The Civil War...458 Civil War 1861–1865 Why It Matters The Civil War—a war in which Americans fought other Americans—transformed the United States. It shattered the economy of

458

Civil War1861–1865

Why It MattersThe Civil War—a war in which Americans fought other Americans—transformed the

United States. It shattered the economy of the South while contributing to the rapideconomic growth of the North and the West. African Americans gained freedom when

slavery was abolished, but the war left a legacy of bitterness between North andSouth that lasted for generations.

The Impact TodayKey events during this era still shape our lives today. For example:

• The institution of slavery was abolished.• The war established the power of the federal government over the states.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 16 video, “The Face of War,” gives insight into the realities of the Civil War.

1861• Confederate States of America formed

• Conflict at Fort Sumter, South Carolina,begins Civil War

1862• Robert E. Lee named commander

of Confederate armies

1861• Charles Dickens’s Great

Expectations published

• Victor Emmanuel II recognizedas king of unified Italy

1862• Otto von Bismarck named

premier of Prussia

1863• Discovery of Lake Victoria as

source of Nile River

• International Red Crossestablished

Lincoln1861–1865

The

1863• Emancipation

Proclamation issued

• Battle of Gettysburg

CHAPTER 16 The Civil War

1861 1862 1863

459

1864• Sherman’s “march

to the sea” begins

• Lincoln reelectedpresident

1865• Civil War ends

• Lincoln assassinated

1864• Maximilian installed

as emperor of Mexico

1865• Lewis Carroll publishes

Alice’s Adventures inWonderland

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit and click on Chapter 16—Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.

tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com

Fight for the Colors by Don Troiani Troiani has painted manydramatic war scenes, such as this one of the Battle of Gettysburg.


1864 1865

Beforethe War

Duringthe War

Afterthe War

The Civil War

12

Fold it so the leftedge lies about inch from the

right edge.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half from sideto side.

Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into thirds.

Step 3 Unfold and cut the top layer only alongboth folds.

Step 4 Label your foldable as shown.

This will makethree tabs.

Organizing Information Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you organize what youlearn about the Civil War.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter,list events that occurred before, during, and afterthe Civil War under the appropriate tabs of yourfoldable.

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12003/tx/content.php4/645/1

460

February 1861The Confederacyforms

April 1861Four more states jointhe Confederacy

Summer 1861Confederate forces total112,000; Union 187,000

June 1863West Virginiajoins Union


Union sergeant Driscoll directed his troops at Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862. Theenemy fought fiercely, especially one young Confederate soldier. Driscoll raised hisrifle, took aim, and shot the boy. As he passed the spot where the boy had fallen,Driscoll turned the daring soldier over to see what he looked like. The boy opened hiseyes and faintly murmured, “Father,” then his eyes fluttered shut, never to open again.A Union captain later wrote, “I will forever recollect the frantic grief of Driscoll; it washarrowing to witness. He [had killed] his son, who had gone South before the war.”

Like the Driscolls, many families were divided by the war. Neither side imagined,however, that the war would cost such a terrible price in human life. During the fouryears of fighting, hundreds of thousands of Americans were killed in battle.

Choosing SidesBy February 1861, seven states had left the Union and formed the Confeder-

acy. After the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter, President AbrahamLincoln issued a call for troops to save the Union. His action caused Virginia,North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas to join the Confederacy. These fourstates brought needed soldiers and supplies to the Confederacy. For its capital,

Main IdeaBoth the North and the South hadstrengths and weaknesses that helpeddetermine their military strategies.

Key Termsborder state, blockade, offensive,Rebel, Yankee

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, complete a chart like theone shown here by listing thestrengths and weaknesses of theUnion and the Confederacy.

Read to Learn• why the border states played an

important part in the war.• how the North and South com-

pared in terms of population,industry, resources, and war aims.

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy TheSouthern states seceded from theUnion to protect states’ rights.

The Two Sides

Confederate soldier, 1861

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1861 ✦ 1862 ✦ 1863

Strengths

Weaknesses

Union Confederacy

461CHAPTER 16 The Civil War

the Confederacy chose Richmond, Virginia, acity only about 100 miles from the Union capitalof Washington, D.C.

Four states that allowed slavery—Missouri,Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware—remainedin the Union. The people of these border stateswere divided over which side to support. Mis-souri, Kentucky, and Maryland had such strongsupport for the South that the three statesteetered on the brink of secession.

Losing the border states would seriouslydamage the North. All had strategic locations.Missouri could control parts of the MississippiRiver and major routes to the West. Kentuckycontrolled the Ohio River. Delaware was close tothe important Northern city of Philadelphia.

Maryland, perhaps the most important of theborder states, was close to Richmond. Vital rail-road lines passed through Maryland. Most sig-nificantly, Washington, D.C., lay within thestate. If Maryland seceded, the North’s govern-ment would be surrounded.

Maryland’s key role became clear in April1861. A mob in Baltimore attacked Northerntroops; Confederate sympathizers burned rail-

road bridges and cut the telegraph line to Wash-ington, isolating the capital from the rest of theNorth. Northern troops soon arrived, but thenation’s capital had suffered some anxious days.

Remaining With the UnionLincoln had to move cautiously to avoid upset-

ting people in the border states. If he announcedthat he aimed to end slavery, for instance, groupssupporting the Confederacy might take theirstates out of the Union. If he ordered Northerntroops into Kentucky, Confederate sympathizersthere would claim the state had been invadedand swing it to the South.

In some ways Lincoln acted boldly. He sus-pended some constitutional rights and used hispower to arrest people who supported seces-sion. In the end Lincoln’s approach worked. Theborder states stayed in the Union, but many oftheir citizens joined armies of the South.

A Secession From the SouthMost white Southerners favored secession.

Still, pockets of Union support existed in parts of Tennessee and Virginia. People in the

7th New York Militia at JerseyCity on April 19, 1861 by E.L.Henry The 7th New York Militiawas one of the first fully equippedand trained units at the outbreakof the war. Why were troopsordered to the nation’s capital in early 1861?

History Through Art


Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Perc

ent

Comparing Resources

80

60

North South Enslaved

40

20

0

Population Railroadmileage

Numberof farms

Exports Manufacturedgoods

71%

29%

1/3enslaved

72%

28%

67%

33%

56%

44%

92%

8%

Appalachian region generally opposed seces-sion. In western Virginia a movement to secedefrom the state and rejoin the Union grew. In 1861,48 Virginia counties organized themselves as aseparate state called West Virginia. Congressadmitted this state to the Union in 1863.

Explaining Why was Marylandstrategically important?

Comparing North and SouthWhen the war began, both sides had advan-

tages and disadvantages. How they would usethose strengths and weaknesses would deter-mine the war’s outcome.

The North enjoyed the advantages of a largerpopulation, more industry, and more abundantresources than the South. It had a better bankingsystem, which helped to raise money for thewar. The North also possessed more ships, andalmost all the members of the regular navyremained loyal to the Union. Finally, the Northhad a larger and more efficient railway network.

The North also faced disadvantages. Bringingthe Southern states back into the Union would bedifficult. The North would have to invade andhold the South—a large area filled with a hostilepopulation. Furthermore, the Southern people’ssupport for the war remained strong. Recallingthe example of the American Revolution, when

the smaller, weaker colonies had won independ-ence from wealthy Great Britain, many believedthe South had a good chance of winning.

One Northern advantage was not obviousuntil later. Both sides greatly underestimatedAbraham Lincoln. His dedication, intelligence,and humanity would lead the North to victory.

One of the main advantages of the South wasthe strong support its white population gave thewar. Southerners also had the advantage offighting in familiar territory—defending theirland, their homes, and their way of life.

The military leadership of the South, at leastat first, was superior to the North’s. Southernfamilies had a strong tradition of military train-ing and service, and military college graduatesprovided the South with a large pool of officers.Overseeing the Southern effort was Confederatepresident Jefferson Davis, a West Point gradu-ate and an experienced soldier.

The South faced material disadvantages. Ithad a smaller population of free men to drawupon in building an army. It also possessed veryfew factories to manufacture weapons and othersupplies, and it produced less than half as muchfood as the North. With less than half the milesof railroad tracks and vastly fewer trains thanthe North, the Confederate government had difficulty delivering food, weapons,and other supplies to its troops.

462

The North held advantages inmany resources, includingmore and better railroads.

Comparing In what two areasdid the North have the greatestadvantage over the South?


The belief in states’ rights—a founding prin-ciple of the Confederacy—also hampered theSouth’s efforts. The individual states refused togive the Confederate government sufficientpower. As a result, the government found it dif-ficult to fight the war effectively.

War Aims and StrategyThe North and the South entered the Civil

War with different aims. The main goal of theNorth at the outset was to bring the Southernstates back into the Union. Ending slavery wasnot a major Northern goal at first, but thischanged as the war continued.

