97
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Published as the Journal U. S. Artillery from 1892 to 1922 MAJOR ROBERT ARTHUR, C. A. C. FIRST LIEUT. JAMES L. WFELCHEL, C. A. C•• Editor and Manager Assistant Editor Volume 69 November, 1928 CONTENTS Number 5 BRITISH HOWITZER AT PILKEN Frontispiece THE USE OF BOOKS ..............•• 365 MECHANIZATION AND MOTORIZATION AND THEIR EFFECTS UPON HEAVY ARTILLERY .. By LIEUT. COL. GEORGEL. WERTENBAKER 382 AN ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES ••..... 388 By CAPT. V. W. HALL A SYSTEM OF SPOTTING AND PLOTTING FOR ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING •.•..... _' By LIEUT. ROBERTW. CRICHLOW,JR. 397 THE BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES .. By LIECT. CLEM O. GUNN 413 EARLY ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION ..........•.. 418 STRATEGIC NAVAL BASES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD •..•. 426 By LIEUT. WILLIAM H. BURNS EDITORIAL ., ............••.••.••. 433 PROFESSIONAL NOTES .................437 Coat of Arms of the Harbor Defenses of Key IVest-Retirement of Ser- geant Tony F. Monroe-Lieut. Goebel Receives Distinguished Flying Cross-A Combination Rammer-Sponge-Being an Officer-The Sheep and the Wolves-Pecu:e Pacts and European Armaments-Surplus Mili- tary Explosives Used Industrially-What the War Taught-Military Training in Peace Time-Foreign Periodicals. BOOK REVIEWS ..•...••..• , .•.• 453 Tamerlane, The Earth Shaker-Condensed Military History of the United States-Artillery: Today and Tomorrou'~Alexander: A Ro- mantic Biography-Janus: The Conquest of War-Kitchener: Soldier and Statesman-Spy and Counter-Spy-Letters of Gertrude Bell of Arabia-With Malice Toward None-John Brown's Body-Songs of Tropic Trails. Authors alone are responsible for statements in contributed articles The COAST ARTILLERY JoUR.""f.AL pays for original articles upon publication. Puhlished monthly under the supervision of the Commandant, Coast Artillery School, by direction of the Chief of Coast Artillery, for the informauo. of the Coast .Artillerypenonnel of the RefPllar Army, National Guard:> and Organized ReserYes .. Terms: United States,. $3.00 a year; single copies, 50 cents. Canada" $3#25 a year; single copies" 55 cents. Foreign" $3.50 II year; single copies" 60 cents. Ent~red as second class matter at the Poet Office at Fortress Monroe" Va. Acceptance for mailing a.t .pecial rate of postage provided for in Section 1103" Act of October 3" 1917" authorized May 8. 1920. Copyright, 1928, hy the Cour .AJmr.r.ny JODlUUr.. Address: The CO.l.5T .A.lrnLI.mrr JOUL""f..u." Fort Monroe" Va. Printed by HOUSTO;t PlU::tTCfG A::-l"P PL"BLISHISG Hm.s .... Hampton" Y€I ..

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Page 1: THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNALPublished as the Journal U. S. Artillery from 1892 to 1922

MAJOR ROBERT ARTHUR, C. A. C.FIRST LIEUT. JAMES L. WFELCHEL, C. A. C••

Editor and ManagerAssistant Editor

Volume 69 November, 1928

CONTENTSNumber 5

BRITISH HOWITZER AT PILKEN FrontispieceTHE USE OF BOOKS ..............•• 365MECHANIZATION AND MOTORIZATION AND THEIR EFFECTS UPON

HEAVY ARTILLERY .. By LIEUT. COL. GEORGEL. WERTENBAKER 382AN ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES ••..... 388

By CAPT. V. W. HALLA SYSTEM OF SPOTTING AND PLOTTING FOR ANTIAIRCRAFT

FIRING •.•..... _' By LIEUT. ROBERTW. CRICHLOW,JR. 397THE BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES .. By LIECT. CLEM O. GUNN 413EARLY ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION ..........•.. 418STRATEGIC NAVAL BASES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD •..•. 426

By LIEUT. WILLIAM H. BURNSEDITORIAL ., ............••.••.••. 433PROFESSIONAL NOTES .................• 437

Coat of Arms of the Harbor Defenses of Key IVest-Retirement of Ser-geant Tony F. Monroe-Lieut. Goebel Receives Distinguished FlyingCross-A Combination Rammer-Sponge-Being an Officer-The Sheepand the Wolves-Pecu:e Pacts and European Armaments-Surplus Mili-tary Explosives Used Industrially-What the War Taught-MilitaryTraining in Peace Time-Foreign Periodicals.

BOOK REVIEWS ..•...••..• , .•.• 453Tamerlane, The Earth Shaker-Condensed Military History of theUnited States-Artillery: Today and Tomorrou'~Alexander: A Ro-mantic Biography-Janus: The Conquest of War-Kitchener: Soldierand Statesman-Spy and Counter-Spy-Letters of Gertrude Bell ofArabia-With Malice Toward None-John Brown's Body-Songs ofTropic Trails.

Authors alone are responsible for statements in contributed articles

The COAST ARTILLERY JoUR.""f.ALpays for original articles upon publication.

Puhlished monthly under the supervision of the Commandant, Coast Artillery School, by directionof the Chief of Coast Artillery, for the informauo. of the Coast .Artillerypenonnel of the RefPllarArmy, National Guard:> and Organized ReserYes ..

Terms: United States,. $3.00 a year; single copies, 50 cents. Canada" $3#25 a year; single copies"55 cents. Foreign" $3.50 II year; single copies" 60 cents.

Ent~red as second class matter at the Poet Office at Fortress Monroe" Va. Acceptance for mailing a.t.pecial rate of postage provided for in Section 1103" Act of October 3" 1917" authorized May 8. 1920.

Copyright, 1928, hy the Cour .AJmr.r.ny JODlUUr..Address: The CO.l.5T.A.lrnLI.mrr JOUL""f..u." Fort Monroe" Va.

Printed by HOUSTO;t PlU::tTCfG A::-l"P PL"BLISHISG Hm.s ....Hampton" Y€I ..

Page 2: THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.

1. REPORT DATE NOV 1928 2. REPORT TYPE

3. DATES COVERED 00-00-1928 to 00-00-1928

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 69, Number 5, November 1928

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Coast Artillery Training Center,Coast Artillery Journal,Fort Monroe,VA,23651

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)

11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

15. SUBJECT TERMS

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as

Report (SAR)

18. NUMBEROF PAGES

96

19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. REPORT unclassified

b. ABSTRACT unclassified

c. THIS PAGE unclassified

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

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THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNALVolume 69 November, 1928

The Use of Books

Number 5

Committee Problem No. 20, The Coast Artillery School

1. INTRODUCTIO~

By CAPTAIN R. C. JONES. C. A. C.

JUST what is a book? The Encyclopedia Americana contributesthe following: "Used without qualification the term currently im-

plies a printed literary composition in many sheets; but in law andeustom it has received three extensions. one of form and two of matter.The form ine1udes anything bound like a book. The matter ine1udesby English statute law 'every volume, part or division of a volume,pamphlet sheet of letter press, sheet of musil', map, ehart or planseparately published'; in literary usage the written compositions ofancient times on whatever material, if of some yolume."

The earliest forms of writing were recorded on stone and clay tab-lets nearly 8000 years ago. Later these were grouped and lettered ornumbered by page and volume, thus coming within our definition ofa book.

The next step was papyrus, origin'lting in Egypt. made from aspecies of bullrush found on the banks of the ::\"ile. It ran from smallsingle sheets to rolls in size up to 10 inches by 46 feet, with a stick oneach end, and operated like a mortar Zone-Elevation Board. Docu-ments dated as early as 3580 B. C. have been unearthed, but papyrus isbelieved to antedate that period. Due to its hygroscopic nature it sel-dom lasts over 200 years in the average climate. It was introduced intoSpain by the Moors in the 3th century and by the 12th was practicallydefunct. While tablets recorded only major facts, papyrus, being cheapand plentiful and used in an age of greater culture, was employed torecord speeches, literary compositions, and history, as well as the moreprosaic matters of laws, tax returns, dispatches, etc. An Encyclopediaof Ancient Wisdom was published in HeIiopolis, Egypt, in 1466 B. C.

?\ext came parchment made from the skin of sheep and goats andaccredited to AttaIus II, King of Pergamos in Asia Minor about 150

[365]

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B. C. By the 7th century it was in common use for books and docu-ments in limited quantities.

Vellum, of finer quality than parchment, made from the skin ofnew-born calves, was extensively used by the monks of the 10th andllth centuries. The finest examples are the beautifully illuminatedand hand-inscribed church bibles.

Paper was made by the Chinese from mulberry as early as 156B. c., but its history in Europe dates from the introduction of ragpaper in 1085 and linen paper about llOO. Our present cheap paperis made from wood pulp.

The Chinese printed from wood and clay blocks about fifty yearsbefore Christ, but Johannes Gutenberg, of Mainz, printed the first booksfrom movable type about 1450. The early presses were developedfrom home cheese and cider presses with very little modification. Themaking of books continued largely as a handicraft until186S.

Attalus II, of Pergamos, evolved the idea of binding his parch-ment sheets together back in ISO B. C. The British Museum has bind-ings dating back to the 7th century. These, made by the monks, hadboard covers with metal clasps and hinges, elaborately embellished inmany cases with enamel, gold, and jewels. Cloth binding was intro-duced in 1820. Due to the activity of the monks the early books werelargely of a religious character.

The early Romans published the Acta Diuma, Acta Publica, andActa Senatus. These bulletins, the forerunners of our daily newspapers,were confined to affairs of state. The first printed and oldest news-paper, the Peking Gazette, was founded in 1340. The first Americannewspaper was printed September 2S, 1690, by Richard Pierce, ofBoston. In his salutatory he stated that there were many false rumorsbeing circulated in the town of Boston which were constantly doing agreat deal of harm. He requested his readers to furnish him the namesof persons who were starting such stories that he might advertise themin the succeeding issues of his paper. The paper was promptly sup-pressed by the authorities.

Although some power presses were used by newspapers about 1800,the first big development came in 1846 when the Philadelphia PublicLedger installed a Hoe press with a capacity of 20,000 sheets per hour.The modern revolution occurred between 1875 and 1895. In 1865William Bullock inwnted a press to print from a continuous roll ofpaper. In 1875 came the rotary perfecting press with a capacity of24,000 complete 12-page newspapers per hour. The enormous dis-tribution and broadened field of books todav is a matter of commonknowleage. -

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USE OF BOOKS 367

So, too, is the scope of the subject matter and contents. Just tobring it home lend me your imagination for a moment. Conceive, ifyou can, this earth stripped of every trace of man and his works. Letus imagine a totally different race inhabiting a neighboring planet,with no knowledge of man except possession of all his books, and atthe same time having daily access to the earth. Do you realize thatfrom these books they could reconstruct our entire civilization? Ourhomes and factories down to the last detail? Even start manufacturingour most technical products? If you doubt this think of some con-crete detail. Is it not in some catalog, some report, some scientifictreatise, some reference or other book? It surely is.

Reading has three great functions. The first to inform-so thatone may stand on the shoulders of all his predecessors and utilize theirlabors and experience in any subject. This cumulative wisdom of therace passed on in books makes possible the marvels of civilization. Astill more vital function, but less tangible, is the inspiration which liftsup and builds character, the work of the books of power, the books ofall time. The last great function is to afford rest and recreation for thetired and overworked, to fit them better to carry life's burdens.

Patrick Henry said he knew no way to judge the future except bythe past. In the face of a specific problem we may hesitate how toattack it, especially an unfamiliar one; but if one acquires the habitof always asking first what is the history of the problem, the methodof attack resolves itself into the collection and study of evidence. Whena real diagnosis of a case has been made the treatment follows. Onlya quack treats symptoms. One must have a well-rounded general ideaof the background of the whole prohlem before him. Cultivate the habitof turning to books for your solutions. The answer is in some hooksomewhere.

Some book somewhere! How and where shall I find it? Thathrings us to the trail from a question to its answer. The naturalhabitat of books is the library. We are concerned with two classes-public and special libraries. Special or private libraries date backto our friend King Attalus II in 150 B. C.-200,OOO volumes. Theoldest public library was at Kine'ieh in 668 B. C.-stone tablets cata- .loged and indexed. Rome had a public library in the 4th century.Our first important public library by enactment of law was establishedin Boston in 1844. The Kew York Public Library exceeds it con-siderably in size, and the greatest of all is the Library of Congress. Toobtain an American copyright a publisher must deposit there two copiesof each edition of his book. In addition, there are gowrnment publi-cations and many foreign ones. While on the subject of government

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publications, if manuscript records of the War Department are neededit is one of the duties of the historical section of the War College toassist in identifying and locating them. All the great governmentsexcept our own have established archives where their historical docu-ments are assembled, preserved, classified, and indexed. The historicalsection of the War College has made considerable progress in thisdirection.

Libraries have an exchange system with each other and, in addition,the Library of Congress will furnish them books under conditions whichneed not concern us. Thus almost any book is available, even thoughone has access to but a small library.

In using a library it is important to get a reference list of allavailable material qu:ckly. First, read up your subject in a goodencyclopedia so that you can search intelligently for details. There isusually a reference room where standard books may be consulted freely.Often there is a skilled librarian in charge. 2\ext, consult the librarycards. Here you will find books listed by title, author, subject, andsubdivisions of subjects. Look over the shelf list. This shows all thebooks on a subject together. Get A Map of the World's Knowledge andalso the American Library Association Catalog, which is cumulativesince 1912. There are also indexes to articles publi~hed in periodicals.Take some first-dass newspaper like the ::\ew York Times and consultits quarterly index. If you have a commercial subject try the tradejournals, they are excellent. The Dry Goods Economist runs back to18-16.the Iron Age to 1855, and the Engineering and Mining Journalto 1866. The World's Almanac, the Statesman's Year Book, and theStatistical Abstract of the United States, published by the Departmentof Commerce, are strong on statistics. There are many other guides ifyou need them. Their detailed use will he discussed later.

