The Cell Cycle

What is the molecule that carries chemical energy throughout the cell?

ATP

What does ATP stand for?Adenisine triphosphate

What is the molecule that results from the loss of a phosphate group in ATP?

ADP

What does ADP stand for?Adenisine diphosphate

Which produces the most ATP when it is broken down? Carbs, lipids, or proteins?

Lipids

What is the name of the process that organisms use to produce energy other than photosynthesis?

Chemosynthesis

Name of the process through which energy from sunlight is captured and used to make sugars that store chemical energy is ______________

Photosynthesis

A molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some the energy in visible light is called ______________

Chlorophyll

What are the main two types of chlorophyll in plants?

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

What are the two main parts of chloroplasts needed for photosynthesis?

Grana and stroma

What makes up the grana?thylakoids

This type of reaction captures energy from sunlight

Light-dependent

This type of reaction uses energy from light-dependent reactions

Light-independent

The ____ ________ is the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.

Cell cycle

What are the four main stages of the cell cycle?

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, and Mitosis

What happens in a cell during the Gap I stage of the cell cycle?

The cell carries out its normal functions. It increases in size and increases in the number of organelles.

The combining of parts to make a whole is called ___________

synthesis

What happens during Gap 2 in the cell cycle?

It is a stage of additional growth before actual cell division occurs.

What are the two processes of mitosis?

Mitosis and cytokinesis

The division of the nucleus and its contents.

mitosis

In what stage of the cell cycle does the nuclear membrane dissolve?

Mitosis

The process in the cell cycle that divides the cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

Why do prokaryotic cells divide faster than eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not have the membrane bound organelles that the eukaryotic cells have. Fewer steps in the division process.

Cells that rarely divide are in what stage of the cell cycle?

G₀

What sets the upper limit to cell size?

The ratio of cell surface area to volume.

DNA is a double stranded molecule made of four different subunits called ___________.

nucleotides

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes.

chromosome

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

46

The protein that helps to condense DNA.

histone

In the G1 stage, cells increase in _______, _______, and _________.

Size, organelles, number

The ______ at which cells divide is linked to your body’s need for those cells.

rate

If cells were too small, what could they not contain?

Organelles and large molecules

If a cell did not double its size before dividing, what can be said of the daughter cells?

They would be smaller

One half of a duplicated chromosome is called a _______.

chromatid

Two identical chromatids are called ____________.

Sister chromatids

Sister chromatids are held together at the __________.

centromere

The ends of DNA molecules form structures called ________.

telomeres

Repeating nucleotides that do not form genes. They prevent the ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other.

telomeres

What are the four main phases of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Describe what happens during prophase.

The DNA condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fibers form.

In what stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually begin?

At the end of anaphase or beginning of telophase

In what stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align themselves along the cell equator?

metaphase

In what stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane start to reform?

telophase

The stage of the cell cycle after the completion of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides.

cytokinesis

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

In an animal cell the cell membrane forms a trench and pinches closed. In a plant cell the membrane cannot pinch inward because of the cell wall. A cell plate forms instead.

What is the difference between single celled and multicellular organisms and their use of mitosis?

Single celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction and replication while multicellular organisms use mitosis for growth and repair.

In what stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

anaphase

A broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division.

Growth factors

________ store a type of growth factor that helps the body repair wounds.

platelets

___________ stimulates the production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin

An enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another.

kinase

A group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle.

cyclins

Programmed cell death.

apoptosis

A common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

cancer

Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called ________.

tumors

A type of tumor in which the cells remain clumped together. These cells are relatively harmless.

benign

The breaking away of cancer cells from a tumor.

metastasize

A type of tumor where the cancer cells break away and move to other parts of the body.

malignant

Substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer.

carcinogens

Sexual reproduction involves the joining of two specialized cells called ________.

gametes

What are the two types of gamete cells?

Egg and sperm cells

The creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes.

Asexual reproduction

In this type of reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

Asexual reproduction

Most prokaryotes reproduce through _______ _________.

Binary fission

Sexual reproduction increases genetic ________.

diversity

What is the primary disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

If the environment changes, the species may not be able to adapt and the entire population could die off

A type of reproduction in which a small projection grows on the surface of the parent organism, forming a separate new individual.

budding

A type of reproduction where the parent organism splits into pieces, each of which can grow into a new organism.

fragmentation

_______ and _______ can reproduce by budding.

Yeasts and hydras

Groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function.

tissues

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called ________.

organs

Organs that carry out similar functions are called are grouped into ____________

Organ systems

The process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions is called ___________

Cell differentiation

What does a cell’s location within an embryo help determine?

How it will differentiate

What are the 3 abilities of a stem cell?Divide and renew themselves for long

periods of timeRemain undifferentiatedDevelop into a variety of specialized cell

types

A stem cell that can grow into any other cell type is called ____________

totipotent

A stem cell that can grow into any cell type except totipotent cells is called ___________

pluripotent

A stem cell that can grow into only cells of a closely related function are called _____________

multipotent

What stem cell classification would adult stem cells fall under?

multipotent

What is another name for adult stem cells?

Somatic stem cells