The Civil The Civil WarWar

The Civil The Civil WarWar

Girding for Girding for WarWar

1861 - 18651861 - 1865

The War BeginsThe War BeginsThe War BeginsThe War Begins•March 4, 1861: Lincoln March 4, 1861: Lincoln takes officetakes office•Vows to “preserve, Vows to “preserve, protect, & defend the protect, & defend the Union”Union”

•April 6: Lincoln warns April 6: Lincoln warns So. Carolina he is going So. Carolina he is going to send supplies to Fort to send supplies to Fort Sumter at CharlestonSumter at Charleston

•April 12: South April 12: South Carolina fires on Ft. Carolina fires on Ft. SumterSumter•After 33 hours of After 33 hours of bombardment Ft. bombardment Ft. Sumter falls Sumter falls •War has begunWar has begun

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

•April 15: Lincoln calls April 15: Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers & for 75,000 volunteers & a naval blockade on the a naval blockade on the SouthSouth•Virginia, Arkansas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, & North Carolina, & Tennessee secede - Tennessee secede - Confederacy is now 11 Confederacy is now 11 statesstates

The Border StatesThe Border States•Lincoln recognized the Lincoln recognized the importance of the importance of the border states border states •Maryland, Missouri, Maryland, Missouri, the mountain areas of the mountain areas of western Virginia, & western Virginia, & most importantly most importantly KentuckyKentucky

Non-EmancipationNon-Emancipation•To keep the Border To keep the Border States in the Union, States in the Union, Lincoln announced that Lincoln announced that he was not fighting to he was not fighting to free the blacksfree the blacks•Also somewhat pacified Also somewhat pacified the Butternut areas of the Butternut areas of the Ohio Riverthe Ohio River

““My paramount object is to My paramount object is to save the Union, and is not save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy either to save or destroy slavery…If I could save the slavery…If I could save the Union with out freeing any Union with out freeing any slave I would do it, and if I slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it, the slaves I would do it, and I could save it by and I could save it by freeing some and leaving freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also others alone, I would also do that.”do that.”

- Abraham Lincoln- Abraham Lincoln

Native AmericansNative Americans•Cherokee Nation, Cherokee Nation, themselves slave themselves slave owners, sided with the owners, sided with the Confederacy & Confederacy & “seceded” from the “seceded” from the UnionUnion•Northern Plains Indians Northern Plains Indians sided with the Unionsided with the Union

Northern Northern AdvantagesAdvantagesNorthern Northern AdvantagesAdvantages•North’s population North’s population

was 22 million vs. was 22 million vs. South’s 9 million - 1/3 South’s 9 million - 1/3 of whom were slavesof whom were slaves•Union had 3 times as Union had 3 times as many service age menmany service age men

Men Men Present Present for Duty for Duty during during

Civil WarCivil War

•North eventually recruited North eventually recruited roughly 200,000 African-roughly 200,000 African-Americans as soldiers - the Americans as soldiers - the South did not use slavesSouth did not use slaves•North had the stronger & North had the stronger & more varied economy - more varied economy - most of the manufacturing, most of the manufacturing, 2/3 of railroads2/3 of railroads

•North had more North had more agriculture & mineralsagriculture & minerals•North already had an North already had an organized government organized government & a wealthy treasury& a wealthy treasury•North was fighting for North was fighting for the preservation of the the preservation of the UnionUnion

Southern Southern AdvantagesAdvantagesSouthern Southern AdvantagesAdvantages•South fighting a South fighting a

defensive war - a draw defensive war - a draw would be a victorywould be a victory•North had to invade, North had to invade, conquer, & control an conquer, & control an area the size of area the size of western Europewestern Europe

•Most Southern men Most Southern men were from farms & were from farms & knew how to ride & knew how to ride & shootshoot•South had a strong South had a strong military historymilitary history•More U.S. Army officers More U.S. Army officers were from the South - were from the South - including General Robert including General Robert E. LeeE. Lee

•South had hope for South had hope for support from England support from England & other European & other European countriescountries