The Union’s plan for winning the warincluded three main strategies. First the Northwould blockade, or close, Southern ports to pre-vent supplies from reaching the South—and toprevent the South from earning money byexporting cotton. Second, the Union intended togain control of the Mississippi River to cut South-ern supply lines and to split the Confederacy.

Third, the North planned tocapture Richmond, Virginia,

the Confederate capital.For the South, the pri-

mary aim of the war wasto win recognition as anindependent nation.Independence wouldallow Southerners topreserve their tradi-tional way of life—a way of life that

included slavery.

To achieve this goal, the South worked out adefensive strategy. It planned to defend itshomeland, holding on to as much territory as pos-sible until the North tired of fighting. The Southexpected that Britain and France, which importedlarge quantities of Southern cotton, would pres-sure the North to end the war to restore their cot-ton supply.

During the war Southern leaders sometimeschanged strategy and took the offensive—wenton the attack. They moved their armies north-ward to threaten Washington, D.C., and otherNorthern cities, hoping to persuade the North itcould not win the war.

Explaining What role did JeffersonDavis play in the war?

American People at WarThe Civil War was more than a war between

the states. It often pitted brother against brother,parents against their children, and neighboragainst neighbor.

American Against AmericanThe leaders from both North and South—and

their families—felt these divisions. President Lin-coln’s wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had several rela-tives who fought in the Confederate army. JohnCrittenden, a senator from Kentucky, had twosons who became generals in the war—one forthe Confederacy and one for the Union. Officerson both sides—including Confederate generalRobert E. Lee, and Union generals GeorgeMcClellan and William Tecumseh Sherman—had attended the United States Military Academyat West Point, never dreaming that they wouldone day command forces against each other.

Who Were the Soldiers?Most of the soldiers were young. The average

age of a recruit was 25 years old, but about 40 per-cent were 21 or younger. Ted Upson of Indianawas only 16 when he begged his father to let himjoin the Union army. His father replied, “ThisUnion your ancestors and mine helped to makemust be saved from destruction.” ; (See page 603 for an additional primary source reading about Civil War soldiers.)

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use all of the followingkey terms: border state, blockade,offensive, Rebel, Yankee.

2. Reviewing Facts Why were the bor-der states important to the North?

Reviewing Themes3. Government and Democracy How

did a strong belief in states’ rightsaffect the South during the war?

Critical Thinking4. Predict What do you think would be

the South’s greatest advantage in thewar?

5. Comparing Create a diagram likethe one shown here. Then compareNorthern and Southern aims andstrategies.

Analyzing Visuals6. Making Generalizations Review the

graph on page 462 and write a gen-eral conclusion based on the datapresented in the graph.

464 CHAPTER 16 The Civil War

Expository Writing You are aSoutherner (or a Northerner) in1861. Write a journal entry thatexplains your reasons for joiningthe Confederate (or Union) army.

“I think it isto be a long

war....”—General WilliamTecumseh Sherman

William Stone from Louisiana rushed to jointhe Confederate army after the attack on FortSumter. His sister Kate wrote that he was

“ . . . wild to be off to Virginia. He so fears thatthe fighting will be over before he can get there. ”

Soldiers came from every region and all walksof life. Most, though, came from farms. Almosthalf of the North’s troops and more than 60 per-cent of the South’s had owned or worked onfarms. The Union army did not permit African

Americans to join at first, but they did serve later.Lincoln’s early terms of enlistment asked gover-nors to supply soldiers for 90 days. When theconflict did not end quickly, soldiers’ termsbecame longer.

By the summer of 1861 the Confederate armyhad about 112,000 soldiers, who were sometimescalled Rebels. The Union had about 187,000 sol-diers, or Yankees, as they were also known. Bythe end of the war, about 850,000 men fought forthe Confederacy and about 2.1 million men foughtfor the Union. The Union number included just under 200,000 African Americans. About10,000 Hispanic soldiers fought in the conflict.

False HopesWhen the war began, each side expected an

early victory. A Confederate soldier from a townin Alabama expected the war to be over wellwithin a year because “we are going to kill thelast Yankee before that time if there is any fightin them still.” Northerners were just as confi-dent that they would beat the South quickly.

Some leaders saw the situation more clearly.Northern general William Tecumseh Shermanwrote, “I think it is to be a long war—verylong—much longer than any politician thinks.”The first spring of the war proved that Sher-man’s prediction was accurate.

Comparing Which side had thelarger fighting force?

North SouthAimsStrategies


Stephen Crane (1871–1900) Stephen Cranebegan his careerin journalismwhile still in histeens. Later, as areporter, Cranecovered several

wars in the late 1890s. He hadnot yet seen a battlefield, how-ever, when he wrote The RedBadge of Courage. Even so, hedescribed the experience of warso realistically that even combatveterans admired his work.

READ TO DISCOVERWhat is it like to be a soldierfacing battle for the first time?Henry Fleming, the youngrecruit in The Red Badge ofCourage, offers some answersas he thinks about his role inthe war. What battle doesHenry fight with himself beforehe fights in an actual Civil War battle?

READER’S DICTIONARYHuns: soldiers known for their

fierce fightinghaversack: bag soldiers used

to carry personal itemsobliged: felt it necessary to do

somethingconfronted: facedlurking: lying in waittumult: uproar

Various veterans had told him tales. Some talked of . . .tremendous bodies of fiercesoldiery who were sweeping alonglike the Huns. Others spoke of tat-tered and eternally hungry men. . . .“They’ll charge through hell’s firean’ brimstone t’ git a holt on ahaversack . . .” he was told. Fromthe stories, the youth imagined thered, live bones sticking out throughslits in the faded uniforms.

Still, he could not put a wholefaith in veterans’ tales, for recruitswere their prey. They talked muchof smoke, fire, and blood, but hecould not tell how much might belies. They persistently yelled “Freshfish!” at him, and were in no wise tobe trusted.

However, he perceived now thatit did not greatly matter what kindof soldiers he was going to fight. . . .There was a more serious problem.He lay in his bunk pondering uponit. He tried to mathematically proveto himself that he would not runfrom a battle.

Previously he had never feltobliged to wrestle too seriouslywith this question. In his life he hadtaken certain things for granted,never challenging his belief in ulti-mate success. . . . But here he wasconfronted with a thing of moment.It had suddenly appeared to himthat perhaps in a battle he might run.

He was forced toadmit that as far aswar was concernedhe knew nothing ofhimself. . . .

A little panic-feargrew in his mind.As his imaginationwent forward to afight, he saw hid-eous possibilities.He contemplatedthe lurkingmenaces of thefuture, and failed in an effort to seehimself standingstoutly in themidst of them. He recalled hisvisions of broken-bladed glory, butin the shadow of the impendingtumult he suspected them to beimpossible pictures.

Medal of Honor

The Red Badge of Courage

465

ANALYZING LITERATURE1. Recall and Interpret How did

Henry view the veterans and theirwar tales?

2. Evaluate and Connect Whatfeelings do you think you mighthave just before going into battle?

Interdisciplinary ActivityDescriptive Writing Write a conversation between two young soldiers before their first battle. Save your work for your portfolio.

July 1861First Battle of Bull Run(Manassas)

February 1862Grant captures Fort Henryand Fort Donelson

April 1862Battle of Shiloh

September 1862Battle of Antietam

Main IdeaNeither the Union nor the Confeder-ate forces gained a strong advantageduring the early years of the war.

Key Termsblockade runner, ironclad, casualty

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you read,describe the outcome of each of thesebattles on a chart like the one shown.

Read to Learn• what successes and failures the

North and the South had in theearly years of the war.

• how the North’s naval blockadehurt the South.

Section ThemeGeography and History The Northand the South fought the war differ-ently in different geographic regions.

Early Yearsof the War

Sunday, July 21, 1861, was a pleasant, sunny day in Washington, D.C. Hundreds ofcheerful residents, food baskets in hand, left the city and crossed the Potomac River tospend the day in Virginia. They planned to picnic while watching the first battlebetween the Union and the Confederate armies. Expecting to see Union troops crushthe Rebels, they looked forward to a quick victory. The Confederate soldiers alsoexpected a quick victory. They “carried dress suits with them, and any quantity of finelinen. Every soldier, nearly, had a servant with him, and a whole lot of spoons andforks, so as to live comfortably and elegantly in camp.…”

First Battle of Bull RunThis first major battle of the Civil War was fought in northern Virginia, about five

miles from a town called Manassas Junction near Bull Run—a small river in thearea. Usually called the First Battle of Bull Run, it began when about 30,000 inex-perienced Union troops commanded by General Irvin McDowell attacked asmaller, equally inexperienced Confederate force led by General P.G.T. Beauregard.

Civil War cannon


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1861 ✦ 1862 ✦ 1863

Battle Outcome

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Monitor v. Merrimack

Antietam


President Lincoln meets General McClellan and other Union officers.

The Yankees drove the Confederates back atfirst. Then the Rebels rallied, inspired by rein-forcements under General Thomas Jackson. Jackson, who was seen holding out heroically“like a stone wall,” became known thereafter as “Stonewall” Jackson. The Confederates unleashed a savage counterattack that forced the Union lines to break.