As you go along note carefully on cards the title, author, subject,and call number of each reference given, page numbers particularly.At this stage consult the librarian-you are ready to talk and listenintelligently without wasting time. Note any additional references sug-gested. Check the books that can be consulted in the reference roomand learn the ropes for drawing the others as needed.

II. SELECTIOS A-'\iD ELBHSATI05 OF BOOKS

By 1ST LmCT. J. V. DEP. DILL05, C. A. C.

Before going into a discussion of the subject of selection andelimination of books, I will ask: \\by is the juliicious selection of our

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CSE OF BOOKS 369

reading material necessary? Is there no merit to the statement thata treatise or story good enough to be written, printed, and bound isgood enough to be read? In my opinion that statement has too closelyguided our American readers in the past. I will venture that until re-cently ninety-nine out of every hundred American readers read chaotic-ally. By that I mean their reading was rambling-history today, gov-ernment tomorrow, archaeology the next day, and so on at random,obtaining a smattering of many more or less uncorrelated subjects.This, of course, leaned toward the development of a blustering race.and if any feature of our mode of living has contributed more to sucha reputation for the American throughout the world, I know not whatit is. Fortunatf.ly, our leading American authors have recognized thiscondition and have bitterly arraigned the Americans on their lack ofculture. As a consequence all classes of our population have becomeconscious of certain deficiencies in their national life, and are now atlast beginning to correct them.

Peculiarly true to type the first response to this changed nationalattitude has hepn the immediate rise of a swarm of quacks seeking tosupply the demand for some indesignate thing called culture, by allsorts of meretricious schemes and devices. They have by clever systemsof advertising attempted to establish as sound the assumption thatculture is something that can he standardized. packed, and labelled forour purchase and consumption, and that little or no effort is necessaryfor its acquisition. It seems essential therefore that we not only insistupon what culture is but also what it is not.

Culture is not a mere veneer, a garment, something apart from life;it is an integral part of life. It is the art of life. All that is necessaryto acquire culture is the development of an avid hunger for knowledgeand beauty. To acquire culture and a liberal education, all that youneed is a guide to take you through that first confusing wiTdernessofbooks and to indicate some of the paths and directions that lead to thatgreat treasure house which contains the common heritage of mankind.

Since information alone does not constitute culture, it will not bemy purpose to point out any specific books but rather to indicate ameans or method of selection. The principles governing the selectionand elimination of books are -numerous and naturally vary with the in-dividual. I will deal only with those broad principles which applygenerally.

1. Select books which tend toward the de\-elopment and enrich-ment of life.

2. Let the basis of selection be positive, not negati...-e. That is, ifthe best you can say of a book is that it "ill do no harm, question your

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need of it, eliminate it. Every book should be of service to you in in-formation, inspiration, or recreation.

3. Do not reject a book on the opinion of a few narrow-mindedpeople who think it either harmful or bad. A book that provokesthought or even arouses opposition to the constantly changing con-cepts of thought is indeed to be welcomed, provided it does not seekto destroy those principles upon which our civilization is based.

In addition to the few principles governing the selection andelimination of books there are certain tests which should be applied.These tests vary with the different classes of books, so I will covereach class briefly. The tests cover the subject matter, authority, treat-ment, date, and general makeup of the book.

The tests for books of information are: Subject maUer-Is it asurvey of the whole subject or part of it? Does it present theory orpractice? Is it a history of the subject or a discussion of modernconditions? Is it a statement of facts or an argument? Is it brief,exhaustive, or neither? If selective, is it well-balanced and representa-tive? These and other equally pertinent questions should be con-sidered solely with respect to your need for any particular book.

Authority-What are the author's qualifications? What has beenhis education and experience? Does he thoroughly understand thetheories, period, and facts with which he deals?

Treatment-Is the treatment concrete or ahstract? Is it technical,semi-technical, scholarly, or popular? Is it a technical subject treatedin such a popular manner as to be worthless? Is it designed for ad-vanced or beginning students or the general reader?

Date--Is it an old book? If so, does its age give it value or renderit worthless? Is it valuable as the latest word on the subject or is thesubject it treats so new that any book would be of slight value?

General makeup-All books of information should have a table ofcontents and an adequate index. Most books published nowadays arenot without these essentials, still there is considerable room for reformin the quality of the index which in the test of actual use is often foundto be wholly inadequate and really nothing but a makeshift. Wherethe nature of the book gives them value there should be illustrationspertinent to the text, well reproduced, with definite adequate legends.Also, where the nature of the book makes it ...-aluable,a carfully selectedli8t of recommended books should be included.

This then covers in a very general way the tests for books of in-formation. A discussion along similar lines of the qualities an inspira-tional book should have would be too comprehensive for a short dis-

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cussion of this nature. I shall therefore offer merely a few of themost important considerations.

1. Does the work show any degree of creative power?2. Is it sincere?3. Is it original in expression? Conception?4. Is it of purely human interest, or has it artistic, literary, religi-

ous, ethical, or philosophic value?5. Does it appeal primarily to the intellect or to the emotions?

If to the latter, has it self-restraint?6. Has it vitality? Will it endure as a permanent contribution

to literature?These few considerations should be used also in selection of fiction

or recreational reading. In addition, one might determine regardingfiction works:

1. Is the life that it portrays true to nature or is it exaggerated,sensational, melodramatic, distorted, or morbid?

2. Are the characters alive? Do their acts ring true?3. Is the plot original? Is it well worked out? Does it hold

the interest?4. If it depicts sin (as so many of our modern best sellers do) is

the author's attitude moral, immoral, or unmoral?5. Does it leave a sense of completeness? Satisfaction? Does it

stimulate? Inspire? Or merely amuse?These tests that I have suggested would no doubt result in the

selection of the most desirable books in the class wanted. But, you willnaturally ask, how are we to make these tests without actually readingthe book? In short, how may we he simply, practically, and ex-peditiously guided in our selection? The answer is in the use of well-recoguized book reviews. The foremost of which, in my opinion is,the New York Times Book Review Section. This publication has a veryable staff and is impartial. It deals generaIIy with current issues but areview on almost any work can k ohtained by request. A good ruleto follow regarding reviews is to discount the value of the book abouttwenty per cent under the estimation of the review, for it is naturalthat a critic will hesitate panning any work. The error in criticismis most generally in favor of the author. Other reviews that are ofvalue are the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, the Review Digest,the Saturday Review of Literature, and the Periodical Review.

For those who might be interested in modern up to the minutereading of value I would unhesitatingly recommend "The Book of the

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Month Club."* This organization employs a staff of very capablecritics, who form the selecting committee of the club. Most of the im-portant books are sent by the publishers prior to publication to theselecting committee of the club, who reads them and then by an inde-pendent system of voting select an outstanding book each month. Tomy way of thinking any book so selected cannot well be without meritand is very likely to be outstanding. All enrolled members of theclub receive a review of the book so chosen and if from the review onedecides that he does not care for the book he may so notify the club,otherwise the book is sent at the time of publication at the regularpublisher's price.

There is one further question which I take liberty to discuss. Whatguide haye we as Coast Artillerymen in our professional reading?"One thing," says General Callan in his article on a five-foot bookshelffor Coast Artillerymen, "that was outstanding in the search of manyofficers was the desire to obtain some reasonable limit to the numberand kind of books that would cover even, generally their profession."This led to the utilization of Dr. Elliot's idea of a five-foot bookshelf.With the aid of school officers, members of the Coast Artillery Board,and others, a collection of books was made, the contents of which arethought to be the meat of a tactical and technical education for a CoastArtilleryman. This list of books is published with the article and shouldserve as an excellent guide to our professional reading.

I will close with a passage from J. L. Bennett's book on Culture anda Liberal Education. "To pass through life without knowledge or un-derstanding of what the great adventure of living has meant to millionsof men and women of other lands and times, to pass through life with-out knowledge or understanding of all the great treasures of thought,of literature, music, science, and art, is to rob oneself of the mostenduring satisfaction of life."

III. EVALUATION OF BOOKS

By 1ST LIE[;T. W. B. MERRITT, C. A. C.

Evaluation of evidence is something in which all officers have had'cOIisiderahleexperience. The rules of evidence must be kept constantlyin mind during the sessions of a court-martial.

A Yiitnesstakes the stand and is sworn. Before he begins his testi-mony he must be identified, The court wants to know who he is andhow he got his information. If he is called as an expert, his qualifica-

* Or ....The Literary Guilu_". a. similar organiz."tllon.

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tion as such must be shown. These points being determined, the witnessbegins his story and each member of the court begins to evaluate histestimony. The court must judge as to whether or not he was compe-tent to understand what he saw or heard, whether he really remembersor only thinks he does, whether there is any reason to suspect that heis not telling the truth or that he is coloring it, whether his testimonyis inconsistent or suspiciously perfect in its consistency, whether itagrees with other testimony on the same subject and, if not, whetherthe statements can he harmonized. If the statements are hopelesslyinconsistent, what is entitled to credit? If part of the testimony isrejected as false, must the whole be rejected, and if not, what caution isnecessary in using the part accepted?

All these questions must be kept in mind by each member of thecourt, and in answering them he must he guided by the rules of evidence.

So, also, in judging a hook there are certain rules which must befollowed as guides. Instead of a witness we have a book and must de-termine its value as evidence. The same process of criticism used inthe court-martial can be used here, except that the rules for the ad-missibility of evidence are not so strict. No part of this evidence isinadmissible because of its form. Every kind of evidence must beconsidered for what it is worth. In the determination of what it isworth we must apply the same rules as to credibility as those used bya court in evaluating the evidence brought before it.

When we begin to appraise the value of a book we should beginon the title page. This page, among other things, gives the name of thepublisher. Certain well-known .firms, before accepting a manuscript,have it reviewed by trained and competent editors. Hence, to some ex-tent, the imprint of a good firm creates the presumption that the bookconforms to a certain technical and literary standard.

The title page also identifies the writer as a witness and gives someindication of his qualifications as an expert and his competency to writeon the subject. It shows his name, indicates his professional standing,academic degrees, and what other works, if any, he has written.

However, the evidence contained Qn the title page is not conclusive.The author may be a most distinguished person in certain lines, but itdoes not necessarily follow that he is qualified to write on the parti-cular subject at hand. An example of this was the case of a doctor ofmedicine who gradually developed into a very brilliant novelist andshort-story writer. During the war he turned his attention to historicalwriting and published studies on the military history of many of thecampaigns; but there was nothing whatever in the "tTiter's known recordto indicate his qualifications to write either an historical narrative or a

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military criticism. Again, there was the case of a teacher of sciencewho later discovered in himself great talent as a imaginative storywriter. He developed an intense interest in world politics and econom-ics and finally published a very comprehensive outline of universalhistory; but there was no reason, from his past record, to pay anyattention to what he had to say.

Yet, these books must not necessarily be rejected. They may be veryuseful, if properly evaluated. Sometimes the best books are writtenby men whose title pages do not show all the qualifications necessary.A specific example of a book in this class is Smith's War with Mexico.The title page shows that the author had a definite standing as a teacherand writer of modern history and that he had a leaning towards mili-tary subjects, but there is nothing to indicate special military know-ledge and nothing on that page to lead one to expect a book out of theordinary. But the book proves to be extraordinary in skill andthoroughness of research, as well as in the grasp of military subjects.

It might be asked, "How is one to find out these things withoutreading the entire text?" The answer to that question is, "In thepreface." The preface should be read carefully and not skipped orread casually, as is frequently done. It tells why and how the bookwas written, indicates the author's point of view and may review to someextent the material used. Is the subject a new one or has it been treatedbefore? In either case, what was the reason for writing this book?Does the writer present any newly discovered evidence or a new pointof view which justifies the production of a new book on a subjectalready so thoroughly covered? The -preface should answer all thesequestions. If it does not the book must be regarded with a certainamount of suspicion.

The preface of Smith's War with Mexico shows that a new book wasneeded; it shows what material was used and how; it indicates thepains taken by the writer to secure the necessary military knowledgeand shows the amazing industry, thoroughness, and patience withwhich the work was done.

The next point to consider in evaluation is the ability of the writerto handle his material. If the book is a study of Napoleon's cam-paigns it would be necessary for the writer to be able to read French,since a large part of the source material is written in French and hasnot been translated into English. Similarly, a Frenchman could dono serious work on a study of our Civil War without a good readingknowledge of the English language.

Consider now the time when the book was written. This is shov;""Ilby the date of copyright and rwt by the date of publication. Suppose

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the book deals with Napoleon. The literature on that subject can bedivided into certain periods, each of which stamps its character uponbooks of the time. Immediately after Napoleon's fall many historicalbooks were written about him. The Bourbons were then in power inFrance and all Europe was hostile to the Bonapartes. An impartialhistorian was difficult to find and indeed it would have been almost im-possible to get material for writing an impartial history.

While at St. Helena, Napoleon dictated his memoirs. He realizedthat he himself would never again be in power.so formed the ambitionto have his son ascend the throne. So his memoirs, reviewing the mili-tary and political events of his career, were more propaganda thanhistory. These memoirs, together with stories picturing Napoleon asa martyr, began to influence public opinion until 1848. Seventeenyears after the death of the former emperor, his nephew, later NapoleonIII, was elected president of France. During this period literature wasintensely partisan, both for and against the Bonapartes. When hisnephew became Emperor, it became the fashion to glorify Napoleon.This was a complete reversal from the fashion which existed follow-ing Waterloo.

Then in 1869 was completed the publication, in 32 volumes, ofNapoleon's correspondence. Until then, these papers had been in-accessible, but their publication made it possible to reconstruct a satis-factory picture of the emperor. From this it can be seen that, whileearlier books are worth something if properly evaluated, no reallyaccurate and impartial history could be written prior to this publicationof real source material.

Our inquiry so far having led us to believe that the book has propercharacter and standing, its value to us in covering the particular pointsfor which we are looking may be judged by examining the table ofcontents. Next, we come to the statements in the text itself-the testi-mony of the witness.

These statements may be divided into two classes----first,events seenby the writer himself, and, second, those which he did not see. Fewevents will belong to the first class; m!>stof them will be of the secondc1ass---eventsabout which the writer has called others to witness. Herethe rules of evidence differ slightly from those applicable in law. Thishearsay evidence is admissible, but the writer, in making a statementmust label it correctly in order that it may be evaluated properly.

