The Beginnings of Modernization:

Industrialization and Nationalism,

1800-1870

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Britain in the Industrial Britain in the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Its Impactand Its Impact

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural growth Population growth Able to produce goods cheaply

Changes in Textile Production Flying shuttle James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787 James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 Cotton textile production

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Industrialization of Industrialization of

EuropeEurope

Technological ChangesTechnological Changes Iron Industry Railroad

Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830

Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger;

increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining

The Industrial Factory Workers in shifts Workers come from rural areas Regulations

Spread of Spread of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Spread to Europe first

Government role

United States Internal transportation Labor

Limiting the Spread of Limiting the Spread of

Industrialization to the Rest of the Industrialization to the Rest of the

WorldWorld

Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom

India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods

Social Impact of the Industrial Social Impact of the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

Population Growth and Urbanization European population 140 million in 1750 and 266

million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities

Poor living conditions Sanitation poor

Social Impact of the Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d)Industrial Revolution (cont.’d)

New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New bourgeois Constructed the factories, purchased the machines,

figured out where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the

landed elite

New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class Poor working conditions Women and children

Efforts at Change Socialism Utopian socialists

Key Moments in the Key Moments in the History of Atlantic History of Atlantic

RevolutionsRevolutions 1776 – American Dec. of

Independence

1783 – American Independence (Brit recognition)

1787 – US Constitution

1780s – Tupac Amaru Revolt in Peru

1789 – French Revolution

1791-1804 – Haitian Revolution

1793-1794 – French Terror

1799 – Napoleon’s Rise

1810-11 – High point of Napoleon’s Empire

1810-13 - Hidalgo – Morales Rebellion in Mexico

1810-1825 – Wars of Spanish American Independence

1815 – Final defeat of Napoleon

1822 – Independence of Brazil from Portugal

Independence and the Development Independence and the Development

of the National State in Latin of the National State in Latin

AmericaAmerica

Nationalistic Revolts

Enlightenment affects the creole class European control weakened by Napoleonic

Wars Mexico

Divisions within Mexico Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821

South America José de San Martín (1783-1830) Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

Spanish-American Spanish-American Revolutions 1810-1825Revolutions 1810-1825

Creole intellectuals resented Spain’s exercise of greater power, heavier taxes & tariffs Became familiar with ideas related to Enlightenment thinking

Popular sovereignty Republican government Personal liberty

Little tradition of self-government in Spanish colonies More authoritarian More distinct class divisions Strict Catholicism Whites outnumbered by Native Americans, Africans, mixed

raced people

Events in Europe Events in Europe impact Latin Americaimpact Latin America

1808: Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal Spanish king deposed Portuguese royals in exile Leaves Latin America in disarray

MexicoMexico Began as peasant insurrection in 1810: Miguel Hidalgo (priest)

Wanted to destroy encomienda Freedom from Spanish rule

Creole landowners with support of church, crushed the insurgency

Jose Maria Morelos, a mestizo priest, took command Organized a government 1814 – declared Mexico independent & wrote constitution Met same fate as Hidalgo

Mexico…Mexico… Officer in Spanish army: Agustin de Iturbide

Appointed to crush revolutionary activity Aligned self with rebel leaders, conservatives, and church

leaders 1822 – Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna overthrew emperor

Became a national hero when defeating a Spanish army Ruled over a huge territory Key person in Mexican-American War (lost Texas & more

territory)

South American South American Independence Independence

MovementsMovements Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, & Panama

Bolivar: Creole educated in Europe Inspired by the Enlightenment Trained an army & defeated Spanish forces Regional differences split Gran Colombia

Argentina & Chile: Jose de San Martin Creole dominated revolt

Brazil & Uruguay: independence from Brazil

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Latin America in the Early Latin America in the Early

Nineteenth CenturyNineteenth Century

Difficulties of Nation Difficulties of Nation BuildingBuilding

Problems of independence

Caudillos come to power

Economic dependence

Domination by the industrializing nations Source of raw materials and food for industrialized nations

Domination by landed elites

Reaction and Revolution: The Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of NationalismGrowth of Nationalism

Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement (Congress of Vienna), 1815 Concert of Europe

Forces for Change Liberalism

Protection of civil liberties Guaranteed by a document Right to vote to men of property only

Nationalism Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Each nationality should have a government Becomes a threat to the existing order

Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes

Crimean War, 1853-1855 Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain

an advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854 The Crimean War Treaty of Paris, 1855 Crimean War destroyed the Concert of

Europe Results of the war

Nationalism in the Nationalism in the BalkansBalkans

The Balkans in 1830The Balkans in 1830

The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy

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Ethnic groups within Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empirethe Austrian Empire

Nationalism and Reform: Great Nationalism and Reform: Great

Britain, France, the Austrian Britain, France, the Austrian

Empire, and RussiaEmpire, and Russia Great Britain

Reform Act of 1832 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s

France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870) Economic growth and development Reconstruction of Paris Opposition grew in 1860s

Austria Problems of ethnic nationalism Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire

Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms

Growth of the United Growth of the United StatesStates

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Jacksonian democracy

Slavery Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread

Abraham Lincoln and secession

Civil War (1861-1865) War to save the Union Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in

Britain first?

How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848?

Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany.

Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.