The Confederates surged forward with astrange, unearthly scream that came to beknown as the Rebel yell. Terrified, the Northernsoldiers began to drop their guns and packs andrun. One observer, Representative Albert Rid-dle, reported:

“ A cruel, crazy, mad, hopeless panic pos-sessed them. . . . The heat was awful . . . themen were exhausted—their mouths gaped,their lips cracked and blackened with the pow-der of the cartridges they had bitten off in thebattle, their eyes staring in frenzy. ”

The Union army began an orderly retreat thatquickly became a mad stampede when theretreating Union troops collided with the civil-ians, fleeing in panic back to Washington, D.C.The Confederates, though victorious, were toodisorganized and weakened to pursue the

retreating Yankees. Regardless, the Southrejoiced. Edmund Ruffin of Virginia thought itmeant “the close of the war.”

A Shock for the NorthThe outcome of the battle shocked the North.

Northerners began to understand that the warcould be a long, difficult, and costly struggle.Although discouraged by the results, PresidentAbraham Lincoln was also determined. Withindays he issued a call for more volunteers for thearmy. He signed two bills requesting a total ofone million soldiers, who would serve for threeyears. Volunteers soon crowded into recruitingoffices. Lincoln also appointed a new general,George B. McClellan, to head the Union armyof the East—called the Army of the Potomac—and to organize the troops.

Explaining How did the First Battleof Bull Run change people’s views about the war?

War at SeaEven before Bull Run, Lincoln had ordered a

naval blockade of Southern ports. An effectiveblockade would prevent the South from export-ing its cotton and from importing the suppliesnecessary to continue the war.


Ironclads marked the beginning ofthe modern, armored, self-propelledwarship.

Enforcing the BlockadeWhen the war began, the North did not have

enough ships to blockade the South’s entire 3,500-mile coastline. Many Confederate ships, calledblockade runners, could sail in and out of South-ern ports. In time, the North built more ships andbecame better able to enforce the blockade.

The blockade caused serious problems for theSouth. Although the blockade could never closeoff all Southern trade, it did reduce the trade by more than two-thirds. Goods such as coffee,shoes, nails, and salt—as well as guns and ammu-nition—were in short supply throughout the war.

The Monitor Versus the MerrimackThe South did not intend to let the blockade go

unchallenged. Southerners salvaged the Merri-mack, a Union warship that Northern forces hadabandoned when Confederate forces seized thenaval shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia. The Confed-erates rebuilt the wooden ship, covered it withthick iron plates, and renamed it the Virginia.

On March 8, 1862, this ironclad warshipattacked a group of Union ships off the coast ofVirginia. The North’s wooden warships couldnot damage the Confederate ship—shells sim-ply bounced off its sides.

Some Northern leaders feared the Southwould use the ironclad warship to destroy muchof the Union navy, steam up the Potomac River,and bombard Washington, D.C. However, theNorth had already built an ironclad ship of its

own, the Monitor. Described as looking like a“tin can on a shingle,” the Monitor rushed southto engage the Confederate ship in battle.

On March 9, the two ironclads exchanged fire,but neither ship could sink the other. The Unionsucceeded in keeping the Merrimack in the har-bor, so it never again threatened Northern ships.The battle marked a new age in naval warfare—the first battle between two metal-covered ships.

Explaining What was significantabout the battle between the Merrimack and the Monitor?

War in the WestAfter the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861,

the war in the East settled into a stalemate aseach side built its strength. Generals focused ontraining raw recruits, turning civilians into sol-diers. For a while the action shifted to the West.

Early Victories for the NorthOne of the North’s primary goals in the West

was to gain control of the Mississippi and Ten-nessee Rivers. This would split the Confederacyand hinder Southern efforts to transport goods.

The Union launched its operations in the Westfrom Cairo, Illinois. The city was strategicallylocated where the Ohio and Mississippi Riversmeet. In addition, Cairo was only a short distancefrom the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. The Union commander at Cairo was UlyssesS. Grant.


Early in 1862, Grant was ordered to moveagainst Confederate forces under General AlbertSidney Johnson in Kentucky and Tennessee. OnFebruary 6, with the aid of a fleet of newly madeironclads under Andrew Foote, Grant capturedFort Henry on the Tennessee River. Ten dayslater Grant captured Fort Donelson on the Cum-berland. When the Confederate commander atFort Donelson realized he was trapped, he askedGrant for his terms. Grant’s reply was,

“No terms except unconditional and imme-diate surrender can be accepted.”

“Unconditional Surrender” Grant became theNorth’s new hero.

Grant’s victories helped secure the lower Ten-nessee River. They also opened a path for Uniontroops to march into Tennessee, Mississippi, andAlabama. The victories drove the Confederatesout of Kentucky, where the South had beenattempting to persuade Kentuckians to secedefrom the Union.

GeographyThe Battle of Shiloh

General Grant and about 40,000 troops thenheaded south along the Tennessee Rivertoward Corinth, Mississippi, an important rail-road junction. In early April 1862, the Unionarmy camped at Pittsburg Landing, 20 milesfrom Corinth. Nearby was a church namedShiloh. Additional Union forces came fromNashville to join Grant.

Confederate leaders decided to strike first,before the reinforcements arrived. Early in themorning of April 6, Confederate forces led byAlbert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregardlaunched a surprise attack on the Union troops.The Battle of Shiloh lasted two days, with someof the most bitter, bloody fighting of the war.The first day, the Confederates drove Grant andhis troops back to the Tennessee River. The sec-ond day, the Union forces recovered. Aided bythe 25,000 troops from Nashville and shelling bygunboats on the river, they defeated the Confed-erates, who withdrew to Corinth.

The losses in the Battle of Shiloh were enor-mous. Together the two armies suffered more than20,000 casualties—people killed or wounded.Confederate general Johnston also died in thebloodbath. One Confederate soldier lamented thatthe battle “was too shocking [and] too horrible.”

After their narrow victory at Shiloh, Unionforces gained control of Corinth on May 30.Memphis, Tennessee, fell to Union armies onJune 6. The North seemed well on its way tocontrolling the Mississippi River.

New Orleans FallsA few weeks after Shiloh, the North won

another important victory. On April 25, 1862,Union naval forces under David Farragut cap-tured New Orleans, Louisiana, the largest city inthe South. Farragut, who was of Spanishdescent, had grown up in the South butremained loyal to the Union. His capture of NewOrleans, near the mouth of the MississippiRiver, meant that the Confederacy could nolonger use the river to carry its goods to sea.Together with Grant's victories to the north, Far-ragut’s capture of New Orleans gave Unionforces control of almost all the Mississippi River.

Analyzing Why was control of theMississippi River important to the Union?

War in the EastIn the East, General McClellan was training

the Army of the Potomac to be an effectivefighting force. An expert at training soldiers,

Many Civil War battles have two names. The Unionnamed battles after the nearest body of water. The Con-federacy named them after the nearest settlement. There-fore, the battle called the Battle of Bull Run (a river) inthe North was known as the Battle of Manassas (a settle-ment) in the South.

Names of Battles

Union Defeat at RichmondInstead of advancing directly overland to

Richmond as Lincoln wished, McClellan movedhis huge army by ship to a peninsula betweenthe York and the James Rivers southeast of thecity. From there he began a major offensiveknown as the Peninsular Campaign. The opera-tion took many weeks. Time passed and oppor-tunities to attack slipped away as GeneralMcClellan readied his troops and tried to evalu-ate the enemy’s strength. Lincoln, constantlyprodding McClellan to fight, ended one mes-sage with an urgent plea: “You must act.” Com-plaining of his difficult situation, McClellan did


3

1

4

2

2

Monitor v. MerrimackMarch 9, 1862

April 1861

April 1861

Ft. Jackson/Ft. St. PhillipApril 18–28, 1862

April 25–May 1, 1862

CorinthOct. 3–4, 1862

ShilohApril 6–7, 1862

AntietamSept. 17, 1862

Second Bull RunAug. 29–30, 1862

Bull Run (Manassas)July 21, 1861

Fort SumterApril 12–14, 1861

200 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

200 miles0

N

S

EW

40°N

30°N

80°W90°W100°W

AtlanticOcean

Gulf of Mexico

Ohio R

.

ArkansasR

.M

ississippiR

.

OHIOIND.ILL.

KY.

TENN.

FLA.

GA.

S.C.

N.Y.

VT.N.H.

PA.

N.J.

DEL.MD.

VA.

W.VA.

N.C.

MASS.

CONN.R.I.

ARK.

TEXASLA.

ALA.MISS.

MO.

MICH.

Baton Rouge

Jackson

Mobile

Atlanta

Chattanooga

Nashville

St. Louis

NorfolkRichmond

Washington, D.C.