However, just as the law requires the best evidence, so also must awriter's statement be backed by the best evidence on the subject.

How ar~ we to know whether this rule haf' been followed? Thewriter must inform his readers who his witnesses are. This he may do

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by a general statement in the preface; by an appendix giving a list ofsources quoted, with perhaps a bibliographical remark on each; by asystem of notes; or by a combination of several or all of these methods.

A mere general statement in the preface is ordinarily insufficient.A detailed list of sources appended is better, in that it gives the readera better start in case he wishes to make further study. But if he wishesto test the accuracy of the writer's work he must review all these sources.This task should not be imposed upon the reader. The writer mustname the witness relied upon for each material statement of fact. If heis not willing to do this, his work is of doubtful value and must beregarded with uncertainty, if not with some suspicion.

In conclusion, then, it might be said that each book reflects thecharacter of the author and the purpose he had in view. Some are pre-pared with no desire to tell the truth, but rather to please and enter-tain the reader. Many writers choose an historical subject but producea piece of fiction; and some readers will praise the book as interesting,forgetting that history is a science and not literature. Those books inwhich the writer does not ask his readers to take his statements on faith,but, by means of convenient references, directs the reader to the sources;draws inferences and conclusions but labels them as such, so that thereader may accept them or reject them; states in his preface his obj~tin writing the book, and appends a bibliographical note-these are thebooks of value for they carry with them the necessary proof of sin-cerity and truth. It is upon these principles that our final judgmentmust rest. By application of this process of criticism we may appraisethe value of the book and accept it for what it is worth, just as weevaluate the testimony of a witness before a court-martial.

IV. THE USE OF BOOKS

By 1ST LIEUT. R. E. STARR, C. A. C.

I have interpreted the title, <'TheUse of Books," to cover two things:1. The usefulness of books, or to express it better, perhaps, the

place occupied and the missions fulfilled by books of the various classes.2. The application or employment of books of the various classes

-how to use them.Formerly, the chief function of a library was to store books. The

modern library is less a reservoir than a fountain. It is the librarian'sduty not only to get and keep books, but far above this, it is his dutyto make books usefuL The old library was of use to a learned few.The modern library has won a place beside the public school as aninstrument of education.

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The significance of the new part the public libraries are playing,and by the public library we really mean the accessibility of books tothe general public, has been the action of Andrew Carnegie, who, inhis avowed purpose of distributing his wealth for the greatest good ofhis fellow men, has found nothing promising so large returns as co-operation with communities in the establishment of public libraries.

Every department of human endeavor is using the library as itslaboratory and books as its tools.

In general, books are used for one of two purposes:(1) For recreation and entertainment.(2) For information and education.

Under the first class we find the novel, the drama, poetry, and manyothers.

There seems to be no doubt but that the noyel is the most popularbook of our day. The novel is based, primarily, on the instinct for agood story. The portrayal of characters is added and emotionalelevation stressed.

The chief characteristic of the drama is the imitative action, and thepopularity of the drama is due largely to the fact that the humanbeing is rare who has never felt an impulse to pretend he is some oneor something else.

Books of voyages and travels, with their spirit of moving and seeing;poetry, with its sense of the aesthetic-these and numerous other booksappeal to us primarily for their recreational and entertainment features.

Under the classification of books to which we turn for informationand education we find history, science, biography; and others.

History, we all know, covers anything that concerns men and thathas a past; not politics only, but art, science, music; not institutionsonly, but legends and chronicles and all the masterpieces of literaturereflect the clash of nations and the tragedies of great men. There isno subject, save perhaps astronomy, that is quite so vast, and quiteso little known. And so it is that we are all interested in history insome form or another.

Biography is the key to the best society the world has ever had-the men and women who by their ta,lent or the significance of theircareers or by some special deed have stood out above the throng. Byfollowing the careers of other men and women we forget ourselves. Weare shown the way by example.

Science is the latest of man's great achievements. The other im-portant agents of civilization long ago attained their full stature, but itis only in the last half century that science has reached its maturity andrevealed its titanic power. Today, after a few decades of the scientific

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era, agriculture, transportation, communication, food, shelter, cloth-ing, birth, and death themselves are different from what they were be-fore, and it is difficult to imagine life in the past. Most wonderful ofall is the growth of natural knowledge, an understanding of natureitself. All things are counted, measured, and figured, then analyzed andclassified. Out of such orderly knowledge laws arise and are confirmed,until at length knowledge appears to extend to almost all phenomena.

As a subheading under books of science we might list professionalbooks. We all know how dependent the professional man is on hisbooks; the engineer relies entirely on his handbook for his formulaeand figures, while the lawyer must have his digest for his precedents.And so it is in the Army, where we are guided and educated by our armyand training regulations, our manuals for court-martial, and our variouspublications, technical and otherwise.

Teaching the use of books and libraries is a practice stpadiIy gain-ing ground among the educational institutions, from the high schoolsto the colleges, today. Inasmuch as such a large proportion of the timeof officers is spent in schools, it behooves us to know how to use booksproperly. Modern teaching methods, instead of confining a student toprescribed text books, often requires the use of a variety of material,e. g., other texts, reference books, or magazine articles. These may beindicated, but more probably the student will be required to discoverthem himself.

In even small libraries much valuable time is wasted in trying touse books without knowing how.

In addition, the ability to use books encourages the use of them.In learning to use books the first thing to know is how to care for

them. I will not, howe\"er,go into the physical make-up of the book orthe more common instructions as to how and how not to handle books.

In covering the second division, "How to Use Books," I am goingto make my remarks apply practieally exclusively to reference books,inasmuch as it is facility in referring to these in which we are parti-cularly interested.

For convenience in discussion, I have divided books into (1) generalreference books, (21 special reference books, (31 bibliographies, (4)magazines and periodicals, and (5} other publications.

Reference books are any books used for looking up particular pointsrather than for reading through. By particular point is meant any factwhich may be stated in a word, paragraph, line, or article. Any workmay be used as a reference book, hut strictly speaking the term appliesto books, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, which have a greatdeal of information in a small space and are especially planned for

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finding facts quickly. In libraries the term reference book is made toinclude any book not lent for home use. Hence, magazines, publicdocuments, rare books, and similar publications come within this class.

Reference books differ so much among themselves not only in con-tents but in arrangement, that each must be studied especially to be usedeasily and quickly.

Among the most widely used general reference books are the en-cyclopedias and the dictionaries.

The encyclopedia, as we all know, is a work in many volumes, con-taining thousands of articles on all branches of knowledge. Articlesin the encyclopedia are discriptive, explanatory, statistical, and his-torical. Encyclopedia articles, on the other hand, rarely give practicaldirections for doing things; they are sometimes brief, and for many sub-jects soon out of date. We may say that the encyclopedia is useful forgiving a compact account longer than the dictionary but shorter thana book.

Among the important encyclopedias are the Encyclopaedia Britan-nica the II/ew International Encyclopaedia, and the Encyclopedia Ameri-cana. These differ slightly from each other. The Britannica is a standardwork of reference, wherein the arrangement is under general headsrather than by specific subjects, e. g., Lake Erie is described under theSt. Lawrence River, instead of Erie (lake). In this case the St. Law-rence River is taken as the name of the general system of lakes andrivers of wbich Lake Erie is a part. Owing to this arrangement, articlesfrequently become lengthy treatises, and to find a subject in theBrittanica it is often necessary to consult the index, which forms aseparate volume. Articles are by authorities and are signed.

The New Internalional Encyclopaedia is the most important publish-ed in the United States. In it subjects are usually found under their ownname, and not grouped with allied subjects. Alphabetical order isletter by letter instead of word by word.

The Encyclopedia Americana is much the same as the New Inter-national Encyclopaedia, except that the Amaicana is often stronger onscientific subjects, but more likely condensed on other subjects.

The dictionary contains primarily alphabetical lists of words of alanguage with their etymologies and meanings. The modern, un-abridged one-yolume English dicticlllary includes, besides the ordinarywords, proper names of all kinds, abbreviations, and words and phrasesfrom foreign languages.

Proper names include names of places, persons, including note-worthy li\-ing persons, of characters in books, and of mythologicalpersonages. With geographical proper names are given location,

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population, area, political relations, and other brief facts. Names ofpersons have nationality, station in life, profession or occupation, anddates of birth and death. Proper names may be induded in the bodyor included in special lists of names in an appendix.

The appendix contains miscellaneous useful lists. Just what willbe in it depends on the particular dictionary.

There are a number of important dictionaries in use today. Theprincipal differences are in the lists, the arrangements, the facts thatsome have more complete or briefer definitions, etymologies, systemsfor showing..pronunciations, etc.

In addition to the general reference books, we have any numher of:special reference books--each book covering that subject alone. Some.examples are the Cyclopedia of American Government, Encyclopedia ofSocial Rejorm. biographical dictionaries, dictionaries of dassicallitera-ture and antiquities, and others too numerous to mention.

Biohliographies are lists of books or writings related to some onething. They may be lists of works by an author, or they may simplyrelate to some subject; they may fill a book or a chapter; they mayoccur at the ends of chapters or articles, or be scattered through thebook in footnotes. To the student, bibliogn:phies are valuable in anumber of ways. They may list all that has been published on a sub-ject, or they may be limited to the most important; they may in-clude magazine articles, pamphlets, and indeed any material on thesubject. They may have useful notes describing or criticizing thebooks or sources. In all these ways they serve as guides and time-savers to the student who must foll()w up a subject with thoroughness.

The card catalogue calls attention to the most important biblio-graphies in any particular library; others must be sought in the textbooks, reference books, and standard works on a subject.

Magazines and periodicals form extremely valuable references inour day and age, inasmuch as they supplement books with the latestnews and thought of the day. As magazine articles are usually shortcompared with books, they are at their best in dealing with smallsubjects or with particular aspects of large ones. Each number ofmost magazines contains a tablt> of contents, while every year or sixmonths a volume is completed, and in most cases an index to eachvolume is published. In addition there are a number of general maga-zine indexes, among them Poole's Index, the Reader's Guide to Periodi-cal Literature, and others, in which magazine articles of different classesfrom our more important magazines are indexed. In using these in-dexes, a subject is looked up exactly as in the index of an ordinary

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book. The names of the magazines indexed and a key to their abbre-viations are found in the front of any number or volume.

Besides magazines there are other publications which come out fromtime to time, often irregularly, which are useful in reference work, andwhich are referred to in periodical indexes and bibliographies. Amongthese are certain publications of the United States government andproceedings of important societies. Those published by the Governmentcover an immense number of subjects, are written for many kinds ofreaders, and are a class authoritative and reliable. Important profes-sions, trades, and lines of business frequently hold local or nationalassemblies where papers relating to professional matters are read anddiscussed. Such papers are often very valuable, but naturally arelikely to be more or less technical in treatment.

To sum up then the use of books for reference work:(1) Be able to use the library as a whole. To do this keep in mind

the principal resources of the library which are summarized as follows:(a) Card catalogues. These tell what the library has by an

author, whether it has a particular title, and what books it has ona suhject.

(b) Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias,and special reference hooks. These give short accounts of subjects.

(c) Magazine indexes. These gives cIues to recent materialand to many subjects not covered in reference and other books.

(d) Miscellaneous aids including bibliographies mentioned inthe card catalogue and reference hooks.

(2) In addition, the general arrangement and classification ofbooks and the use of the index and other parts of a book should be un-derstood, the former as an aid in finding one's way about, and the latterin order to make the use of any hook easy and efficient.

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS" How TO jrDGE THEM A::'\lD CSE THEX~ Colonel o. L~ Spau1rling.. Jr., F. A..PltACTICAL LSE OF BooKS .A~D LIBllAllIES,. Ford.GnDE TO THE LSE -QF LIBQABIES,. Hutcbio:i. Johnson &. Willid:n .....SL'CCESTIVE OI:TLL"iES,. "Ward.LSE OF BooKS A~D LIBlt!]UES,. Fay-EatoD_LIBIAllY CLASSIFICATIO,"" Fletcher.EXCYCLOPEDIA A:MEKrcA::SA.

Booi:: SELECTIO)i,. Basl.'om.Cn.TI..JlE A.:'iD A LlBEIAL EDl.CATIOS" BenneH.

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Mechanization and Motorization and TheirEffects Upon Heavy Artillery

By LIEUT. COL. GEORGE L. WERTENBAKER, G. S. ~C. A. C.)

EDITOR'S NOTE.-The author, u'ho has had considerable experience with mobileheavy artillery, feels, in the face of the present trend tOlmrd mechanization, thatwe need not be unduly alarmed over the comparative lack of mobility of heavyartillery. The JOURNAL would like to receive the opinions of its readers on thesubject. To what an extent will materially increased mobility for combat unitsnecessitate increased mobility for hea:vy artillery? Does mechankation foreshadowany marked change in heavy artillery materiel, such as self-propelled mounts orgiant tanks? Are our tactical methods suited to the future? The JOURNAL feelsthat the subject is one of great importance, worthy of considerable study.

THE wonderful advance made in the development of motor pro-pelled vehicles during the past 25 years is well known. That this

development should have been noted b'y military men and their be3tthought devoted to its application to the military art is a natural CO:1-

elusion.The adaptation of motor power to military uses was given an

enormous impetus during the World War, and extensive use was madeof it.

Motor power was the basis for the invention and development ofairplanes, armored cars, tanks, tractors, self-propelled mounts, a.ldcross-country cars of various types which have been adapted to militaryuse. In addition, motor power was extensively used for the rapidmovements of troops from one point of action to another. As a resultof this development and from lessons learned during the World Warall armies are contemplating an increased use of motors and othermechanical devices.

Reports indicate that in most instances, their effort is to place in-creased mechanical power in rear of the attack. In at least one in-stance the authorities have looked to some extent at the attack itself.

These uses of mechanical power, viz., in rear of the attack and inthe attack itself, haw produced t",o terms-motorization and mechani-zation.

In further consideration of the subject in hand the accepted mean-ing of these two terms must he understood and remembered.

XOTE: An ("::tee-Heal article on .-.lIcC'hanization". by '!tfai. Rene E. DeH. Hoyle:, G. 5. t.F.. A.I winbe found in the Field ATtillery Journal for :llay-June, 1928.

