How Cells FunctionCHAPTER

the BIG idea

CHAPTER OUTLINE

All cells need energy and materials for life processes.

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1

Cells capture and release energy.2.2

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.2.3

NEW CHAPTER

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1

SECTION OUTLINE

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

carbohydrates,

carbohydrates

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1

SECTION OUTLINE

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

carbohydrates, lipids

lipids

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1

SECTION OUTLINE

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

proteins

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1

SECTION OUTLINE

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—that support cell function.About two thirds of every cell is water. The properties of water are important to cell function.

nucleic acids

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

chemical reaction

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

The process by which chemical changes occur. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and formed.

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches used for energy or as structural materials. Carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

carbohydrate

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes used for energy or as structural materials. Lipids are made up of subunits of fatty acids.

lipid

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A macromolecule in living things that is made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins control the chemical activity of a cell and support growth and repair.

protein

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

One of several carbon-based molecules that carry an organism’s genetic code. One of the nucleic acids (DNA) contains the information needed to construct proteins. RNA, a second type of nucleic acid, translates the information into proteins.

nucleic acid

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

chemical energy

cellular respiration

Cells capture and release energy.2.2

SECTIONOUTLINE

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

Light Energy

oxygen

glucose

Photosynthesiscarbon dioxide

Cellular Respiration

water

Chemical Energy

All cells need energy. Some cells capture light energy through photosynthesis. All cells release chemical energy from glucose.Cellular respiration and fermentation are two ways that cells release energy from glucose.

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

Energy that is stored in the chemical composition of matter. The amount of chemical energy in a substance depends on the types and arrangement of its atoms. When wood or gasoline burns, chemical energy produces heat. The energy used by the cells in your body comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat.

chemical energy

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A sugar molecule that is a major energy source for most cells, produced by the process of photosynthesis.

glucose

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

The process by which green plants and other producers use simple compounds and energy from light to make sugar, an energy-rich compound. This is an endothermic process in which light is absorbed and used to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

photosynthesis

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A light-absorbing chemical, a pigment, that traps the energy in sunlight and converts it to chemical energy. Found in chloroplasts of plant cells and the cells of other photosynthetic organisms.

chlorophyll

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars.

cellular respiration

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

A chemical process by which cells release energy from sugar when no oxygen is present.

fermentation

2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.2.3

SECTIONOUTLINE

Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.

Equal amounts of oxygen move into

and out of the cell.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.2.3

SECTIONOUTLINE

Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.Active transport is the movement of materials from an areaof lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cells need energy to perform active transport.

energy

salt

inside cell

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

The tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

diffusion

2.3

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

The movement of materials through a membrane without any input of energy.

passive transport

2.3

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

The movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

osmosis

2.3

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

The process of using energy to move materials through a membrane.

active transport

2.3

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

I. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

A. All cells are made of the same elements.

C. About two thirds of every cell is water.

2.1

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Chemical reactions take place inside cells.

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

B. Large molecules support cell function.carbohydrate

chemical reaction

lipid

protein

nucleic acid3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME2.2

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy.

II. Cells capture and release energy.

A. All cells need energy.

B. Some cells capture light energy.

1. Cellular Respiration

2. Fermentation

3. Energy and Exercise

chemical energy

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

chlorophyll

glucose

fermentation

C. All cells release energy.

VOCABULARY

KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME

III. Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

A. Some materials move by diffusion.

1. Active Transport

2. Endocytosis

B. Some transport requires energy.

2.3

KEY CONCEPTSUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes.

diffusion

passive transport

osmosis

active transport

1. Concentration

2. Diffusion in Cells

3. Osmosis

3. Exocytosis

C. Cell size affects transport.