PhiladelphiaNew York City

Savannah

Charleston

New OrleansHouston

Montgomery

McClellan thoroughly reorganized and drilledthe Army of the Potomac. However, when facedwith the prospect of battle, McClellan was cau-tious and worried that his troops were notready. He hesitated to fight because of reportsthat overestimated the size of the Rebel forces.Finally, in March 1862, the Army of the Potomacwas ready for action. Its goal was to captureRichmond, the Confederate capital.

The Early Battles, 1861–1862

33

44

1 Ft. Sumter falls to Confederate troops.

Union blockade cuts Confederate flow of trade and supplies.

With about 23,000 casualties, Shiloh is the bloodiest battle fought thus far.

Antietam costs more casualties than any other single dayof the war — over 23,000 killed or wounded.

Union naval blockade

Union troops

Confederate troops

Union victory

Confederate victory

Indecisive battle

Boundary betweenUnion andConfederacy

2

1. Analyzing Information In what state was the Battleof Shiloh fought?

2. Summarizing In what battles were Confederate forcesvictorious?


not act. His delays allowed the Confederates toprepare their defense of Richmond.

McClellan and his army inched slowly towardRichmond, getting so close that the troops couldhear the city’s church bells. At the end of June,the Union forces finally met the Confederates ina series of encounters known as the Seven Days’Battles. In these battles Confederate generalRobert E. Lee took command of the army oppos-ing McClellan. Before the battles began, Lee'scavalry leader, James E.B. (J.E.B.) Stuart, per-formed a daring tactic. He led his 1,200 troops ina circle around the Union army, gathering vitalinformation about Union positions and boostingSouthern morale. Stuart lost only one man in theaction. General Lee then boldly countered Unionadvances and eventually drove the Yankees backto the James River. The Union troops had failedto capture Richmond.

Gloom in the NorthReports from Richmond disheartened the

North. Despite the good news of Union victoriesin the West, failure to take the Confederate cap-ital left Northerners with little hope. There wasanother call for volunteers—300,000 this time—

but the response was slow. The Southern strat-egy of making the North weary of war seemedto be working.

The defeat had not been complete, however.McClellan’s army had been pushed back, but itwas larger than Lee’s and still only 25 milesfrom Richmond. When McClellan failed torenew the attack, President Lincoln ordered himto move his army back to northern Virginia andjoin the troops led by Major General John Pope.

Stonewall Jackson’s forces moved north toattack Pope’s supply base at Manassas. Jackson’stroops marched 50 miles in two days and werethen joined by the rest of Lee’s army. On August29, 1862, Pope attacked the approaching Con-federates and started the Second Battle of BullRun. The battle ended in a Confederate victory.Richmond was no longer threatened. Indeed, thesituation of the two sides was completelyreversed. Lee and the Confederates now stoodonly 20 miles from Washington, D.C.

The Battle of AntietamFollowing these Southern victories, Confeder-

ate president Jefferson Davis ordered Lee tolaunch an offensive into Maryland, northwest of

Wounded soldiers at a military hospital at Alexandria, Virginia.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these terms

in a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning: blockade runner, iron-clad, casualty.

2. Reviewing Facts Explain why theNorth wanted to blockade the South.

Reviewing Themes3. Geography and History What was

the North’s main goal in the westerncampaign?

Critical Thinking4. Analyzing Information Why was

Union general McClellan not effectiveas a military commander?

5. Drawing Conclusions Why wascontrol of the Mississippi Riverimportant? Use a web like the oneshown here.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map on

page 470. Who claimed victory at theFirst Battle of Bull Run? When wasthe Battle of Shiloh fought?

Washington. He hopedanother victory wouldwin aid from GreatBritain and France. Leealso issued a proclama-tion urging the peopleof Maryland to join theConfederacy, but hereceived no response.

As Lee’s army marched into Maryland in Sep-tember 1862, McClellan and 80,000 Union troopsmoved slowly after them. On September 13 theNorth had an extraordinary piece of good luck. Ina field near Frederick, Maryland, two Union sol-diers found a copy of Lee’s orders for his armywrapped around three cigars. The bundle hadprobably been dropped by a Southern officer.

Now McClellan knew exactly what Leeplanned to do. He also learned that Lee’s armywas divided into four parts. This providedMcClellan with an opportunity to overwhelmLee’s army one piece at a time.

Once again, McClellan was overly cautious.He waited four days before he decided to attackthe Confederates. This enabled Lee to gathermost of his forces together near Sharpsburg,Maryland, along the Antietam Creek.

The Union and the Confederate armiesclashed on September 17 in the Battle of Antietam. It was the single bloodiest day of theentire war. A Union officer wrote that

“In the time that I am writing, every stalk ofcorn in [cornfields to the north] was cut asclosely as could have been with a knife, and theslain lay in rows precisely as they had stood intheir ranks a few minutes before.”

By the time the fighting ended, close to 6,000Union and Confederate soldiers lay dead ordying, and another 17,000 were seriouslywounded. Although both armies suffered heavylosses, neither was destroyed.

The day after the battle, Lee withdrew to Vir-ginia. The Confederate retreat allowed theUnion troops to claim victory. However,McClellan, who had been ordered by PresidentLincoln to “destroy the rebel army,” did notpursue the Confederate troops. The president,disgusted with McClellan’s failure to follow uphis victory, removed McClellan from his com-mand in November. Lincoln placed GeneralAmbrose Burnside in command.

Antietam had a profound impact on the war.The Army of the Potomac finally gained someconfidence, having forced Lee and his soldiersback south. More important, the battle marked amajor change in Northern war aims. PresidentLincoln used the battle to take action againstslavery.

Summarizing What was the out-come of the Seven Days’ Battles?


Art Draw a cartoon that wouldaccompany a front-page newspa-per story describing the battlebetween the Merrimack and theMonitor.

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit and click on Chapter 16—Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on the Second Battle of Bull Run.

tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com

Control of the Mississippi River

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe36tx.php?&st=645&pt=2&bk=19

473

Preview of Events

Main IdeaThe Civil War provided opportunitiesfor African Americans to contribute tothe war effort.

Key Termsemancipate, ratify

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, complete a table like theone shown describing what the Eman-cipation Proclamation and the Thir-teenth Amendment to the Constitutionwere meant to accomplish.

Read to Learn• why Lincoln issued the Emancipa-

tion Proclamation.• what role African Americans played

in the Civil War.

Section ThemeGroups and Institutions The North’smain goal from the start of the warwas to preserve the Union, not toabolish slavery.

Guide to Reading

A Call for Freedom


President Lincoln shook many hands on New Year’s Day of 1863, as a reception washeld to commemorate the official signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Diplomats,cabinet members, and army officers filed past the president, and when he finally leftthe reception he noted that his arm was very stiff. As the document was presented,Lincoln remarked, “Now, this signature is one that will be closely examined and if theyfind my hand trembled, they will say ‘he had some compunctions [second thoughts].’But, any way, it is going to be done!”

EmancipationFrom the start of the war through the brutal Battle of Antietam, the North-

erners’ main goal was to preserve the Union rather than to destroy slavery. Abo-litionists did not control the North, or even the Republican Party. AbrahamLincoln and other Republican leaders insisted on many occasions that theywould act only to prevent the expansion of slavery.

✦ 1862 ✦ 1863 ✦ 1865✦ 1864

1862African Americans allowedto serve in the Union army

January 1863Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation

July 1863Nearly half of the 54th Massa-chusetts Regiment is wiped out

1865Thirteenth Amendment is ratified

Lincoln portrait,by artist Peter Baumgras

Goal

Emancipation Proclamation

Thirteenth Amendment

Although Lincoln considered slaveryimmoral, he hesitated to move against slaverybecause of the border states. Lincoln knew thatmaking an issue of slavery would divide thepeople and make the war less popular. InAugust 1862, Abraham Lincoln responded topressure to declare an end to slavery.

“ If I could save the Union without freeingany slave, I would do it; and if I could save it byfreeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if Icould save it by freeing some and leaving othersalone, I would also do that. ”

That was his official position. His personal wishwas “that all men everywhere could be free.”

As the war went on, attitudes toward slaverybegan to change. More Northerners believed that

slavery was helping the war effort in the South.Enslaved people in the Confederacy raised cropsused to feed the armies and did the heavy workin the trenches at the army camps. In the North’sview, anything that weakened slavery struck ablow against the Confederacy.

As early as May 1861, some African Americansin the South escaped slavery by going into terri-tory held by the Union army. In 1861 and 1862,Congress passed laws that freed enslaved peoplewho were held by those active in the rebellionagainst the Union.

CitizenshipThe Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln was keenly aware of the shift in pub-lic opinion. He also knew that striking a blowagainst slavery would make Britain and France


On January 1, 1863, President Lincolnissued the Emancipation Proclamation to anation divided by war. The proclamationstated that all enslavedpeople in the states con-trolled by the Confederacywere free.

“The Emancipation Proclamationis the greatest event of our

nation’s history.”—Frederick Douglass, 1864

ProclamationEmancipation

The

“If my name evergoes into history,

it will be for this act.”—Abraham Lincoln, 1863

The Legacy of FreedomWhere America stands today on the issues of humanfreedom was fueled by the Emancipation Proclamation.