[382[

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MECHANIZATION AND MOTORIZATION 383

a. Motorization of any unit, large or small, consists essentially insubstituting motors for animals, as motive power. (In rear of theattack.)

b. Mechanization, on the other hand, may be defined as the "ap-plication of mechanics directly to the combat soldier on the battlefield." (In the attack.)

Another possible definition of mechanization is the use of motor-drawn and other mechanical appliances to increase the tactical mobility,or firing power, or both, of combat troops and their equipment on thebattle field, and to give them added protection.

Motorization may provide partial mechanization of a given forcein that the motor-drawn motive power may increase the tacticalmobility and even fire power of the combat unit. This is desirable. butnot always possible or essential.

This paper refers mainly to mechanized forces.As a result of the lessons of the Warid War and subsequent study

of the application of motor power to military tactics, two distinctschools of thought have resulted. One sees mechanized armies; the other,remembering principally the failure of tanks in the World War toaccomplish decisive results, views them as but a poor auxiliary ofpresent-day infanlry, and would limit motor power to motorization.

"The solution, at least for some time to come, probably lies betweenthe two."

"no machine can replace the brain of man. But machines have inthe past extended the striking power of his arms and legs and will doso in an increasing degree in the future."

"An English military authority is reported as staling, 'The BritishArmy is now committed to a new scheme of fighting wars and the changefrom old schemes of man wastage to new schemes of using machinepower is breathing new life into the services.' "

"Mechanized forces will be used in the battle fields of the nextwar. The question is, to what extent?"

"It is not conceivable that armies can be entirely mechanized. Themass of equipment required would be such that even with all the manu-facturing resources of this Country, war would be brought to an ex-pensive impasse before this could he accomplished. When we considerthe requirements in raw materials, personnel for manufacture, its re-quirements in fuel and oil, an estimate of the cost alone would beprohibitive."

"To embark on such a project would immediately lead to a race inland armaments commensurate to, if not exceeding, anything knownin naval building competitions."

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Moreover, machines have tactical and strategical limitations whichprevent our striving to make universal use of them.

We are forced to the conclusion that mechanization has very dis-tinct limitations, and that infantry and cavalry divisions of the presenttype, or with increased motorization as development continues, mustcontinue to form the bulk of armies.

"Almost every major offensive operation, studied in the light of thepower of the defense in modern war, brings out some situation some-where on the front of a large unit which could be best solved by a self-contained, highly-mechanized unit of great striking power and of limit-ed holding power."

"Equally, it is shown that on other parts of the front such unitswould have no role." Therefore, the place for such a unit is abovethe division, viz., as a part of corps, army, or G. H. Q. troops.

The following are believed to be some of the missions that couldbest be performed by a mechanized force in war:*

a. As a strategic advance guard of a large force.b. As a mobile flank guard.c. To seize and hold key positions for a short time.d. To attack enemy's flanks or break up his communications in

rear areas.e. To penetrate the enemy's line when strong resistance is met.f. As a counterattaek weapon.g. As a rear guard of a large force.

The organization, strength and equipment of the mechanized forcemust be worked out by trial, but thc following is suggested:

a. Light and medium tanks.b. Light (75 and lOS-mm.) artillery, self-propelled.c. Infantry, strong in machine guns, and provided with fast

cross-country motor vehicles.d. Detachments of signal, engineer, and service troops, also

provided with suitable cross-country transportation.If one visualizes the above force (as a combat unit of a corps)

traveling at a rate of from five to twelve miles an hour, making anenvelopment on a limited front or a rapid break-through on a con-tinuous front, we will probably have an approximate picture of theemployment of a fully mechanized force in the next war.

From the above we see the latest application of the principle of "fireand movement"-the most up-to-date means of restoring movement tothe modern battle field, in rear of which the decision lies. But there

-

* lIeC'h;liniz.:Iti{n~Ho!-Ie~ The Field ATtilleQ- JQurnal~ )Iay-Jllne~ 19"28.

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has been no change in the theory of tactics-tactics will remain funda-mentally "changeless as the human nature on which they depend."

The tactics, as well as the organization and equipment, of thismechanized force itself must be worked out, and developed by practiceand experiment. It was for these reasons that the "ExperimentalMechanized Force" was assembled at Fort Leonard Wood during thepast summer, where tests, practice marches, and tactical maneuverswere held.

Enough has been said to show that, whatever may be determined asto the tactics, organization, and equipment of the Mechanized Force,no change is contemplated or visualized in the theory of tactics for ourmilitary forces.

We come now to the question of the artillery.We have seen that it is proposed for the mechanized force the same

caliber of artillery provided in the division, viz., 7S-mm. and IOS-mm.,but self-propelled-as an integral part of the force. This must be so.Such artillery must be able to act in close support. It must be able tocome into position rapidly, and to displace forward at a rate com-parable with that of the attacking tank units. It must be able to em-place well forward, avoiding loss through short changes of positionrather than through the protection surrounding its guns.

The 75-mm. gun and the IOS-mm. howitzer, self-propelled, withshields sufficient to protect against small arms and shell fragments,appear the proper weapons, rather than tanks of enormous size. Theformer will permit control of fire by battalion and battery methods.The latter would tend towards isolation of the piece as a unit of fire.

1\othing in the above discussion has touched on artillery heavierthan divisional artillery-nor has anything been said that indicates achange in our present principles of artillery support or the use ofcorps and army artillery.

Heavier artillery can, on occasions (penetrations and counter-attack) help the mechanized force to the limit of its range and can, byechelonment forward, aid its further advance or assist it in holdingground gained until a normal division (less mobile) can relieve it;but it hardly seems practicable for heavy artillery, weighing fifteentons, or more, to maneuver with or be of material assistance to a verymobile, fuIIy mechanized force on other missions when the full use ofits extensive mobility is brought into play.

The tactical and strategical mobility of our divisions, corps, andarmies may, and probably will, be increased considerably by motor-ization. L\'e.-ertheless,one who visualizes heavy artillery, weighingfifteen to fifty tons, lumbering cross-country at a rate of from five to

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fifteen miles per hour, going into position in a few minutes, firing a fewwell-placed rounds and again lumbering across the country to renderdirect support to a rapidly-moving envelopment or break-through, issurely over optimistic, and looking far into the future.

This in no sense relegates the heavy artillery to the "limbo of in-nocuous desuetude." The heavy artillery will still be called upon toperform the functions that it alone can properly perform.

In spite of all our efforts to make war of movement a continuousthing, the battle line will become more or less stabilized, and, follow-ing the first "digging in" of the evenly matched forces, of increasinglength. It is also evident that movement and activity will not be con-tinuous on this long front. On parts, there will be marked activityand movement, while other parts are quiet and stabilization will set in.

This line will be held by divisions, corps, and armies not materiallydifferent from those we now have.

Then will come the opportunity for the heavies, as heretofore. Be-hind this more or le!'s stable battle line the heavy artillery will performits normal functions much as it did in the World War.

The use of mechanized special forces for the envelopments andbreak-throughs on a limited front will, however, increase the difficultiesof heavy artillery, and to render artillery support to the rapidlymoving envelopment or break-through will necessitate-

a. Improved means and methods of terrestrial and aerial ob-servation of fire.

b. Closer liaison with, and observation of, the supported unit.c. More rapid means of shifting fire.d. Better and more rapid means of signal communications.e. More tactical mobility and more speed in going in and out

of position. (This latter is probably the least important.)Likewise, increased strategical mobility is worthy of and is re-

ceiving constant study.The weights that can be mm,ed, at anything approaching a rapid

speed, over the best roads~ to say nothing of poor roads or cross-country, are limited. \Ve cannot, therefore, hope to move heavy artil-lery weapons at the speed even now reached by the divisional andcorps weapons.

::\or is this considered necessary. 'the divisions and corps will moveat approximately the same speeds as heretofore (except in specialcases when the troops are transported in motor trucks). These forceswill eventually meet opposition. If this opposition is overcome, welland g6od; if not, stabilization of greater or less extent will take place.

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If this stabilization continues, then there is need for heavy artilleryand time is available for the slower-moving weapons to come up.

This is the opportunity for the heavy artillery to influence thecombat and the force which can first bring its heavies into action un-doubtedly has the best chance of breaking the impasse, other factorsbeing equal. Example-Critical delay of German right wing on ad-vance into Belgium until heavy artillery could be brought up.

. To repeat, mechanization does not mean that heavy artillery haspassed from the scene. It still has, and will have, for a long time tocome, its missions-missions which it alone can perform.

Efforts can well be expended on increased mobility; with specialattention to tractor-drawn and railway artillery, but heavy artillery hasno place in, and is not materially affected by, the mechanized forceu>;now visualized.

___ -c----"-

MAXIM XLVIThe keys of a fortress are well worth the retire-

ment of the garrison, when it is resolved to yieldonly on those conditions. On this principle it isalways wiser to grant an honorable capitulation toa garrison which has made a vigorous resistance,than to risk an assault.-Napoleon's Maxims ofWar.

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An Economic Survey of the United States

By CAPTAIN V. W. HALL, C. A. C.

IThas long been recognized, both by ourselves and by foreign nations,that the United States is by far the richest of all powers. This

recognition has undoubtedly occasioned for us more than a littlemalicious envy on the part of many of our neighbors. I am afraidthat it has been the belief of many of the European powers, andpossibly some of our own people, that our present national wealth andprosperity had its foundation in our activities during the war. Butwe shall find this to be far from the fact.

H we consider the economic progress of the United States over aperiod of a quarter of a century, and any economic study should neces-sarily extend over an appreciable period rather than be concentratedupon the present only, we shall find that our national growth in"in-dustry, banking, and comme;ce may be divided, like the individuallives of most of us and the activities of the world at large, into threedistinct periods: the pre-war period, the period of the war, and theperiod since the war.

If we analyze the various economic elements properly, we shallprobably find that during the first fifteen years of the present centurythe United States grew amazingly in wealth and prosperity and thatby the eud of that period, and perhaps even herore, had reached theposition of a world leader in many branches of industry.

During the war, as all know, this country was called upon, by forceof circumstances, to supply the civilized world with a greater propor-tion of food and materials of all kinds than ever before. There wasgreatly increased activity and the volume of trade was enormous. ButJuring this period we were operating under unusual, and in many casesartificial, economic conditions, and under many handicaps. Vastnumbers, some four and a half millions of us, were drawn from theproducing ranks and became consumers of tremendous capacity. Whilemany individuals and corporations profited greatly by this increasedactivity, when considered as a whole it was unhealthy, it was con-ducted with a relatively high degree of inefficiency, and the net resultto the country at large was perhaps detrimental rather than heneficial.

Since the war, starting with the return to normalcy along in1921, we shall find, however, that quite independent of any of theeffects of the war we have been riding on a tide of prosperity and

[388J

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AN ECONOMIC SURVEY 389

development which is simply astounding and has no parallel, not onlyin the annals of this country, but in those of the world's history.

Let us consider a very few of the elementary facts which tend tobear out these assertions.

Per Capita Wealth of the United States(4-885) *

]900 __m $lJ65]904 ]3]8]9]2 _m 19501922 m 2,935

The above figures are deceptive unless we know how they are de-rived and what they represent. Wealth here is expressed in actualdollars. But we all know to our cost that the purchasing power of thedollar is very much less today than in earlier years. Some economisthas computed the per-capita wealth of the United States for 1914 and]923 in terms of "1913" dollars, and found that the increase has beenso slight on this basis as to be entirely inconsequential.

Comparath-e Per Capita Wealth(In "1913" dollars)

(4-886)1914

United States m m m $2062Great Britain m m m 1522France m__m mm m_ 1447Germany mm lJ84

1923$2091

14891485902

Bank Clearings(5-287)

All U. S. Cities New York City(ooo's omitted)

1900_m m $ 85,582,450 $ 51,%4,5881910 m m 168,986,664 102,553,95919]5m 163,173,]37 90,842,708]920 mm_m 4Q3,020,25O 252,338,2491923 m__m 411,251,633 214,62],4311925 _m_n __m 505,298,883 276,873,935]927 m m__ 543,955,530 307,158,631

The enormous grov.1:hof clearings during the years of the war willhe noted, indicating our assumption of the position of banker tothe world.

We now enjoy a national banking system which, while possibly farfrom perfect, represents a great advance over anything which we have

* There fiprres appear thus in parentheses~ the first number refers to the authority quoted:.- aslisted on the final page of this attide~ and the second number to the page of that authority ...

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390 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

ever possessed in the past. The Federal Reserve Bank affords thatcentralized control of money and credit which is so essential to stability,while at the same time it permits to its member banks that initiative anddecentralized operation which is fundamentally an American character-istic. In former years, financial crises and panics recurred approxi-mately every ten years with such regularity that they were acceptedalmost as a natural, though calamitous, event. While the FederalReserve System cannot perform the impossible and there will alwaysbe periods of relative inflation and depression, it is only reasonableto expect that it will in the future, as it has during the past fourteenyears, prevent periodic recurrence of such financial disasters as visitedthe country in 1893, 1903, and even in 1907.

Sat'ings Bank Deposits(5.288)

1900 _....nnmn $2.449,547,8851905 _nn__m n 3,261,236,1191910 mnmnmn 4,070,486,2461915. n n 4,997,706,0131920 m 6,536,470,0001925_m 9,055,181,0001926 nn nm 9,599,118,0001927,mnmm__n 9,738.902,000

Life Insurance In Force(5.301)

1900 __nm m_ $ 8,562,080,7221905 __mnm__ 13,364,009,7591910 n_"nm 16,405,702,7091915 22,743,336,8311920 42,281,390,5271925 71,642,127,6851926 78,492,142,287

Foreign TradeTotal Imports and Exports, l.::nited States

(5.337)1900 nm $ 2,244,424,2661905 _n.mu__n 2,636,074,7371910 __n._.u 3,301,932,1501915 nmm'__m 4,442,759,0851920 ..n m__n 13,3~2,340,7771922 nm . 6,379,235,4971924 .nm_ 7,865,422.0081926 _mnn m' 9,220,671,8131927 __m n_ 9,221,206,342

Foreign trade has been perhaps a fetich with economists and issometimes given undue importance as an index of our prosperity.While it is of importance and it is gratifying that our foreign tradecontinues to grow, yet it has been estimated that the value of ourdomestic trade is ten times greater than the total volume of our foreigntrade, let alone the volume of our exports, and it thus goes withoutsaying that the development of trade at home is of vastly greater im-portance than trade abroad. There are many of our products whichwe cannot export, because they do not meet the desires or the pre-judices of foreign peoples, but more particularly because many of the

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AN ECONOMIC SURVEY 391

articles which are now our commonest necessities are luxuries avail-able only to the wealthy few in most foreign countries, with their lowerstandards of living.

