4Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
14
Primary ClassificationPrimary ClassificationThe Henry—FBI ClassificationEach finger is given a point value
right
4 - Loop
8 - Whorl8 - Arch
16 - Arch
16 - Whorl
left
4 - Arch
2 - Loop
2 - Arch1- Loop
1 - Whorl
Chapter 4Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
15
Primary ClassificationPrimary Classification
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation:right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1
right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1
That number is your primary classification number
=
18
16
10
0.59
17
In the United StatesIn the United States
1901 – First systematic use of fingerprints adopted by the New York Civil Service Commission
1904 – American police received training in fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yards representatives
1924 – Fingerprint records from the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth merged to form records for the new FBI
Admissibility of FingerprintsAdmissibility of Fingerprints Challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C.
Mitchell Argued under Daubert guidelines that fingerprints
were not unique Judge upheld admissibility and ruled: 1. Human friction ridges are unique and permanent 2. Human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent
19
Friction ridge skin pattern
Found on fingers, palms, toes, soles of feet.
Composed of ridges (hills) and furrows (valleys)
Black = RidgesWhite = Valleys
What are Fingerprints?
20
Develop in early embryonic development.
Pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat random
Identical twins do not have identical fingerprints
What are Fingerprints?
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS
FIRST PRINCIPLE:
Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus
FIRST PRINCIPLE:
Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS
SECOND PRINCIPLE:
A Fingerprint will remain
LARGELY UNCHANGED
during an
Individual’s Lifetime
SECOND PRINCIPLE:
A Fingerprint will remain
LARGELY UNCHANGED
during an
Individual’s Lifetime
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS
THIRD PRINCIPLE:
Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE.
No Two Fingers have yet beenfound to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (even identical
twins!!)
THIRD PRINCIPLE:
Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE.
No Two Fingers have yet beenfound to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (even identical
twins!!)
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS
FOURTH PRINCIPLE:
FINGERPRINTS CAN BE
SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by
GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS
FOURTH PRINCIPLE:
FINGERPRINTS CAN BE
SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by
GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS
Fingerprint ClassesThere are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls.
Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below.
ArchPlain arch
Tented arch
LoopRadial LoopUlnar loop
WhorlPlain whorl
Central pocket whorlDouble loop whorlAccidental whorl
Interesting Info
Did you know?Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification.
Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints.
Fingerprint Factoid: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls,
and 5% have arches
ArchesArches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present.
Plain ArchRidges enter on one
side and exit on the other side.
Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch,
but has a spike in the center.
Spike or “tent”
LoopsLoops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones, i.e. the bone that the loop opening is facing towards.
Delta
If Left Hand – Radial LoopIf Right Hand - Ulnar Loop
If Left Hand – Ulnar Loop If Right Hand - Radial Loop
X-Ray Imagine: http://www.tooloop.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Radius-Ulna-X-Ray.jpg
Left Hand Right Hand
UlnarUlnar
Radius
Help: “UP RT” Ulnar Pinkie sideRadial Thumb side
Whorls – Part 1Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.
***Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.
Plain Whorl
Central Pocket Whorl
Whorls – Part 2
Accidental Whorl
Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.
Double Loop Whorl
Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.
Delta
Delta
Delta
Delta
Delta DeltaPlain Arch
31
Minutiae, also known as ridge characteristics.
They help create unit ridge patterns.
Dot
Bifurcation
Island
Ridge Ending
How many ridge comparisons are necessary to identify two fingerprints as the same?
Range of 8-16 comparative points
Identify each fingerprint pattern.
Right Hand…
Left Hand…
Left Hand….
Right Hand…
Right Hand….
1. Deltas? Zero=Arch One=Loop
Two=Whorl2. Arch? No center spike=Plain Center spike=Tented3. Loop? Thumb=Radial Pinkie=Ulnar4. Whorl? Touches Delta Line=Plain No touch Delta Line=Central Pocket Two loops wrapped together=Double Loop Two + patterns fitting other category=Accidental
It’s time to makesome prints!
Avoid Partial Prints
GOOD PRINTGet as much of the top part of your finger as possible!
Directions1st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard!
2nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint.
3rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet.
4th – Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.