EmancipationProclamationissued

Brown v. Board of Educationof Topeka, Kansas ruling out-laws school segregation

1954Fifteenth Amendmentstrengthens votingrights

1870Fourteenth Amendmentguarantees citizensequal protection

1868ThirteenthAmendmentabolishes slavery

18651863


less likely to aid the South. Moreover, Lincolnbecame convinced that slavery helped the Southcontinue fighting. Every enslaved person whoworked enabled a white Southerner to fight inthe Confederate army.

Lincoln also had political reasons for takingaction on slavery. He believed it was importantthat the president rather than the antislaveryRepublicans in Congress make the decision onending slavery. Lincoln told the members of hiscabinet, “I must do the best I can, and bear theresponsibility.”

By the summer of 1862, Lincoln had decided to emancipate—or free—all enslaved AfricanAmericans in the South. He waited for the rightmoment so that he would not appear to be actingin desperation when the North seemed to be los-ing the war. On September 22, 1862, five days

after the Union forces turned back the Confed-erate troops at the Battle of Antietam, Lincolnannounced his plan to issue an order freeing all enslaved people in the Confederacy. On Jan-uary 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the EmancipationProclamation, which said that

“…all persons held as slaves within anystate…in rebellion against the United States,shall be then, thenceforward, and foreverfree. ”

Effects of the ProclamationBecause the Emancipation Proclamation

applied only to areas that the Confederacy con-trolled, it did not actually free anyone. Lincolnknew, however, that many enslaved peoplewould hear about the proclamation. He hoped

As news of the proclamation spread throughout theConfederacy, thousands of enslaved people fled to free-dom. About 200,000 freed African Americans served assoldiers, sailors, and laborers for the Union forces.

The proclamationestablished that the warwas being fought notonly to preservethe Union, but toend slavery. Fewenslaved peoplewere freed by theaction, however.

Union Forces

African Americansmade up nearly 10%

of Union soldiers

African Americansmade up about 18%

of Union sailors

Union Soldiers

Union Sailors

More than 2 million soldiers served in the Union army, and morethan 100,000 sailors served in the Union navy. About 200,000African Americans served with the Union.

Rosa Parks refuses togive up her bus seat;Montgomery, Alabama

1955March onWashington

1963Twenty-fourth Amend-ment ends use of poll tax;Civil Rights Act passed

1964Colin Powell namedsecretary of state

2001Scheduled work onnational monument toMartin Luther King, Jr.,begins

2003

Nearly 200,000 African Americans joined Union forces.

that knowledge of it would encourage them torun away from their slaveholders. Even beforethe Emancipation Proclamation, some 100,000African Americans had left slavery for the safetyof Union lines. ; (See page 617 of the Appendix for the textof the Emancipation Proclamation.)

Despite the limitations of the EmancipationProclamation, African Americans in the Northgreeted it joyfully. On the day it was signed, acrowd of African Americans gathered at theWhite House to cheer the president. FrederickDouglass wrote, “We shout for joy that we liveto record this righteous decree.”

The proclamation had the desired effect inEurope as well. The Confederacy had been seek-ing support from its trading partners, Britain andFrance. However, the British took a strong posi-tion against slavery. Once Lincoln proclaimedemancipation, Britain and France decided towithhold recognition of the Confederacy.

In 1864 Republican leaders in Congress pre-pared a constitutional amendment to abolishslavery in the United States. In 1865 Congresspassed the Thirteenth Amendment, which wasratified, or approved, the same year by statesloyal to the Union. It was this amendment thattruly freed enslaved Americans. ; (See page 246 forthe complete text of the Thirteenth Amendment.)

Explaining What did the ThirteenthAmendment do?

African Americans in the War Early in the war, Lincoln opposed enlisting

African Americans as soldiers. The EmancipationProclamation announced Lincoln’s decision to

permit African Americans to join the Union army.In the South, as well as in the North, the Civil Warwas changing the lives of all African Americans.

In the SouthWhen the war began, over 3.5 million enslaved

people lived in the Confederacy. Making up morethan 30 percent of the region’s population and thebulk of its workforce, enslaved workers laboredon plantations and in vital iron, salt, and leadmines. Some worked as nurses in military hospi-tals and cooks in the army. By the end of the war,about one-sixth of the enslaved population hadfled to areas controlled by Union armies.

The possibility of a slave rebellion terrifiedwhite Southerners. For this reason most South-erners refused to use African Americans as sol-diers—for then they would be given weapons.

Near the end of the war, however, the Con-federate military became desperate. Robert E.Lee and some others supported using AfricanAmericans as soldiers and believed that thosewho fought should be freed. The ConfederateCongress passed a law in 1865 to enlist enslavedpeople, although the law did not include auto-matic freedom. The war ended before any regi-ments could be organized.

Helping the NorthThe story was different in the North. At the

start of the war, African Americans were not per-mitted to serve as soldiers in the Union army.This disappointed many free African Americanswho had volunteered to fight for the Union.

Yet African Americans who wished to help thewar effort found ways to do so. Although thearmy would not accept them, the Union navy


did. African Americans who had escaped slaveryoften proved to be especially useful as guidesand spies because of their knowledge of theSouth. Some women, such as Harriet Tubman,who had helped hundreds escape slavery byway of the Underground Railroad, repeatedlyspied behind Confederate lines.

In 1862 Congress passed a law allowingAfrican Americans to serve in the Union army.As a result both free African Americans andthose who had escaped slavery began enlisting.In the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sup-ported the use of African American soldiers, andmore African Americans began enlisting.

By the end of the war, African American volun-teers made up nearly 10 percent of the Unionarmy and about 18 percent of the navy. In all,nearly 200,000 African Americans served. About37,000 lost their lives defending the Union. Bybecoming soldiers, African Americans were tak-ing an important step toward securing civil rights.

African American SoldiersAfrican American soldiers were organized

into regiments separate from the rest of theUnion army. Most commanding officers of theseregiments were white. African Americansreceived lower pay than white soldiers at first,but protests led to equal pay in 1864.

One of the most famous African Americanregiments was the 54th Massachusetts, led bywhite abolitionists. On July 18, 1863, the 54thspearheaded an attack on a Confederate fortifi-cation near Charleston, South Carolina. Underheavy fire, the troops battled their way to the topof the fort. The Confederates drove them backwith heavy fire. Nearly half of the 54th werewounded, captured, or killed. Their bravery wonrespect for African American troops.

Lincoln’s political opponents criticized the useof African American soldiers. Lincoln replied byquoting General Grant, who had written to Lin-coln that “[they] will make good soldiers andtaking them from the enemy weakens him in thesame proportion they strengthen us.”

Many white Southerners, outraged by AfricanAmerican soldiers, threatened to execute any theycaptured. In a few instances, this threat was car-ried out. However, enslaved workers were over-joyed when they saw that the Union armyincluded African American soldiers. As oneAfrican American regiment entered Wilmington,North Carolina, a soldier wrote, “Men andwomen, old and young, were running throughoutthe streets, shouting and praising God. We couldthen truly see what we have been fighting for.”

Comparing How were AfricanAmerican soldiers treated differently than white soldiers?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use the vocabulary

terms that follow to write a para-graph about the Thirteenth Amend-ment: emancipate, ratify.

2. Reviewing Facts Summarize Presi-dent Lincoln’s reasons for issuing theEmancipation Proclamation.

Reviewing Themes3. Groups and Institutions How did

African Americans help the war effortin the North? What roles did theyplay in the South?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing How did President Lin-

coln’s political stand on slavery differfrom his personal stand during thewar?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below and listthe factors that caused Lincoln tochange his war goals to include free-ing enslaved persons.

Analyzing Visuals6. Picturing History Study the pictures

of the African American soldiers onpages 475 and 476. Do you thinkthat these soldiers have fought inbattle? Explain your reasoning.

CHAPTER 16 The Civil War 477

Citizenship It is 1865 and youhave heard about the passage ofthe Thirteenth Amendment. Usingmaterial, thread, beads, and/or feltletters, create a banner that youanticipate carrying in a paradeafter the Civil War is over.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Main IdeaCivilians as well as soldiers had animpact on the war effort.

Key Termshabeas corpus, draft, bounty,greenback, inflation

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, complete a table like theone shown by describing the roles ofthese individuals during the war.

Read to Learn• what life was like for the soldiers.• what role women played in the

war.• how the war affected the economies

of the North and the South.

Section ThemesEconomic Factors The Civil Warstrained the Northern and Southerneconomies.

Life During theCivil War

A soldier’s life was not easy—whether in battle or in the mess tent! A Louisiana sol-dier wrote, “No soldier will forget his first horse-meat breakfast. It was comical to seethe facial expression as they viewed the platters of hot steak fried in its own grease orthe “chunk” of boiled mule as it floated in a bucket of “stew.” However, there seemedto be perfect good humor as they one after the other ‘tackled the job.’. . .Occasionallywould some stalwart fellow throw back his head and utter a long and loud ‘Ye-ha, ye-ha, yehaw!’ in imitation of a . . . mule.”