Competent students are convinced that of our vast domestic trade,amounting to about eighty billions of dollars yearly, from ten to fifteenper cent is avoidable waste, the result of ill 'ldvised or ineffectivemethods, such as overproduction and deteriorati9n, lack of cooperationbetween distributing agencies, ineffective loading and packing, de-structive competition, unwise advertising and sales promotion, badcredits, too many links in the chain of distribution, and so on. Theseleaks are receiving attention by trade associations and governmentalagencies and it is to be hoped that the solution of the problems in-volved may aid in the reduction of costs and prices.

Value of Manufactures, United States(5-328)

1899 $11,1006,926,701

1904 h 14,793,902,5631909 20,672,051,8701914 24,246,434,7241919... 62,418,078,773192L 43,653,282,8331923 h_ 60,555,998,2001925 62,713,713,730

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture has not shown any such increase, and it is not to be ex-pected that it would. The amount of food consumed per individualdoes not vary materially from generation to generation and agricultureusually increases directly with population. Our agriculture shows ap-pr~ximately this rate of progress. Farmers in general have not beenmaking money in the period since the war, although their conditionseems to ;be improving somewhat, and, as all know, the subject of farmrelief is one of the live topics of the day. Apparently the main troublesof the farmer are that he neither individually nor as a class plans hiscrops in accordance with the economic principles of supply and de-mand and that he has poor facilities for marketing his product.

Farming methods are progressing, however, and there is a con-stantly increasing application of mechanical power in production,greatly increasing the output per farm" worker over that of othercountries.

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392 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

Railroads Operating Revenue(5.349) Net

Gross {Including Dividends}(OOO's omitted)

1900 m_hh nn m__. $],487,044 $ 48U711905 .mm..m mnn. . 2,082,482 683,1681910..__..m~m..m..m.h 2,812,141 805,0971915n._ _. .... ...h . 2,956,]93 694,276]92L._ m..n hm" 5,632,665 601,]381923 m..nn.m.m n_ 6,419,209 974,9171925 mn__.m _h h 6,246,883 U36,7281926 _nnnm....__h m__' _ 6,508,320 1,229,000

The cost of operation has increased in much greater proportion thanthe growth of gross earnings, both on account of the higher wages andthe increased 'cost of materials of all kinds. Net earnings over a con-siderable period have been very unsatisfactory; indeed, for a time, therailroads as a whole showed an operating loss.

The increased efficiencyof railroad operation has been particularlymarked during the past five years, the freight-ton mileage having in-creased 40;(- while the number of employees increased but 9;{',

Jfotor Transportation-Passenger Curs and Trucks(5-352)

Production Registration(Number)

1910 .__.. .hm__. n 187,000 468,5001915 ..... n m n__. 892,618 2,445,6661920.m__.mnhh_nnn. .n.m. 2,205,197 9,231,9411922.m"'h. n.mn ..n m 2,659,064 12,239,8531924 n....._h_. h..mn. m. 3,606,815 17,775,3731926...._n h. nn__._.._. 4,428,286 22,001,393

An interesting development of motor transportation is the increasedemployment of both passenger and freight vehicles, Seventy-two rail-roads now use trucks to supplement their freight services, either interminal operations, door-to-door delivery or the replacement of localtrains. Competing corporations operate more than 43,000 trucksin like manner.

Sixty steam railroads have over 1200 passenger busses in operation.Electric railways employ more than 7200 busses and competing serv-ices another 19,000; and these figures were old before they wereoriginally written.

AVUTION

A-..iation is altogether too youthful to permit of any comparativefigures. We of the service perhaps have been better placed to know

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AN ECONOMIC SURVEY 393

something of the work of the army, navy, and mail air services, butthe American people at large unfortunately have been suffering froman inferiority complex as regards air development. This has largelybeen dispelled by the exploits of Lindbergh and other pioneers oftransoceanic and intercontinental flights. The mail is now being car-ried by commercial companies, and passengers, in limited numbers itis true, are being transported to and fro in all parts of the country. OnJune 30, 1927, air operators were serving 66 cities with regular planeservices, their mileage totaling 8396, While the majority of themoperated during the year at a financial loss, during the last threemonths of the past fiscal year the greater part of them made expensesand several showed satisfactory profits.

Some 4121 miles of air routes were lighted for night flight by June30, 1927, and the Department of Commerce planned to increase this by3398 miles during the 1928 fiscal year, and is considering an additional6257 miles for its 1929 budget.

On June 30 last, there were 864 municipal, commercial, and privateairports in operation and in addition 144 other cities had the estab-lishment of airports under consideration.

Now what is the cause of all this expansion and prosperity? Itsexistence is recognized, not only by ourselves but hy the world at large,and observer after ohserver has visited us to determine for himself theanswer. If I read the signs aright and properly interpret the opinionsof many leading economists, the answer is that America has enteredupon a new economic era hased upon a new economic principle, orrather, upon a principle which is as old as the hills, but which hasnever hefore heen put to practical application. "The laborer is worthyof his hire." From the first stages of organized industry, when manfirst ceased working for himself at his home and assembled with othersin' a small shop as an employee, there has heen coptroversy hetweenmaster and man. The employer has endeavored to keep d01\'""11hiscosts of production by paying as small a wage as he could, at the sametime exacting every possible ounce of energy and effort from his help;and the employee, recognizing, in many cases justly, that his employerwas amassing wealth while he hiII1.«e1fwas gaining merely a poor livingwage, retaliated by doing no more than was absolutely forced fromhim and mal>:ingall the trouble he could. This conflict between capitaland lahor has continued through generation after generation and hascome to be considered a law of nature.

Since the war, however, there has been a most decided change inthe attitude of American capital and American labor toward each other.The employer is perfectly 'willing to pay any wage, provided it is fairly

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earned, and relies upon quantity production to reduce his costs; andthe employee has thrown himself into his work and is producing asnever before. It has come to be mutually recognized that capital andlabor form a team whose interests are identical; that where one gainsthe other must gain and that where one loses the other must expectto lose.

Number of Labor Disputes(2-52)

1916_m mm mm_mm__26671920 _m m__m m_m__22261925 mm mm__m_m 10121926m m 7831927.. mm m_ 378 (first six months)

Not only has the number of disputes decreased, but the number ofmen affected by those that have occurred has decreased in a consider-ably larger degree. In the last five years there has not been a strike ofany national importance, coal production alone excepted. That is theone American industry that has failed to keep abreast of the times.

The vast increase in the use of mechanical methods and appliancesin production has played no small part in this transformation, and theproduction per worker has increased enormously.

Index of Output Per JI7 orker-Manufactured Products(5-333)

1899m m__mm 94.51904 um m m_m 98.11914 _mm m mm 102.21919 __mmm m m 100.01921... m 102.61923 m m m 126.91925 m mm__m 140.7

It is greatly to the credit of American labor that it has never madeany attempt to curtail the employment of machinery. While thesemachines each do the work of many men and do it better and cheaper,no reduction of employment has been occasioned, for this developmenthas not only so stimulated production and trade as to make places forall workers at increased wages, but it has opened up for them manynew lines of opportunity. Witness the number of men employed inthe various ramifications of the automobile industry, radio, andaviation, all products of the last qnarter century. and, in the main, ofa very small portion of that period.

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1926712 per capita211. ..__ per capita48 per M. population

117 per capita156 per capita16.7 .__ per capita35__ per:\I population7 per ~I population

55 per capita60 per capita102_ per:U population

ViI per M population139_.__ per.M: population

4.8__ per ~I population79 per:U farms

AN ECONOMIC SURVEY

Cost of Living-Index of Cost of Living(2-59)

1913 100.01915 105.11918. 174.41920-.. 200.41923 173.21925 177.91921... ._. 173.4

Price Indexes(I-xi)

Wholesale 1923 1927General Average . . 15? 147Farm Products 139 138Food .__. ; .142 ISOClothing . __.__._193 171Fuel and Light __. .. .220 175Metal Products 139 124House Furnishings 181 159

Index of Full Time Weekly Wage Rate In Organized Trades(2.138)

1907 . 91.51913.__. 100.01921... . 240.8

Standard of Living

Indications of Material Progress(I-xxxvii)

1919Life insurance . $ 369Savings deposits . $ 144Assets, building and loan . $ 20Sugar consumed . '.. " Ihs. 84Meat consumed . ...m _ Ihs. 138Butter consumed ..m __ • __ .... .1hs. 15.4Pupil., in high schools ._m.. _. __ No. 20Students in col1ege .__.__No. 4.3Electric household appliances C. 37\\ ashing machines. domestic _.... c. 39Bath tubs sold .No. 3.9Telephones .__. ._No.122:\fotor vehide registrations __..._No. 72Roads, rural, surfaced .total mi. 2.9Tractors on farms _. No. 38

395

Radio sets and electric refrigerators are not mentioned abo\-e be-cause e....en as recently as 1919 their number was entirely insignificant.

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396 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

Our present mode of life is made evident not only by these materialthings, but by the fact that it is making it possible for increased num-bers of children to receive an education, so that the benefits are notonly immediate but will be cumulative.

Public School-Per cent Enrollment to Population(5.397)

1900 .mmm m u u. 70.11905 uum u uu _. 70.51910m uu u. m..' 73.51915 .._m..m..um u 'm_..' 74.71920 U _ ..... _uu.. u_.m. 77.71926 _.u.muu.u ..uu.m . 82.4

Number perM Population

1.42.03.45.97.0

75,994,00091,972,000

105,710,000112,078,000117,135,000

1899.1900uuu.u .. m.. 109,9291909.1910. um .m_._.. 183,5831919.1920._ ...__m.m .. u 356,6941923.1924 muu .mu .... 664,2661925-1926... __u.__....m.. 821,052

Students In Cniversities, Colleges, and Professional Schools(5-393)

Number U.S. Population

Before the war, when I was a bond salesman, I was accustomedto juggle with figures such as these, and more particularly with state-ments of earnings and operations, and to predict with apparent con-fidence the growth of individual corporations and the trend of generalbusiness conditions and of the markets. Now, however, I aIr. in aposition to tell the truth and confess that I cannot and never couldforetell the future and I seriously doubt if anyone else can do it either.I have presented a certain few elementary facts. You may make yourown estimate of the situation and draw your own conclusions.

REFERENCES

I. Fifteenth Annual Report of The Secretary of Commerce~ for the fiscal year ended June30_ 1927.

2~ Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor for fiscal year ended June 36, 1927.3~ Suner Federal Resene Board, ::\el'r- York Ti..nes~ January 1.. 192B~-l. The EncycIopaeJi3. Britannic-a. Thirlet"nth Etlhion (]926t_ \u.ume- III.5. The V;odd .o\lmanac. 19"28.

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A System of Spotting and Plotting forAntiaircraft Firing

By LIEUT. ROBERTW. CRICHLOW,JR., 64TH C. A. (A. A.)

THE problem of spotting for antiaircraft firing has been a muclidiscussed subpect during the last few years, and no doubt, through

the trial of new methods and the improvement of old ones, the presenttarget practice season has advanced its development considerably. Thedifficulties encountered in the early methods of spotting, using an aerialobserver equipped with a grid and a ground observer equipped witha combersome range rake, were numerous. Changes No.1 to C. A. M.No. 7 state that the aerial observer method will now be used only incase it is not practicable to use a terrestial bilateral method. Untilthe motion picture method can be used successfully, and is available,it would appear that there is one resource left for the accurate deter-mination of the position of the burst with respect to the target. Thatis a terrestial bilateral method, using improved spotting instruments.

The spotting system used this year by the 64th Coast Artillery(A. A.) for a total of twenty-four record practicefi and an equal num-ber of preliminary practices, at !'-lant ranges varying from 3000 to7000 yards, is described herein. This system, though far from perfect,contains some ideas that may be helpful to those who are concernedwith improving their present spotting system, and may also serve asa step in the development of something better for the observation ofantiaircraft firing. This system consists of observers and readers,located at both ends of a horizontal base line and equipped with tele-scopic instruments modified for spotting. The readers are connected,by telephone, to a central chronographic recording device. All devicesand modifications used in this system are home made. From the ac-companying illustrations and working drawings, they can be constructedin the battery by a good battery mechanic.

Probably the outstanding feature of this system is the method usedfor obtaining the range deviations. For this purpose, observationsfrom secondary are made in the slant plane which contains the gun-target line. The instruments used for observing and the methods usedfor plotting and computing deviations are described under their re-spective headings.

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Reading the deflections from secondary in the slant plane ratherthan in the horizontal plane has a distinct advantage in that it simpli-fies the problem of determining the range deviations. To one familiarwith the horizontal plane method this is evident. With the slant planemethod the plotting consists of simply putting a pencil point or pinat the intersection of the lateral deviation line and the range deflection.line on the impact chart. This locates the burst in the slant plane. Fromthis point the range deviation is scaled ofTand recorded.

Flc. 1

Using this method it was possible to complete the computation,determine the de,'iations for all shots, and plot the hits on the hypotheti-cal target in approximately three hours after the termination of a prac-tice. It is a help to the battery commander to have these data for thepurpose of analysis before he starts his next practice.

If the reader will keep in mind the fact that the observations fromsecondary are made in the slant plane, he will ha,'e a clearer mentalpicture of the whole system.

The spotting section mentioned herein is a regimental spotting sec-tion, organized for the purpose of determining hits. The data obtainedby them were, however, available for the use of the batteries for ad-

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 399

justment of fire. A battalion range officer received the data by hav;ngthree recorders, each equipped with a headset, tapped in on the th~eespotting telephone lines. From this he determined the center of im-pact for each course. This enabled the battery commanders to makecorrections based on accurate data.