North/South North/South ComparisonComparison

North North vs. vs. South: South: ResourcResourceses

The Diplomatic The Diplomatic FrontFrontThe Diplomatic The Diplomatic FrontFront•BritainBritain•British ruling class had British ruling class had strong ties to the strong ties to the aristocratic Southaristocratic South•British laboring class British laboring class backed the industrial backed the industrial free labor Northfree labor North

•Britain’s navy could have Britain’s navy could have broken the blockadebroken the blockade•Britain worried about the Britain worried about the Union attacking CanadaUnion attacking Canada•In 1861, the British had an In 1861, the British had an oversupply of cottonoversupply of cotton•North shipped much needed North shipped much needed grain to Englandgrain to England

•FranceFrance•Napoleon III placed Napoleon III placed Maximillian on the Maximillian on the throne of Mexico throne of Mexico until 1867until 1867

The Trent AffairThe Trent AffairThe Trent AffairThe Trent Affair•Union navy Union navy apprehended two apprehended two Confederate diplomats Confederate diplomats from a British shipfrom a British ship•Northerners rejoiced at Northerners rejoiced at getting even for getting even for impressment of 1812impressment of 1812

•British prepared for British prepared for war against Unionwar against Union•Loss of Atlantic cable Loss of Atlantic cable led to delays & the led to delays & the crisis cooled downcrisis cooled down

•Lincoln freed the two Lincoln freed the two diplomatsdiplomats•Seward congratulated Seward congratulated the English on the English on accepting the illegality accepting the illegality of impressment & of impressment & seizureseizure

The AlabamaThe Alabama The AlabamaThe Alabama•British shipyards built British shipyards built the commerce raider the commerce raider ship ship The AlabamaThe Alabama - not - not a warship as it was a warship as it was unarmedunarmed•Ship went to the Azores Ship went to the Azores with British crew & with British crew & took on weaponstook on weapons

•AlabamaAlabama caused havoc caused havoc to American shippingto American shipping•Finally sunk off the Finally sunk off the coast of France in coast of France in 18641864

•Charles Francis Adams Charles Francis Adams •Son of JQ AdamsSon of JQ Adams•Chief Union diplomat to Chief Union diplomat to Great BritainGreat Britain•Presented persistent Presented persistent claims for the claims for the destruction of US destruction of US shipping to Britainshipping to Britain

•Britain ultimately gave Britain ultimately gave in & confiscated other in & confiscated other ships being built in ships being built in EnglandEngland•Commerce raiders put a Commerce raiders put a serious, but not serious, but not crippling, dent in the crippling, dent in the American merchant American merchant MarineMarine

The Laird RamsThe Laird RamsThe Laird RamsThe Laird Rams•1863: British navy 1863: British navy yard began building yard began building two Confederate two Confederate warships with iron warships with iron ramsrams

•British fearing war & British fearing war & US invasion of Canada US invasion of Canada - bought the ships for - bought the ships for the British navythe British navy

•1872 Britain submitted 1872 Britain submitted to US claims & paid the to US claims & paid the Americans $15 million Americans $15 million in damagesin damages•1866 & 1870 Irish 1866 & 1870 Irish Fenians launched Fenians launched invasions into to invasions into to Canada for Irish Canada for Irish independenceindependence

Wartime Liberties?Wartime Liberties?Wartime Liberties?Wartime Liberties?•Saving the Union Saving the Union required circumventing required circumventing some areas of the some areas of the ConstitutionConstitution•Naval blockade of SouthNaval blockade of South•Increased size of armyIncreased size of army•Extended enlistment timeExtended enlistment time•$2 million to citizens for $2 million to citizens for military purposesmilitary purposes

•Suspended Suspended habeas habeas corpuscorpus to arrest anti- to arrest anti-UnionistsUnionists•Ex Parte Merriman, 1861Ex Parte Merriman, 1861•864 people held w/o trial864 people held w/o trial

•““Supervised” voting in Supervised” voting in Border StatesBorder States•Outlawed slavery in all Outlawed slavery in all national territoriesnational territories

•Jefferson Davis unable Jefferson Davis unable to do the same in the to do the same in the SouthSouth•No strong central gov’t No strong central gov’t in the Southin the South•Davis rigid & unpopularDavis rigid & unpopular•South willing to lose the South willing to lose the war before losing states’ war before losing states’ rightsrights