The Lives of SoldiersIn both the North and the South, civilians and soldiers suffered terrible hard-

ships and faced new challenges. In touching letters to their families and friendsat home, soldiers described what they saw and how they felt—their boredom,discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror.

At the start of the war, men in both the North and the South rushed to vol-unteer for the armies. Their enthusiasm did not last.


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

Role

Loretta Janeta Velázquez

Dorothea Dix

Clara Barton

1861Union Congresspasses income tax

April 1862Confederate Congresspasses draft law

March 1863The Union passesdraft law

July 1863Angry mobs oppose thedraft in New York City

✦ 1861 ✦ 1862 ✦ 1864✦ 1863

Union soldier andfamily, 1861


Most of the time the soldiers lived in camps.Camp life had its pleasant moments of songs,stories, letters from home, and baseball games.Often, however, a soldier’s life was dull, a rou-tine of drills, bad food, marches, and rain.

During lulls between battles, Confederate andUnion soldiers sometimes forgot that they wereenemies. A Southern private described a Fourthof July on the front lines in 1862:

“ Our boys and Yanks made a bargain not tofire at each other . . . and talked over the fight,and traded tobacco and coffee and newspaperas peacefully and kindly as if they had not beenengaged . . . in butchering one another. ”

The Reality of WarIn spite of fleeting moments of calm, the real-

ity of war was never far away. Both sides suf-fered terrible losses. The new rifles used duringthe Civil War fired with greater accuracy thanthe muskets of earlier wars.

Medical facilities were overwhelmed by thethousands of casualties in each battle. After theBattle of Shiloh, many wounded soldiers lay in

the rain for more than 24 hours waiting for med-ical treatment. A Union soldier recalled, “Manyhad died there, and others were in the last ago-nies as we passed. Their groans and cries wereheart-rending.”

Faced with such horrors, many men deserted.About one of every 11 Union soldiers and one ofevery 8 Confederates ran away because of fear,hunger, or sickness.

Rebel soldiers suffered from a lack of foodand supplies. One reason for Lee’s invasion ofMaryland in 1862 was to allow his army to feedoff Maryland crops. A woman who saw the Con-federates march to Antietam recalled the “gauntstarvation that looked from their cavernouseyes.”

Explaining Why did many soldiersdesert from the armies?

Women and the WarMany Northern and Southern women took on

new responsibilities during the war. Theybecame teachers, office workers, salesclerks, andgovernment workers. They worked in factories

Some paintings offered an idealized picture of the Civil War. Photographsprovided a chilling account of life—and death—at the front lines. In what waysmight photographs have affected Americans’ view of the war in a waythat paintings did not?

History


When the Civil Warbegan, Clara Barton, aU.S. Patent Office clerk,began collecting provi-sions for the Union army.In 1862 she began todeliver supplies directlyto the front and to tend tothe wounded and dyingduring battle.

Arriving at Antietam,Barton watched as sur-geons dressed the sol-

diers’ wounds with corn-husks because they didnot have bandages. Bar-ton was able to give thedoctors a wagonload ofbandages and other med-ical supplies. As the bat-tle raged around her,Barton comforted thewounded and helped thedoctors with their work.

As night neared, themedical staff had trouble

working. From her supplywagon, Barton fetchedlanterns and the doctorswent back to work.

At Antietam and manyother battles, Bartonshowed courage on thebattlefield and gave aid tomany. In 1881 Bartonorganized the AmericanRed Cross and served asits first president formore than 20 years.

Clara Barton 1821--1921

and managed farms. They also suffered the lossof husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers. AsMary Chesnut of South Carolina wrote:

“ Does anyone wonder [why] so manywomen die? Grief and constant anxiety killnearly as many women at home as men arekilled on the battle-field. ”

Women performed many jobs that helped thesoldiers and the armies. They rolled bandages,wove blankets, and made ammunition. Manywomen collected food, clothing, and medicineto distribute to the troops. They also raisedmoney for supplies.

Life at HomeFor the most part, Northerners saw the war

from a distance, since most of the battles tookplace in the South. News from the battlefrontand letters home from the soldiers kept the warin people’s minds.

Almost every woman who stayed at homewas touched in some way by the war. But whileeveryday life in the North suffered little disrup-tion, life in the South was dramatically changed.The fighting and the ever-tightening blockade

disrupted everyday life. Those who lived in thepaths of marching armies lost crops and homes.As one Southerner noted: the South haddepended upon the outside world “for every-thing from a hairpin to a toothpick, and from acradle to a coffin.” As the war dragged on, short-ages became more commonplace.

The South ran out of almost everything.Shortages in feed for animals and salt for curingmeant that little meat was available. Shortagesin meat were matched by shortages in clothing,medicine, and even shelter.

SpiesSome women were spies. While Harriet

Tubman spied for the North, Rose O’NealGreenhow entertained Union leaders in Wash-ington, D.C., picking up information about Unionplans that she passed to the South. Greenhowwas caught, convicted of treason, and exiled.

Belle Boyd, of Front Royal, Virginia, informedConfederate generals of Union army movementsin the Shenandoah Valley. Some women dis-guised themselves as men and became soldiers.Loretta Janeta Velázquez fought for the South atthe First Battle of Bull Run and at Shiloh. Latershe became a Confederate spy.

This 1862 photo shows a Union soldier with his family at the front near Washington,D.C. Most soldiers on bothsides, however, faced long separations from their famil-ies. What other hardshipsdid Civil War soldiers face?

History

Treating the Sick and WoundedIn the Civil War, for the first time, thousands

of women served as nurses. At first many doctorsdid not want women nurses on the grounds thatwomen were too delicate for such work. Men alsodisapproved of women doing what was consid-ered male work, and felt it was improper forwomen to tend the bodies of unknown men.

Strong-minded women disregarded theseobjections. In the North Dorothea Dix organ-ized large numbers of women to serve as mili-tary nurses. Another Northerner, Clara Barton,became famous for her work with wounded sol-diers. In the South Sally Tompkins established ahospital for soldiers in Richmond, Virginia.

Nursing was hard work. Kate Cummings ofAlabama, who nursed the wounded in Corinthafter the Battle of Shiloh, wrote, “Nothing that Ihad ever heard or read had given me the faintestidea of the horrors witnessed here.” Yet womendid a remarkable job in the war.

Describing What role did SallyTompkins play in the war effort?

Opposition to the WarThe war efforts of the Union and the

Confederate governments faced opposition.Politicians objected to wartime policies, andordinary citizens protested the way the waraffected their lives.

When the war began, Northern Democratssplit into two groups. One group supportedmost of Lincoln’s wartime policies. The other,the “Peace Democrats,” favored negotiatingwith the Confederacy. The Peace Democratswarned that continuing the war would lead to“terrible social change and revolution.” Theyalso appealed to racist feelings among Northernwhites. Republican newspapers called the PeaceDemocrats “Copperheads.” When Union armiesfared poorly, support for the Copperheads rose.

Some Republicans suspected Copperheads ofaiding the Confederates. The president orderedthe arrest of anyone interfering with the wareffort, such as discouraging men from enlistingin the army. Several times Lincoln suspendedthe right of habeas corpus, which guaranteesaccused individuals the right to a hearing beforebeing jailed. Lincoln defended his actions, ask-ing “Must I shoot a simple-minded soldier boywho deserts while I must not touch a hair of awily agitator who induces him to desert?”

Enlistments DeclineAs the war dragged on, the number of volun-

teers declined. Enlisting enough soldiers becamea problem, and both the Confederacy and theUnion tried new measures.

In April 1862, the Confederate Congresspassed a draft law that required men betweenages 18 and 35 to serve in the army for threeyears. A person could avoid the draft by hiring a

substitute. Later, Congress exempted one whiteman on every plantation with 20 or moreenslaved people. This led ordinary people tocomplain of “a rich man’s war but a poor man’sfight.” In reality people from all levels of societyserved in both armies.

Union states encouraged enlistment by offer-ing bounties—payments to encourage volun-teers. In March 1863, when this system failed,the North turned to a draft. All men from age 20to 45 had to register, and the army drew the sol-diers it needed from this pool of names. A per-son could avoid the draft by hiring a substituteor by paying the government $300.

Draft laws aroused opposition, with protestserupting into riots in several Northern cities.The worst disturbance took place in New YorkCity in July 1863. Angry mobs, opposed to thedraft and to fighting to free African Americans,went on a rampage of burning, looting, andkilling. After four days of terror, more than 100

people were dead. Troops from the Army of thePotomac had to be rushed in to end the rioting.

No disturbance as severe took place in theSouth, but many opposed the draft. The strongopposition led Jefferson Davis, the president ofthe Confederacy, to proclaim military law andsuspend habeas corpus as Lincoln had doneearly in the war. Davis's action outraged South-erners who feared that they would lose the lib-erties for which they had gone to war.