The system will be discussed under the following headings:I. Spotting Instruments.II. Recording Device.III. Record Keeping and Plotting.IV. Communications and Drill.

I. SPOTTING INSTRUMENTS

B' INSTRUMENT.-Construction. The spotting instrument locatedat B' is similar to the one used in the.tests at Aberdeen, except that the1917 Panoramic Sight is used instead of the 1917 Gun Sight, and aslow motion device has been added to the A. A. Telescope. (See Fig. i.)The B' instrument consists of two 1917 Panoramic Sights and a 1920A. A. Telescope, fitted with a cross-arm, which is slotted at each end toaccommodate the Panoramic Sights. A working drawing of this crossarm is shown in Figure 2-A. The slot can be made to fit the sightsnugly so that the instrument will remain in adjustment unless thelateral or vertical knobs are turned. The reticule of one sight is turnedninety degrees in order to place its mil scale vertical. In the A. A.Telescope, the cross wires do not interesect. This makes it difficult forthe observer to keep the imaginary intersection on the target. A smalldot placed on the reticule at the imaginary intersection of the crosswires proved to be a help in this respect. In order to obtain a smoothand uniform motion in tracking the target, a slow motion device wasdevised and attached to one of the arms just above the plate of the A. A.Telescope. A working drawing of this device is shown in Figure 2-B.In order to attach this device it is only necessary to remove the slideand sleeve from the arm and clamp the device to the arm instead.

Operation. The instrument is set up in the vicinity of the guns.The lines of sight of the two Panoramic sights and of the A. A. Tele-scope are then made to converge on some distant point. This is doneh}t means of the lateral and vertical motions on the sights. The in-strument is manned by three men: an observer, who follows the targetwith the A. A. Telescope, a lateral deviation reader, and a verticalcleviationreader. The deviation readers are connected, by telephone, tothe central recording device. The ohserver keeps the deviation readerson the target, thus allowing them to concentrate on reading deviationsquickly and accurately.

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I"._- t'it\---- -L - -\dbI---- ---

400

1<

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

24"

.tSLOT IN EACH

l"ND i" WID£'

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1-2"+-2-->1 "I IDRILL i HOL£S FOR! I BOLTS WITH WINl1 NUTS,

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TO HOLD Sf-IAFT IN ,il.-'

PLACE 15

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TFIC .. 2. BuCIEYS £'OD SLOW-YOTIO~ DEnCE FOR SPOTI'lXG I.."'iS'I'Rl::HE:\TS

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 401

B" INSTRUMENT.-Construction. Located at a secondary station,3300 to 5100 yards from the B' instrument, there is another spottinginstrument, approximately on the prolongation of the course of the tar-get. This secondary spotting instrument consists of a 1920 altimeter anda 1917 Panoramic Sight. (See Fig. 3.) The Panoramic Sight fits in abracket which is clamped between the altimeter sight and the sight base.A working drawing of the sight bracket is shown in Figure 2-C.

Opera;tion. The altimeter is set up with the plate perpendicular tothe base line; that is, the axis is coincident with the base line. Thelines of sight of the two sights are made to converge on some d"stantpoint and the instrument is ready for use. This instrument is mannedby two men: an observer who follows the target and a deflection readerwho reads range deflections in mils as they appear in the PanoramicSight. The secondary deflection reader is connected by telephone tothe central recording device. It may be seen that with this instrument,the "over" and "short" deflections from secondary are read in the slantplane whidl contains the base line and the secondary-target line. Thedeflection as read from secondary will give the "over" and "short"deviation directly only when the angle gun-target-secondary is a rightangle. For all other angles, it is necessary to plot the burst on a chartsimilar to an impact chart constructed in the slant plane. The methodused to obtain the range deviation is discussed fully under the head-ing "Record Keeping and Plotting."

The above system is suited for a particular situation, that is, fortarget practice purposes where the firing is done in the vicinity of thenormal to the course of the target. As the target departs from thisposition a theoretical error is introduced due to the lateral readingsnot being in the slant plane. However, for a considerable distance oneither side of the normal this error is negligible, in fact, much less thanth.eerror of reading. This error increases as the target approaches thesecondary station and is greatest when the target is in the vertical planepassing through primary and secondary stations.

The above system can be modified for universal use by the addi-tion of another altimeter spotting instrument for reading lateral de-flections in the slant plane from the primary station. These deflectionreadings would be used for the determination of range deviations ol}lyand would be used instead of, and in addition to, the readings takenfrom the B' instrument already described. The method for obtaininglateral and vertical deviations would remain unchanged.

For target practice purposes the advantage to be gained in accuracyby use of this additional instrument is so slight as to make its use for

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Flc. 3

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 403

that purpose superfluous. However, its advantage in other cases makeit worth while considering.

II. RECORDING DEVICE

Construction.-In order that the readings taken in the above mannermay be of any value, they must be synchronized so that one particularreading from each of the three readers will be known to pertain to oneparticular burst. The stop-watch method is unsatisfactory because therecorder has to listen to the number of seconds called off and at thesame time listen to the readings called off by the reader. At the primaryinstrument the noise of the guns is likely to drown out the voices ofboth men. In order to obviate these difficulties, a recording devicewas improvised along the lines of the one described in C. A: M. No.8,but somewhat simpler in construction. (See Fig. 4.) This device con-sists of a box containing two rollers. The ends of the rollers extendthrough the sides of the box, and to one end of each roller a crank isattached. Over one roller a roll of twenty-four inch wrapping paper isplaced and clamped to the roller. There are two slits extending acrossthe top of the box. The paper is threaded up through one slit and downthrough the second slit to the second roller. This leaves only a smallstrip of paper exposed all the way across the top of the box. Over thisstrip of paper a piece of celluloid is placed. This strip of celluloidhas three windows, one for the use of each of the three recorders. Byturning the crank of the second roller, the paper is rolled ofr of thefirst roller, past the three recorders windows, ani on the second roller.Three lines are drawn on the paper so that one line appears in thecenter of each of the three windows as the paper passes, thus dividingthe paper exposed in the window into two spaces. These spaces aredesignated as "Right" and "Left," "High" and "Low," "Short" and"Over," by markers over the windows.

Operation.-The device is manned by the three recorders and aman who turns the crank. Its operation is as follows. When a burstoccurs, the three readers send in their readings simultaneously, andeach recorder, equipped with a headset, records the value of the readingin numerals in his window on the side of the line corresponding to thedirection of the dev:ation. For a zero reading the zero is recorded onthe line. The crank operat.:>rturns the crank at a rate just sufficientfor the recorded reading to be cleared before the succeeding ones arereceived. After each course, the rollers are turned back and the read-ings are recorded on a computation sheet. In case a hurst is lost, thiswill show up in the recorder's window as a blank space.

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III. RECORD KEEPING AND PLOTTING

In addition to the above deflection records, the following recordsare necessary.

Altitude: Kept at the B' altimeter or at the height finder. Alti-

RANGE-OpNVERTICAL-OP'LATERAl-OP'~'IRON PIPE

tude recorder put a check mark opposite the last altitude receivedeach time a gun is fired.

Angular height of the target at instant of first and last hurst:Kept at the height finder or the B' spotting instrument.

Azimuth of target at instant of first and last burst: Kept atthe height finder or the B'spoUing instrument.

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 405

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406 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

Direction ..RllJ.L.~.._.n

COMPUTATION SHEET"B"BATTERY ..... 64th COAST ARTILLERY (AA)

DatenA[Lgn..Z3~ ...I92.8. n'n',

Hour ... .8..:30.a.l12~

Night ~ecord)

~ PrelimimnyCouue No. u t!!!i.~h .Tarset at lnltant of l.t BUrit. AJ;lmnth 3..3.t20- , Angular HeIght .58.0. _Target atl .. tant of lut BUrlt, A.lmuth ;,.1..2_0. . Angul.r Height .5..5..0.. __TIme from l.t to lilt BUrit __Z4.. Soc. Speed of t.r~et __712.llJ.pIi. Av...~. Alt . .3.2_aa. __~__.

Oblen:ed n,ft. Horizonta.l Slant Computed Det!.. (Yde..) I~yl ..tlou in Yd•.

Shot OP' OP' RanEe Rance OP' OP' :HitNo. L V R

L 'V R OP' OP' OP' OP' L V R RorL. HarL OarSRorL HorL OarS RorL HorL OarS

1 1../ H3 03 .000 6200 1..6 Hill 0/9 017t 1..3 1.3 ()2 51J.JO ~.m~'iO IS-'<X LI8 '-18 012 044-t R-S HS f7~ 'flfJO 'i47.'> ~o-' I. ~ . H30 0/3 <t> .G\' S/I Hd

0 '1125 %be:: GI()O H24 -~ H4 01 fJ5O<J 0 07 OJ) 010

RI 1..5 52 ;173 5700 Lf.ooR6 1..3/ 5/3\l' .

SZS5 _ISOc 1.3 L6 53 6100 670011..19

1..27 320 ~ S5 Hit.RZ L II) SIt) 5JoO 6150 6800 LG3S68 V) ~

51207 [95tJ R/Z8 0 H.5 :54- 6300 69O(J 0 H3Z 5Z6 540,

10 (I) (z.) (3)! (4) (.5) (6) (7) f8} (9) (lcj (II) (tZ) !/t3)11

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11 I17

18

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20

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(SlIned; _

_______ .C4lk Cout.Artllloc7. (AA#

Page 46: THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 407

A record of slant ranges is also kept to be used as a check againstthe slant ranges obtained from the altitude and angular height records.

The steps in plotting are as follows:a. Immediately after the practice, the Computation Sheets, con-

taining the deflections in mils; (first three columns) are received fromthe chief of the Recording Section. Upon each computation sheet,enter the azimuth and angular height of the target at the instant of thefirst and last bursts and the average altitude of the target from thefirst to the last burst. With these data on the computation sheet, allrecords may be placed in a marked envelope and put out of the wayuntil the plotting is completed.

b. From a chart, similar to the one shown in Figure 5, obtain thehorizontal from OP' of the target at the first and last bursts, using thealtitude and angular height. Record these horizontal ranges in column4 on the computation sheet, opposite the first and last shots.

c. With the azimuth of the target and the horizontal range fromOP', plot the horizontal projection of the target at the first and lastbursts. The line joining these two points will be the horizontal pro-jection of the course of the target. Distribute the total number ofshots equally along the course. Two hundred yards equals one inch isa convenient scale for this plot. A sheet of drawing paper of suitablesize should he prepared before the practice with the baseline and anazimuth mil scale for OP'. All courses may be plotted on thisone sheet.

d. Scale off the horizontal ranges to the target for all shots fromOP' and then from OP". Record these ranges in columns 4 and 5.Two convenient range arms can be made of celluloid and pivoted atOP' and OP", and will save time in completing this operation.

e. Enter the chart (Fig. 5) with the average altitude and thehorizontal ranges to obtain the corresponding slant ranges. Recordthese slant ranges in columns 6 and 7.

f. With a slide rule, convert the mil deflections from OP' and OP"into yards and record in columns 8, 9, and 10. The values, as takenfrom deflections at OP', will be the deviations since they are measuredperpendicular to the gun-target line. However, the deflection readfrom OP" will give range deviation only when the angle gun-target-OP" is a right angle.

g. In order to obtain the range deviation, it is necessary to locatethe shot on a chart, constructed in the slant plane. The range deviationcan then be measured with a scale and recorded in column 13. Sucha chart is show-nin Figure 6. Forty yards equals one inch is a convenientscale. It will he noted that the grid lines on this chart are for yards and

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408 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

FIe. 6

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING 409

not for mils. In order to construct the chart, the angle at the target mustbe known. This can be determined by striking arcs from OP' and OP"with the radii equal to the slant range to the target from OP' and OP"From the intersection of the arcs, draw lines to OP' and OP". Thisgives the required angle. The same angle may he found by using thecelluloid range arms mentioned in d above. Make the two arms in-tersect at the proper slant ranges and measure the angle at the inter-section. This angle changes as the target moves along the course. How-ever, the angle obtained by using the average slant ranges for the partof the course fired on will usually give the necessary accuracy. Wherea shot comes very close to being in or out of the hypothetical target,the exact angle should be measured, using the slant ranges for thatparticular shot. A book of these charts should be made up beforetarget practice covering angles from the maximum to the minimumangle to be expected. The value of the angle should be marked at thebottom of the sheet for ready reference. The book of charts used bythe writer contained a chart for every ten mils change of angle. It wasfound however, that one for every twenty mils was sufficiently accurate.

Instead of using the book of charts described above, a universalchart may be constructed as shown in Figure 7. This device saves thetrouble of making the book of charts but is a little more cumber-some to use.

h. The lateral, vertical, and range deviations determined and re-corded on the computation sheet, it only remains to plot the positionof the shot on the hypothetical target. This plot is shown in Figure 8,for the course shown in the computation sheet.

IV. COMMUNICATIONS AND DRILL

Efficient communication plays an important part in the success ofthe spotting system. If shots are lost because of poor communication,it means a waste of ammunition. The equipment used by this regimentis as follows: The type EE-5 telephone was used throughout and wassatisfactory. The handset was replaced, first, by the old fire-controlheadset, Type EE-70, "Withcurved mQuthpiece. Due to the high re-sistance of the transmitter and to old, defective cords, these proved un-satisfactory. These were replaced by the type T-3 breast transmitterand type SC headset, such as is issued with the radio instruction set.The combination proved highly satisfactory. The change was madebefore the first preliminary firing was completed and their use wascontinued throughout the remainder of the target practices.

The Type BA-9 dry battery issued for the EE-5 telephone, due toits small capacity, is not satisfactory for long continuous use. Also, the

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410 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

RANGe ARHS NADC

I1AKE ARM5, INTERSECT,AT SLANT

RANGES. THI:5GIVES CORRECTANGLE AT rH£TARGET

PRII'1Af:!Y GRID /'fAOe.OF HeAVY WHITE PAPERLINES IN BLACKSCALE. IN. 4Q YDS

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ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRING

~I

..., .

411

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412 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

method of making contact is unreliable. For this purpose, the 4-voltEdison storage battery was found to be satisfactory, and was usedduring the entire period.