DrafteesDrafteesDrafteesDraftees•Initially, Union army Initially, Union army comprised of comprised of volunteersvolunteers

•1863: 1863: Congress Congress passes 1passes 1stst conscription conscription lawlaw•Wealthier Wealthier could hire could hire substitutes or substitutes or pay a $300 pay a $300 exemptionexemption

•New York City Draft New York City Draft Riots broke out - Irish Riots broke out - Irish laborers attacked laborers attacked blacksblacks

•Union army was 90% Union army was 90% volunteer - many went volunteer - many went AWOL & reenlisted to AWOL & reenlisted to get bounty moneyget bounty money

•Roughly Roughly 200,000 200,000 African-African-American American soldiers fought soldiers fought for the Union for the Union beginning in beginning in 18621862

African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster

African-American Recruiting African-American Recruiting PosterPoster

The Famous The Famous 5454thth

MassachusettsMassachusetts

The Famous The Famous 5454thth

MassachusettsMassachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Memorial to Col. Robert

Gould ShawGould Shaw

August Saint-Gaudens August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Memorial to Col. Robert

Gould ShawGould Shaw

African-African-AmericansAmericansin Civil War in Civil War

BattlesBattles

African-African-AmericansAmericansin Civil War in Civil War

BattlesBattles

Black Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing SlavesBlack Troops Freeing Slaves

•South relied mainly on South relied mainly on volunteersvolunteers•1862: began conscription 1862: began conscription of men 17-50 yrs. Oldof men 17-50 yrs. Old•Did not enlist slaves Did not enlist slaves until 1865until 1865

•Both sides had over Both sides had over 200,000 deserters200,000 deserters

Economic ProblemsEconomic ProblemsEconomic ProblemsEconomic Problems•Union financing:Union financing:•11stst Ever Income Tax Ever Income Tax•Paid 2/3 cost of warPaid 2/3 cost of war

•Excise taxesExcise taxes•Tobacco & alcoholTobacco & alcohol

•Morrill Tariff Act (1861)Morrill Tariff Act (1861)•10% tariff increase10% tariff increase

•Bond salesBond sales•Borrowed Borrowed more than $2.6 more than $2.6 billion in bonds - sold by Jay billion in bonds - sold by Jay Cooke & CompanyCooke & Company

•1863: National Banking 1863: National Banking System System •created a standard created a standard currency & replaced the currency & replaced the BUS of 1836BUS of 1836

•Union also issued Union also issued currency called currency called GreenbacksGreenbacks•Over $450 million dollars Over $450 million dollars not solidly backed by goldnot solidly backed by gold•Currency flood led to Currency flood led to inflation hurting workersinflation hurting workers•Fluctuated in value (39 Fluctuated in value (39 cents)cents)

•Confederacy’s finances Confederacy’s finances wrecked by… wrecked by… •InflationInflation•BlockadeBlockade•$400 million in worthless $400 million in worthless bondsbonds•10% farm produce tax10% farm produce tax•Over $1 billion dollars in Over $1 billion dollars in treasury notes (1.6 cents)treasury notes (1.6 cents)

Inflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the South

““Shoddy Shoddy Millionaires”Millionaires”““Shoddy Shoddy Millionaires”Millionaires”•Wartime expansion in Wartime expansion in

North brought: North brought: •InflationInflation•Huge profitsHuge profits•New millionaire classNew millionaire class•SpeculationSpeculation•Profiteering/DishonestyProfiteering/Dishonesty•New technologyNew technology

•Marks beginnings of Marks beginnings of “Gilded Age”“Gilded Age”•1859: oil discovered in 1859: oil discovered in Titusville, PA Titusville, PA beginning the beginning the petroleum industrypetroleum industry•Only industry hurt was Only industry hurt was shipping by southern shipping by southern commerce raiderscommerce raiders

•Westward expansion:Westward expansion:•Homestead Act (1862)Homestead Act (1862)•Free land to pioneersFree land to pioneers

•Morrill Land Grant Act Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)(1862)•Ag. & mechanical collegesAg. & mechanical colleges

•Pacific Railway Act Pacific Railway Act (1863)(1863)•Northern route for railroadNorthern route for railroad