Examining Why did the govern-ments institute a draft?

Economics

War and the EconomyThe Civil War strained the Northern and the

Southern economies. The North, with its greaterresources, was better able to cope with wartimedemands than the South was.

$


Civil WarCameraPhotographer MathewBrady and his many assis-tants recorded the camps,lives, and deaths of soldiersin more than 10,000 photos.What is the biggest differ-ence between this cameraand a more modern one?

The photogra-pher looks at thesubject through aglass plate.

The photographeropens the lens. Thelens creates a reversed,upside-down image onthe “wet” plate.

The plate holder and the exposed wetplate are removed from the back panel,then developed into a negative in thephotographer’s “traveling” darkroom.

1 2 3 The body of thecamera protectsthe wet plate.

4

lens

glass plate

plate holder

body

PhotographerMathew

Brady

A plate holderis inserted intothe back panel.

1

2

3

4

Both the Union and the Confederacy financedthe war by borrowing money, increasing taxes,and printing paper money. The North borrowedmore than $2 billion, mainly by selling warbonds that promised high interest. The Southborrowed more than $700 million. It issued somany bonds that people stopped buying them.

Both sides imposed new taxes as well. TheUnion passed an income tax in 1861. WhenSouthern states did not provide sufficient funds,the Confederacy also imposed an income tax.

Because neither borrowing nor taxes raisedenough money, both sides began printing papermoney. Northern money was called greenbacksbecause of its color. The Confederacy also issuedpaper money—several times the amount printedin the North.

The North ProspersDuring the war prices rose faster than wages

in the North. This inflation—a general increasein prices—caused great hardship for workingpeople. Overall, however, the Northern econ-omy boomed. The need for a steady supply offood for Union troops helped farmers prosper.

Factory production grew as manufacturersresponded to the demands of war. The armyneeded many items, from guns and ammunitionto shoes and uniforms. Greater use of machineryand the standardization of parts made it possiblefor the North to produce what it needed.

Economic Troubles in the SouthThe Civil War is often called the first “mod-

ern” war because it required the total commit-ment of resources. Such a war has an impact onevery part of life. However, the impact was moredevastating on the South than on the North.

The South struggled to carry out its wareffort. Its government encouraged factories tosupply arms and ammunition, but the Southlacked the industry to provide other necessities.

The economy of the South suffered far morethan that of the North. Because most fightingoccurred in the South, Southern farmland wasoverrun and rail lines were torn up. By the endof the war, large portions of the South lay inruins and thousands of people were homeless.

The North’s blockade of Southern portscaused severe shortages of essential goods. Ascarcity of food led to riots in Atlanta, Rich-mond, and other cities. Inflation, too, was muchworse in the South. During the course of thewar, prices rose 9,000 percent—compared to arise of 80 percent in the North.

These conditions affected soldiers. Worriesabout their families caused many men to desert.A Mississippi soldier who overstayed his leaveto help his family wrote the governor: “We arepoor men and are willing to defend our countrybut our families [come] first.”

Explaining What is inflation?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these terms

in a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning: habeas corpus,draft, bounty, greenback, inflation.

2. Reviewing Facts Why was life onthe home front more difficult forSoutherners?

Reviewing Themes3. Economic Factors How did the war

affect the economy of the South?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you

think President Lincoln believed theCopperheads were a threat to theUnion war effort?

5. Analyzing Information Describethree ways that both the North andSouth raised money for the war. Usea chart like the one shown below.

Analyzing Visuals6. Picturing History Study the photo-

graph of the family on page 481.Why do you think some familiesaccompanied the armies in the field?

CHAPTER 16 The Civil War 483

Economics List three sectors ofthe economy that welcomedwomen during the Civil War.Describe the jobs women held andthe contributions they made.

Money raisedfor the war

Taking NotesWhy Learn This Skill?

One of the best ways to remember something is towrite it down. Taking notes—writing down informa-tion in a brief and orderly form—not only helps youremember, but it also makes your studying easier.

Learning the SkillThere are several styles of note taking, but all

explain and put information in a logical order. When you are taking notes, it will help to keep inmind these guidelines:

Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage. In your text, for example, look at the chaptertitle, section title, and other headings.

Select specific information for your notes. Forexample, anything your teacher writes on the chalk-board or shows you from a transparency should beincluded. If your teacher emphasizes a point orspends a large amount of time on a topic, this is alsoa clue to its importance.

Paraphrase the information. That means puttingthe information in your own words rather than tryingto take it down word for word. Doing so helps youthink about what the speaker or writer means.

To save time, you might want to develop differentstrategies. One way is to create a personal “short-hand.” For example, use symbols, arrows, or roughdrawings: “+” for “and.” Practice your shorthand inall of your classes.

Write legible and neat notes so that you will beable to understand them when you read them again.

Practicing the SkillReview the guidelines for taking notes. Then readSection 5, entitled “The Way to Victory.” After youhave carefully read the section, follow the guide-lines and create shorthand notes for the subsec-tion entitled “The Tide of War Turns,” whichbegins on page 486.

Study & WritingStudy & Writing


Applying the SkillTaking Notes Scan a local newspaper for a shorteditorial or article about your local government.Take notes by using shorthand or by creating anoutline. Summarize the article, using only yournotes.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM, Level 1, providesinstruction and practice in key social stud-ies skills.

485

Main IdeaAfter four years of war that claimedthe lives of more than 600,000 Ameri-cans, the Northern forces defeatedthe Southern forces.

Key Termsentrenched, total war

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Use a weblike the one shown to describe thestrategy Grant adopted to defeat theConfederacy.

Read to Learn• what battles turned the tide of the

war in 1863.• what events led the South to sur-

render in 1865.

Section ThemeIndividual Action Brave soldiersfrom both the North and the Southfought gallantly during the Civil War.

The Way to Victory


Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

Grant’s strategy

Confederatesoldier

December 1862Lee wins the Battleof Fredericksburg

July 1863Battle of Gettysburg

March 1864Grant takes overUnion command

April 1865Lee surrendersto Grant

✦ 1862 ✦ 1863 ✦ 1864 ✦ 1865

“My shoes are gone; my clothes are almost gone. I’m weary, I’m sick, I’m hungry.My family have been killed or scattered, and may be now wandering helpless andunprotected in a strange country. And I have suffered all this for my country. I love mycountry. I would die—yes, I would die willingly because I love my country. But if thiswar is ever over, I’ll…[n]ever love another country!” A Confederate soldier expressedthese thoughts during difficult times in 1863.

Southern VictoriesGone were the parades and masses of volunteers, the fancy uniforms and

optimism of the first years of the war. From 1862 until 1865, the soldiers andcivilians faced a grim conflict marked by death, destruction, and wrenchingchange. What endured on each side was a fierce dedication to its own cause.

The winter of 1862–1863 saw gloom in the North and hope in the South.Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia seemed unbeatable. Lee’s grasp ofstrategy made him more than a match for weak Union generals.

Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleLee needed little skill to win the Battle of

Fredericksburg. On December 13, 1862, Uniongeneral Ambrose Burnside clashed with Leenear the Virginia town. Burnside had the largerarmy, but the Confederates were entrenched, orset up in a strong position, on a number of hillssouth of the town. Repeated attacks failed toovercome Lee’s troops as thousands of Unionsoldiers fell on the hillside. Devastated by hisfailure, Burnside resigned his command andwas replaced by General Joseph Hooker.

Hooker rebuilt the army and in early May1863, launched a campaign against Lee. BeforeHooker could mount a major attack, Lee struckat Chancellorsville, Virginia, a few miles westof Fredericksburg. Boldly dividing his troops foran assault on the Union forces, Lee won anothervictory—but it proved costly. The battle’s heavycasualties included General Stonewall Jackson.

On May 2, Jackson and his troops attackedUnion troops at dusk. One of the Confederatecompanies fired on Jackson’s party by mistake,wounding the general in the left arm. Jackson‘sarm had to be amputated and he died a week later.

Describing At what Virginia towndid Lee defeat Burnside’s forces?

The Tide of War TurnsDespite his own heavy losses, Lee decided to

invade the North. Another victory—one onNorthern soil—might persuade Britain andFrance to aid the Confederacy.

The Battle of GettysburgIn June, Lee began moving north with an

army of 75,000. Union general Hooker wantedto advance against Richmond, but Lincoln toldhim to attack Lee’s army. When Hooker failed todo this, Lincoln replaced him with GeneralGeorge Meade. Meade’s mission was to findand fight Lee’s forces and to protect Washingtonand Baltimore from Confederate attack.

The two armies met by accident on July 1,1863, near the small town of Gettysburg, Penn-sylvania. The three-day Battle of Gettysburgbegan when Union cavalry surprised Rebelinfantry raiding the town for shoes. Outnum-bered, the Northerners fought desperately tohold the town before retreating to CemeteryRidge, a line of hills south of Gettysburg. Thenext day the Rebels launched another assault,but a counterattack saved the Union position.