Telephone drill is very important and should be started some timebefore target practice. With several bursts occurring in the sky almostsimultaneously, the readers must be able to speak as quickly as theysee them. Any hesitation on their part will cause the readings to pileup, and lost readings will result. The first drill should consist of the:reader, on one end of the line, reading off lists of hypothetical devia-tions to a recorder on the other end of the line, who records them. The:speedwith which they are read should be increased daily, paying parti-cular attention to enunciation and tone of voice. The lists recorded.should be checked against the lists read, and errors brought to the at-tention of recorder and reader. Although all men should be instructedalong the same lines, as to telephone language, better results are ob-tained if the same pair of men are kept working together. Each getsaccustomed to the other's voice and pronunciation. This principal wasfollowed in the spotting section throughout the target practices of thisregiment and was found to be worth while.

Hand in hand with telephone drill goes spotting drill for breakingin the spotting section. A miniature target course was constructed totake care of this. It consisted of a miniature target drawn across a tightwire, stretched just below the eaves of barracks. The course wasabout 150 feet long. The target was a piece of broomstick about fourinches long, suspended from two pulleys, which rested on the tightwire. A small piece of white cotton on the end of a long stick wasused to represent the burst. This was placed at different positions withrespect to the moving target and the readers read off the deviationsjust as they would for a real burst. This spotting drill and the straighttelephone drill are of considerable importance in developing a quick eyeand tongue for the reader and an accurate ear for the recorder.

i.:::'- Iof"'"'Y. ro"::::''''::::: ~e ooUring wUh.ont each other; therefore they should always beso disposed i.z cantonments as to assist each otherI in case of surprise.-Napoleon's Maxims of War.

=

Page 52: THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

The Budget of the United StatesBy LIEUT. CLEM O. GUNN, C. A. C.

INany discussion of the Budget of the United States it is necessaryto speak in large figures, for we are talking of the finances of the

wealthiest nation in the world; a nation whose population is only sevenper cent of that of the world, yet owns and operates eighty per cent ofthe world's motor cars; a nation which has a wealth of about fourhundred billion dollars; a nation which was first to inaugurate a planto finance its war debts and to put that plan into execution.

The Bureau of the Budget was created by the Act approved June10, 1921. It is in the Treasury Department but not under the directionof that department. It is under the immediate supervision of thePresident. The Bureau has the authority under the Act "to assemble,correlate, revise, reduce, or increase" the estimates of the several de-partments and establishments. (Needless to say that it rarely exercisesits authority by increasing any of the estimates.) The act requires thehead of each department nr establishment to appoint a Budget Officer.These officials are Liaison Officersbetween the departments and theBureau of the Budget. The Bureau deals directly with them in theroutine work of preparing the Budget.

There has been great improvement in the business operations of ourGovernment during the past eight years. Prosperity in this countryhas been increasing from year to year since the depression of 1920.Three substantial tax reductions have been made during that time andwe are on the eve of another.

Seven years ago the costs of the Government were over $5,500,000,-000.00 annually. Now they are about $3,500,000,000.00* each workingyear. Out of our surplus earnings we have paid off nearly one-third ofour national debt and furnished billions of dollars to stabilize andrefinance other parts of the world.

The Budget system of business management is responsible for sav-ings that were never before thought of and I will mention a few of thesavings here, some of which are insignificant compared to the wholebut which are worthy of note for they show that unnecessary expenseno matter how small is being eliminated.

* The total taxes haye been reduced about ~I ..500..000..000_00.

[~13]

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414 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOUR."lAL

The Post OfficeDepartment eliminated the blue stripe from its mailsacks and saves one cent a yard on three million yards of canvas usedannually.

By reducing the size of the application for domestic money order byone quarter inch, the Post OfficeDepartment saves $8152.00 a year.

The Government printing bill in 1921 was over $12,800,000.00; itis now under $4,000,000,00 a year.

A saving of nearly $300,000.00 was made in the QuartermasterCorps last year by cutting down large sizes of clothing in stock insteadof manufacturing new articles.

Great savings have been made in the reduction of Federal employees.On Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, we had over 650,000 em-ployees in the Federal Executive Civil Service, exclusive of the PostalService. We now have about 200,000, a reduction of over 400,000employees at an annual saving of nearly $1,000,000,000.00.

The taxpayers of this country paid $8,500,000,000.00 in taxes lastyear. This includes city, state, and federal taxes. Agriculture paysout eighty-six per cent of its net profit in taxes; mining, sixty per cent;transportation, thirty-six per cent; construction, thirty-two per cent;banking, thirty-one per cent; and manufacturing, twenty-four per cent.State and local taxes take twice as much money from the taxpayer asthe federal taxes, and these taxes are increasing while federal taxesare decreasing. Although the federal debt is rapidly diminishing, manystates are continually going deeper into debt. California ran its statedebt from $10,000,000.00 in 1913 to $100,000,000.00 in 1926; Oregondebt ran from $635.00 in 1913 to $38,000,000.00 in 1926; Kansas debtin 1916 was zero it is now nearly $30,000,000.00.

Our national debt touched the clouds in August, 1919, when itreached the startling figure of $26,600,000,000.00. It now stands at about518,000,000,000.00, a reduction in eight years of over $8,000,000,-000.00. From April, 1917, to December, 1927, we paid the stupendoussum of $17,000,000,000.00 in interest and principal on the nationaldebt, an average annual payment of about $1,600,000,000.00. Out of the$636,000,000.00 surplrs in 1927, $612,000,000.00 was applied to re-demption of the public debt. The balance in the general fund at theend of the fiscal year 1927 for working capital was $234,000,000.00.

The United States depends on three sources of revenue:1st. Custom duties.2nd. Internal revenue taxes.3rd. Miscellaneous revenue, such as receipts on account of

foreign loans, railroad loans, and from the sale of capital assets.

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THE BUDGET 415

Custom duties comprise about fifteen per cent of the receipts, in.ternal revenue taxes about sixty-nine per cent, and miscellaneousrevenue about sixteen per cent.

The total receipts for the fiscal year 1927 were over $4,129,000,-000.00

The expenditures from ordinary receipts are about as follow!>:Public debt-S1.1 %. Of this amount interest takes 21.1%,

statutory retirements 13.8%, and other retirements 16.2%.Military functions-31.8?(,.Ordinary functions-17.1 %.

Table showing receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year 1927and e£timated receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year 1928and 1929.

RECEIPTS

1927Customs __... ._.._~~ $--605,499,983.44Internal revenue .... . 2.869,414.341.81Miscellaneous receipts __ 654,480,1l5.85Total receipts' __...._. .__. $4,129,394,441.10

1928$ 602,000,000.002,803,545.000.00

670,053.091.00$4,075,598,091.00

1929$ 602,000,000.002.705.545,000.00

501,952,314.00$3,809,497.314.00

192917,290,161.00

420,700.0013,939,006.00

180,800,335.00392,506,915.0026,653,460.00

371,227,000.00280.974.343.00146,593.049.0037,767,000.0010,725,8-10.00

412,652,360.0038,493,4.36.0038,850,000.00

670,000,000.00541,623,394.00

19,013,000.00126,271,500.00

192817,128,804.00 $

586,333.0012,554,029.00

157,856,735.00392,477,038.0028,285,484.00

357,074,767.00297,978,599.00155,442,319.0037.000,7580010,120,573.00

414,169,512.0038,429,182.0039,558,024.00

720,000,000.00536,185,065.00

20,010,500.00151,321,500.00

EXPENDITURE,'>

1927Legislative establishment __$ 19,678,325.13 $Executive proper _.__.m •• _ •• __ 612,197.93State Department .._._._ 16,497,668.60Treasury Department _. 151,560,333.78War Department _. 360,808,776.71Department of Justice _.._ ..__ 24.819,057.70Post Office Department m._._ 189,037.77Navy Department . 318,909,096.28Interior Department 302,706,745.19Department of Agriculture 156,287,304.95Department of Commerce . 30,939,749.02Department of Labor ._ 9,921,644.26U. S. Veterans' Bureau __ ._ 391,470,413.72Other officers and com. _ ..__ 35,442,771.15District of Columbia ..__ 37,566,520.57Lnclassified items 448,920.63

--------------------Total gen. expenditures ---$1,857,858,563.39 $1,958,662,157.00 $1,968,893,905.00Public Deht:

Interest . 787,019,578.18Retirements ._ 519,554,844.78

Refunds of receipts:Customs 20,320,524.37Internal revenue 0 117,412,172.61

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416 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

27,263,191.128,305,345.04

]55,850,299.91

$3,621,314,285.00 $3,556,957.031.00

$ 454,283,806.00 $ 252,540,283.00

Postal deficiency m_

Panama Canal _Unclassified expenditures __

-- - -- ---

Total expenditures chargeableagainst ordinary receipts $3,493,584,519.40

&cess of receipts overordinary expenditures $ 635,809,921.70

30,370,400.009,515,543.00

195,249,120.00

15,270,042.009,250,000.00

206,635,190.00

Out of the $636,000,000 surplus for 1927, $612,000,000 was appliedfor the redemption of the public debt, a total payment on the publicdebt for the fiscal year 1927 of nearly $2,000,000,000.00.

It is much easier to borrow money than to pay it back. In a littlemore than two years the United States ran its national debt from$1,000,000,000 to $26,000,000,000. It has taken us over eight yearsto pay back one-third of what we borrowed in two years.

Following is a comparative statement showing how the averagedollars of appropriations and expenditures, exclusive of the postalestablishment, payable from postal revenues, is apportioned to govern-mental functions in the Budget for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929:

18.58

37.08

15.26

1850

Estimates ofexpenditures

cents3.373.35

18.46

Estimatcs ofappropriations

cents

Functions

Military functionsu. National Defense , '__mnO '_" ,,m m , ,

b. Military pensions, retirement pay, world warallowance, life insurance, etc. __, '._m __'_'m' 21.51

Total military function~ 39.973. Civil functions m 14.53

4. Non-functional operationsa. Refunds, etc. , ',__,"__, ,__, ,,__, 4.45 4.54b. Fixed debt charges _'h,' __m'_"_,m ,_" , __ 34.72 34.06c. Trust funds __"'_m ' "_,,, ,, __ ,_, ,,_ 2.98 5.69

Total non-functional operations "_'m ",,_,,,_ 42.15 44.29Total 'm"" ' , ,, , __ 100.00---- -100.00

1. General functions2.

In conclusion let us see what some of our great men think of theBudget system of business management.

In a recent address on the Budget, President Coolidge stated: "Wehave been writing a new page in the history of governments the last fewyears. r\o less urgent had been the call to arms than the call for relieffrom the gigantic burden which the World War imposed npon thepeople. They had made their sacrifice. It was for the governmentto take the lead in the effort to restore their financial and economic

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THE BUDGET 417

structure. It is only necessary to point to our prosperity, to the in-fluence which better business in government has had in the welfare ofthe people. Elimination of non-essentials and direct savings have aboutreached their limit. The normal growth of the nation will requireadditional outlays, and our efforts should be and must be to absorbthem by more economical. administration. This means scientific busi-ness management, and it has been demonstrated that the Budget systemmakes this kind of management possible."

General Lord, director of the Bureau of the BUd.get,has said: "IfBudget policy has been responsible for close saving, has so restrictedavailable funds that resort must be had to all sorts of plans and devicesto do the job, if federal people have been obliged to scratch gravel, ifthey have been driven to even save the dust off spiders legs, we arecontent. That's what it is intended for."

The Secretary of the Navy stated; "It is the opinion of this de-partment that enforced economy has benefited the Navy by eliminatingextravagance and waste, by developing thrift and thoroughness, andin particular by developing the skill, zeal, and character of the Navypersonnel."

Some people compare our present expenditures with what theywere before the war and say that our expenditures are more than theywere then. But why shouldn't they be? A young man who stutteredmoved from his small home town to New York City and after he hadbeen there for some time one of his friends from his home town methim in New York and after talking to him for awhile said, "John, youstutter more than you did back home." "Y-yes," said John, "d-derns-s-sight b-b.bigger t-town."

MAXIM XLIV

If circumstances prevent a sufficient garrison be-ing left to defend a fortified town which containsa hospital and magazine, lit least every meansshould be employed to secure the ci.taJel agamst aconp de main.-Napoleon's Maxims of War.

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Early Artillery Organization

THE organization of the artillery of the American army during theRevolutionary Was was based upon that of the Royal Artillery

Regiment-the only artillery with which the colonists were acquainted.Some of the colonies had had limited experience with their own artilleryduring the French and Indian wars, and these colonial units had, onoccasion, served with the British regulars. Three companies of theRoyal Artillery, assisted by some militia from Massachusetts, mannedthe artillery at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, and one companyof regular artillery accompanied Braddock on his ill-fated expeditioninto the West. Thus, artillery organization and management couldscarcely he said to he unknown to the Americans when the time cameto create an army in the defense of their rights.

The origin of the artillery of the United States Army may be datedfrom the beginning of the Revolutionary War. In June, 1775,Massachusetts raised the first regiment of artillery brought against theBritish forces. This regiment was adopted by the Continental Con-gress and placed under the command of Colonel Richard Gridley, ahalf-pay British officer of experience. The regiment was given theten-company arrangement of a British battalion and differed onlyslightly from the details of organization of the battalion. With twomajors, where the British unit had hut one, and with two first lieuten-ants in each company, instead of one, the Continental organization maybe considered superior to that of their opponents, but the Americancompany contained only fifty-two enlisted men instead of the seventyof the British company.

Gridley did not prove altogether acceptable in the role of a regi-mental commander, and as the term of service of the regiment nearedan end a search was made for a suitable successor. Choice fell uponHenry Knox, a young man of twenty-five, who had been serving underGeneral Washington as a volunteer. Gridley's regiment w~s musteredout on January 1, 1776, and Knox's regiment was immediately raised,mainly by re-enlisting for one year the men who had been serving withColonel Gridley and those of Crane's company of Rhode Islandartillery which had been associated with the regiment at the siege ofBoston. The new regiment consisted of twelve companies, and wasgiven a second lieutenant colonel.