On the third and final day of battle, Leedecided to launch an attack, determined to“create a panic and virtually destroy the[Union] army.”

This last attack, led by General George Pickett,is remembered as Pickett’s Charge. About 14,000Confederate soldiers advanced across about one-half mile of open ground toward the Union lines.They made easy targets for Union fire as theymarched. Barely half of the Rebels returnedfrom the charge. Lee knew the battle was lost.“It’s all my fault,” he told his troops as theyretreated to Virginia.

Victory at VicksburgMeanwhile, a great battle was taking place at

Vicksburg, Mississippi. Vicksburg stood ona high bluff above the Mississippi River. To gaincontrol of the river, one of the North’s major wargoals, the Union needed to seize Vicksburg. Forseveral months, Union forces under Ulysses S.Grant had laid siege to the town. Finally, onJuly 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered.


Confederate Battle Flag, 1861 During the early Civil War battles, soldiers had difficulty distinguishing between the Confederate and Union flags. As a result,Southern soldiers began to carry this battle flag.It had 13 stars, although there were only 11 states in theConfederacy. The other two stars represented the borderstates of Kentucky and Missouri.

Seventeenth Flag of the Union, 1863The Union flag of 1863 held 35 stars.Like all the Union flags of the CivilWar, it retained stars for theseceded Southern states.

America’s Flags


Lincoln at GettysburgOn November 19, 1863, at a ceremony dedi-

cating a cemetery at Gettysburg, scholarEdward Everett spoke for two hours. Then ina two-minute speech, called the GettysburgAddress, President Lincoln beautifullyexpressed what the war had come to mean:

“ It is for us the living . . . to be here dedi-cated to the great task remaining before us . . .that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a newbirth of freedom—and that government of thepeople, by the people, for the people shall notperish from the earth. ”

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VicksburgMay 18–July 4, 1863

ChattanoogaNov. 23–25, 1863

Siege of Port HudsonMay 2–July 9, 1863

MurfreesboroDec. 31, 1862–

Jan. 2, 1863

Brandy StationJune 9, 1863

ChickamaugaSept. 19–20, 1863

FredericksburgDec. 13, 1862

ChancellorsvilleMay 1–4, 1863

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Siege of Vicksburg ends with a Confederate surrender.Union isolates western Confederacy.

After Gettysburg, Southern troops never againpenetrated so deeply into Union territory.

Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg marked theturning points of the Civil War.

11

With the surrender of Vicksburg and then PortHudson—a Confederate fort in Louisiana—theUnion now held the entire Mississippi River.Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas were sealed offfrom the Confederacy.

The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicks-burg marked a turning point in the war. Theydrove Lee’s army out of Pennsylvania, securedthe Mississippi as a Union highway, and cut theSouth in two. Nevertheless, the South still hadtroops and a will to fight. The war would con-tinue for two more terrible years.

Turning Points, 1862–1863

1. Location What was the only major battle fought onUnion soil?

2. Analyzing Information Why was success at Vicks-burg so important to the Union?


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Early Stages Confederate troops wonmost of the battles in the first year ofthe Civil War.

Final Stages By 1865 the Union con-trolled large parts of the Confederacy.

The Anaconda Plan From the beginning the Northern war strategy was to invadethe South and divide it. As the plan—called the Anaconda Plan—progressed, theNorth blocked Southern supply lines and isolated Confederate troops.

WorldWar II

407,000

Civil War620,000

Vietnam War58,000

Korean War54,000

Revolutionary War25,000

Mexican War13,000

Other major wars5,000

World War I107,000

➧ ➧

Union Control

Confederate Control


Union Gains Union control of the Mississippi River cut off Texas andArkansas, the South’s leading foodproducers, from the Confederacy.

The speech helped war-weary Americanslook beyond the images of the battlefield andfocus on their shared ideals. ; (See page 618 of theAppendix for the entire text of the Gettysburg Address.)

Identifying What battle victoriesgave the Union control of the Mississippi River?

Final Phases of the WarIn November 1863, Grant and General

William Tecumseh Sherman won an impor-tant victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee. Follow-ing the Northern triumphs at Vicksburg andGettysburg, Chattanooga further weakened theConfederates. The following March, PresidentLincoln turned to Grant for help.

Ulysses S. Grant was small and unimpressivein appearance. His early army career was notimpressive either, and in 1854 he had been forcedto resign because of a drinking problem. Whenthe war began, he rejoined the army. His victo-ries in the West and his willingness to attack hardimpressed President Lincoln. “I can’t spare thisman,” the president said. “He fights.” After thevictory at Chattanooga, Lincoln named Grantcommander of all the Union armies.

Grant devised a plan to attack the Confeder-acy on all fronts. The Army of the Potomacwould try to crush Lee’s army in Virginia. Thewestern army, under Sherman, would advanceto Atlanta, Georgia, and crush the Confederateforces in the Deep South. If the plan succeeded,they would destroy the Confederacy.

186518631861

Lives LostMore lives were lost in the Civil War than

in any other major American conflict. Deadly weapons, poor medical

practices, infection and disease all contributed

to this.

The Civil War: Battles and Strategies


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Grant soon put his strategy into effect. InMay and June of 1864, Grant’s army of 115,000men smashed into Lee’s 64,000 troops in a seriesof three battles near Richmond, Virginia—theBattles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court-house, and Cold Harbor. Each time, Confeder-ate lines held, but each time Grant quicklyresumed the attack.

The battles cost the North thousands of men.Critics called Grant a butcher, but he said, “Ipropose to fight it out on this line if it takes allsummer.” Lincoln supported Grant.

After Cold Harbor, Grant swung south ofRichmond to attack Petersburg, an importantrailroad center. If it fell, Richmond would be cutoff from the rest of the Confederacy. Grant’sassault turned into a nine-month siege.

The Election of 1864To the war-weary North, the events of the first

half of 1864 were discouraging. Grant was stuckoutside Richmond and Petersburg, and Shermanwas stuck outside Atlanta. Sentiment for a negoti-ated peace grew. The Democrats wanted to makepeace with the South, even though that mightresult in Confederate independence. Lincoln wasdetermined to push for restoring the Union.

In the summer of 1864, Lincoln’s chances forreelection did not look good. “I am going to bebeaten and unless some great change takesplace, badly beaten,” he said.

Great changes did take place. In August,David Farragut led a Union fleet into MobileBay. The Union now controlled the Gulf of Mex-ico. In September, news arrived that Sherman

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Cold HarborJune 3, 1864

Kennesaw MountainJune 27, 1864

Petersburg siegeJune 5, 1864–April 3, 1865

BentonvilleMarch 19–21, 1865

WilmingtonFebruary 12–22, 1865

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The Final Battles, 1864–1865

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Boundary betweenUnion and Confederacy

During the Civil War, food rations usually includedhardtack—a hard, saltless, flour biscuit.

With age, hardtack could become infested withweevils. Some soldiers said it was better to eathardtack in the dark—they did not want to seewhat they were eating!

Rations for today’s soldiers are far different.They are called Meals Ready to Eat (MREs).MREs are dehydrated foods in airtight containers.

MREs can last five yearsor longer if stored in acool environment.

From Hardtack to MREs

Hardtack was friedin pork fat anddipped in coffee.

advanced, it abandoned its supply lines andlived off the land it passed through. Uniontroops took what food they needed, tore uprailroad lines and fields, and killed animals inan effort to destroy anything useful to theSouth. They cut a path of destruction some-times 50 miles wide. This method of wagingwar was known as total war. Sherman said:

“ We are not only fighting hostile armies, buta hostile people, and must make old and young,rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.”

After capturing Savannah in December, Sher-man turned north. The army marched throughSouth Carolina, devastating the state. Shermanplanned to join Grant’s forces in Virginia.

Describing What was the “march tothe sea”?

Victory for the NorthIn his second Inaugural Address on March 4,

1865, Lincoln spoke of the coming peace:

“ With malice toward none, with charity for all. . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in,to bind up the nation’s wounds . . . to do allwhich may achieve and cherish a just and lastingpeace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Throughout the fall and winter of 1864, Grantcontinued the siege of Petersburg. Lee and histroops defended the town, but sickness, hunger,casualties, and desertion weakened them.Finally, on April 2, 1865, the Confederate linesbroke and Lee withdrew his troops.

Richmond fell the same day. Rebel troops,government officials, and many residents fledthe Confederate capital. As they left, they setfire to much of the city to keep it from fallinginto Union hands.

On April 4 Lincoln visited Richmond andwalked its streets. One elderly African Americanman approached the president, took off his hat,and bowed. Tearfully, he said, “May God blessyou.” Lincoln removed his own hat and bowedin return.


had captured Atlanta. Then in October, GeneralSheridan’s Union forces completed a campaignthat drove the Rebels out of the Shenandoah Val-ley in Virginia. With these victories the end of

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