Upon the evacuation of Boston by the British, two of the artillerycompanies, dragging with them two thirteen-inch mortars, were de-

f418J

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ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION 419

tached to accompany the expedition sent to the relief of BenedictArnold after the failure before Quebec. One company was detailed toremain in the defenses of Boston, and the remaining nine companies,in April, 1776, moved under Knox with the main army to New York.Here the regiment was augmented by two companies of New Yorkartillery-one under Alexander Hamilton and one under SebastianBauman.

After the defeat on Long Island in August, 1776, and the retreatfrom New York, Colonel Knox recommended:

6. The corps of artillery now in the service of the United States is ex-ceedingly insufficient for the operations of an extensive service. It consistsof a little more than 600, officers included; of these, 100 are in the northernarmy, where their numbers are very unequal to the service. His ExcellencyGeneral Washington has, to supply the deficiency of this corps, drafted fromthe different regiments 600 men, and General Gates a proportionate number.This is a temporary remedy, attended with a variety of inconveniences.

7. There ought to be a respectable body of artillery established whichshall be equal to aU the services of the war. In proportion to every 1000men of the marching regiments, there ought to be one company of 60 men,including officers. This number will be found to be small when the variouscontingencies of the artillery shall be considered. Supposing, then, thearmy to consist of 80 battalions of 726 men each, making nearly 60,000 men,the number of artillery requisite will be 3360. These may be thrown intotwo or three battalions, as may be thought best.

Congress had decided upon a reorganization of the army, with thenumber of infantry battalions fixed at eighty-eight. It soon became evi-dent that the requirements of the Continental army might exceed onehundred battalions, and Knox elaborated upon his plan accordingly.He recommended five battalions of artillery, each to consist of onecolonel, one lieutenant colonel, one major, and twelve companies; eachcompany consisting of one captain, one captain-lieutenant, four lieuten-ants, six sergeants, six corporals, six gunners, six bombardiers, andtwenty-eight matrosses. Knox admired the British system so greatlythat he even proposed to adopt their name of battalion for a unit whichthe Americans had theretofore called regiment.

The five battalions (or regiments) were intended to furnishartillery for all the armies. Three of them were ordered raised whenCongress delegated dictatorial powers to Washington early in December,1776, and were confirmed by Congress on December 27, on whichoccasion Knox was made a brigadier general of artillery. The firstregiment had been recruited in Virginia, under Colonel Charles Harri-son, pursuant to resolution of Congress, :'\ovember 26, 1776. Theregiments organized under Washington's authority of December 12,

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1776, were raised at large and were commanded by Colonels Crane,Lamb, and Flowers; but Flowers' regiment was converted into one ofartificers and became a part of the Department of the CommissaryGeneral of Military Stores. The fifth regiment, under Colonel ThomasProctor, was raised by Pennsylvania in February, 1777, and was takeninto the Continental army on hne 20. Harrison's, Lamb's, Crane's, andProctor's regiments became the First, Second, Third, and FourthArtillery, reRpectively.

These four regiments coni:<titutedthe regular artillery of theRevolution:, although there were other companies and battalions or-ganized by the States and, in some cases, placed upon the Continentalpay roll. As might be expected from their sources, the four regularregiments differed in details of organization.

The First Artillery initially consisted of ten companies, and wasbrought to the recognized twelve on May 30, 1778, when General Wash-ington assigned to the regiment the two Maryland companies of Cap-tains Brown and Dorsey. The Second Arfllery was organized withtwelve companies, which was also the strength contemplated for theThird. However, the Third included in its complement three companiesraised by Ebenezer Stevens in Massachusetts, under authority ofGeneral Gates, at the same time that Colonel Crane was recruiting hisregiment. Stevens never recognized Crane's authority over him, andcontinued to serve as commandant of an independent battalion, leavingbut nine companies in the regiment. Steven's promotion to the lieuten-ant colonelcy of the Second Artillery in the fall of 1778 settled thedispute, and his three companies were thereafter a part of the ThirdArtillery. The Fourth Artillery had been raised as an eight-companybattalion and it never reached its twelve-company strength. In fact, itwas not given ten companies until 1780, when the other regiments werereduced from twelve to ten, two of the surplus companies being trans-ferred to the Fourth.

This reduction of the artillery regiments from twelve to ten com-panies each followed the reorganization of the army which resultedfrom the resolves of Congress of October 3 and 21, 1780. The firstproposal had been to cut the regiments from twelve to nine companies,but this did not meet with the approval of General Washington and thenumber was changed to ten. The First Regiment, which had gonesouth with General Gates, had suffered so severely, particularly atCamden, that neither consolidation nor muster-out was necessary. TheSecond Regiment transferred two Pennsylvania companies to theFourth, which still had but eight, bringing both to the requiredstrength. In the Third Artillery, two companies were absorbed, the

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enlisted men being transferred and the surplus officers being placedupon the list of supernumeraries.

With the end of the war came the necessity for disbanding the warmilitary establishment and the organization of a peace establishment.In so far as the artillery was concerned, General Duportail expressedhimself as of the opinion that the artillery and the engineers shouldbe united in two regiments, each to consist of five companies of gunners,one of bombardiers, one of sappers and miners, and one of artificers.k committee appointed by Congress to study the peace-time require-ments agreed in principle with General Duportail but recommended asingle regiment of eight companies, to be called the Corps of Engineers.

A greater part of the army was mustered out in November, 1783;but one regiment of infantry and one battalion of artillery-fromthe Second Artillery, except four officersand fifty-fiveenlisted men fromthe Third-were kept temporarily in service for various militarypurposes. It was then found that there were many obstacles to theformation of a peace-time establishment, the principle of which werea lack of funds and a doubt concerning the authority to maintaina standing army under the Confederation. While plans were beingdiscussed, the remnant of the Continental army was further reduced,under resolution of Congress of June 2, 1784, by the discharge of allbut eighty artillerymen to guard stores-fifty-five men at West Pointand twenty-five at Fort Pitt, including Hamilton's New York battery.

To care for the situation along the Canadian frontier, Congress,ignoring the disastrous employment of militia during the war, author-ized seven hundred militia to be raised for twelve months and to beorganized as a regiment-the "First American Regiment"-of eightcompanies of infantry and two of artillery. One of the artillery com-panies was Doughty's (the company raised by Alexander Hamil-ton in 1776) from West Point, and the other was Douglass" raisedin Pennsylvania. A brief experience convinced Congress of theneed for trained men, and when the enlistment period of the militiaexpired, they were replaced by an equal number of men enlisted forthree years, but with no change in the organization.

In October, 1736, when the strength of the Army was increased to2040 enlisted men, a new idea in organization appeared. Secretary ofWar Knox, authorized to organize the whole, decided to form a"legionary corps," in which the artillery formed a separate battalionof four companies, commanded by a major. This .legion was orderedon January 30, 1787, but by resolution of April 9, 1787, the additionaltroops authorized by the October resolution were, except for the twoartillery companies which had been raised, ordered discharged. This

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left in service, then, only the eight companies of infantry from the1785 organization and four companies of artillery. These were, inOctober, 1787, organized as a regiment of infantry and a battalionof artillery.

The unsatisfactory state of affairs on the frontier and the defeatsof Harmar and St. Clair had brought about small increases to theArmy, which, by act of March 5, 1792, reached an authorized strengthof 5120 men. Following this act, the army was again formed as alegion-an organization dear to the heart of Baron von Steubenand from whom Knox probably obtained it. The legion wasdivided into four sub-legions, each consisting of one troop of dragoons,one company of artillery, four companies of riflemen, and eight com-panies of infantry. The artillery battalion commander passed to thestaff of the legion as commandant of artillery. Thus early we find theArmy groping for the divisional organization-the self-containedtactical unit.

Shay's rehellion, troubles with the Indians, and the threat of warcontained in foreign complications developed the insufficiency and in-adequacy of the artillery branch of the Army. The act of May 9, 1794,authorized the enlistment of 764 men who were to be incorporated withthe four artillery companies of the Legion to form a Corps of Artiller-ists and Engineers. The corps was organized into four battalions offour companies each. Each company consisted of one captain, twolieutenants, two cadets, four sergeants, four corporals, forty-twoprivates, sappers and miners, ten artificers to serve as privates, andtwo musicians.

The plan of combining the engineers and the artillery had receivedthe support of General Duportail and of Colonel Hamilton's commit-tee at the close of the Revolution, hut it was not until the United Statesbegan to erect coast fortifications that the plan was carried into effect.In the meantime, the artillery had heen little more than infantry, witha few guns, on the Indian frontiers.

The new organization was no more satisfactory than the previousexperiments had been. It was thought that the duties of the twobranches were so closely related that it would he well to have a singlebranch charged with the construction and the manning of the coastforts. Stephen Rochefontaine, the lieutenant colonel commandant, wasa civil engineer, too busy building forts to have time to weld his corpsinto a harmonious whole. Two of his majors were engineers, and twowere artillerymen. The artillery was poorly trained as artillery andwas scattered in many small detachments on the frontier and along the

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coast. It is therefore not a matter for surprise that the combinationfailed to be a success.

Complications with both England and France made it highly im-portant to look to the defense of the maritime frontier, and on April27, 1798, Congress authorized a regiment of three battalions of artil-lerists and engineers. This organization was entirely separate and dis-tinct from the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers but it had the sameduties to perform. This anomalous situation could not long endure,and was corrected by the act of March 2, 1799, which authorized afourth battalion for the regiment, giving it the same organization asthe Corps. Thereafter, the corps was known as the First Regiment ofArtillerists and Engineers, while the regiment became the SecondRegiment.

International difficulties having been composed, the Army wasreduced, by act of May 14, 1800, to four regiments of infantry, twoI'egiments of artillerists and engineers, and two troops of light dragoons,aggregating 5437 officersand men. This arrangement continued for abrief time, and in the reorganization of March 18, .1802, the Armywas further reduced to two regiments of infantry, of ten companieseach, and one regiment of artillerists of twenty companies organizedin five battalions. The engineers disappear as a part of the combinedarm and reappear as a separate--but tiny--corps located at West Point.

The next event of importance to the artillery resulted from the in-creasing probability of war with Great Britain. By act of April 12,1808, the Army was increased by five regiments of infantry, one regi-ment of riflemen, one regiment of light artillery, and one regiment ofdragoons. The light artillery regiment consisted of ten companies,each company containing one captain, one first lieutenant, one secondlieutenant, two cadets, four sergeants, four corporals, four musicians,eight artificers, and fifty-eight privates. Considerations of economyprevented the complete equipment of the regiment as light artillery,and it differed from the artillerists in scarcely more than name andnumber of companies.

Under the pressure of impending war, the Army was again in-creased by act of January n, 1812, two regiments of artillery beingadded to those already authorized. The Army, as organized by theacts of 1802, 1808, and 1812, consisted of seventeen regiments of in-fantry, three regiments of artillery, one regiment of light artillery, tworegiments of dragoons, one regiment of rifles, and the Corps of En-gineers, aggregating 35,603 officers and men. The artillery regimentraised by the act of 1802-the First Artillery--consisted of twentycompanies organized in five battalions; the regiments raised in 1812-

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the Second and Third--consisted of twenty companies each organizedin two battalions. A company in the First Artillery numbered eight-oneofficersand men, while in the Second and Third regiments and the LightArtillery the companies each had ninety-five officers and men.

The formation of the artillery in regiments had been the firstscheme adopted in the organization of the artillery of the United StatesArmy, and during the long series of experiments through which theartillery had passed, the one recurring organization was that of theregiment. It was the one method of arrangement that had continued toprove successful, whatever the branch of service; yet one more ex-periment was attempted upon the artillery-an experiment thatwas to be repeated nearly ninety years later. Pursuant to theact of March 30, 1814, the three artillery regiments were organized asa Corps of Artillery, consisting of twelve battalions. The sole benefitderived from the change was the substitution of lineal promotion inthe corps for regimental promotion. The principal defects in thechange can be traced to the dispersion of the artillery in twelve unitsin place of three.

A curious consequence of the battalion organization resulted afterthe close of the war with England. Following the reorganization ofthe Army in May, 1815, the reduction of the Corps or Artillery to eightbattalions, the nine military departments of the country were formedinto two military divisions, called the Northern and the SouthernDivisions. To each division four battalions of the Corps of Artillerywere allotted. Within each division the battalions were numberedfrom one to four, and the companies lettered alphabetically from A toQ (exclusive of J). Thus it became necessary to refer to a companyas "Company Q, Fourth Battalion, Southern Division," or whateverits designation might be. Whenever a company was ordered fromone division to the other, another had to be moved from the latterdivision to the former, and the two companies exchanged disignations.One can scarce imagine a more awkward or cumbersome arrangement.

In 1821, the artillery once more returned to the regimental organi-zation. The act of March 2, 1821, reduced the Army from 12,264 to6183 officersand men. In the reorganization the Ordnance Department,the Corps of Artillery, and the Light Artillery were merged to form theFirst, Second, Third, and Fourth Regiments of Artillery. Each regi-ment consisted of one light and eight foot companies, with a field andstaff of one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, one major, one sergeantmajor, and one quartermaster sergeant. One supernumerary captainwas attached to the regiment to perform ordnance duties; the adjutantwas detailed from the subalterns of the regiment. Each company con-

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sisted of one captain, two first lieutenants, two second lieutenants, foursergeants, four corporals, three artificers, two musicians, and forty-twoprivates--total, sixty; total for the regiment, five hundred forty-six.1

With the reorganization of 1821 the artillery completed its experi~mental stage. For the remainder of the century, changes were slight,but were always in the direction of progress. The Seminole Warbrought about the addition of one company to each regiment and anincrease in the number of privates in each company from forty-two tofifty-eight, and the Mexican War caused the further addition of twocompanies to each regiment and some other slight changes. The FifthArtillery came into being with the Civil War and completed the artil-lery establishment until the increase which followed the Spanish-American War. This increase was accompanied by a reversion to theidea of a corps in which the evils of the 1814 organization were multi-plied by breaking up the artillery into companies, instead of battalions.With the separation of the artillery into two branches, the Field Artil-lery resumed the regimental organization, while the Coast Artillerywaited until the WorId War brought about the necessity of organizingfor service in the field before it returned to the grouping of companies(which had finally become "batteries") into battalions and regiments.

A

ABC

BeDEFGHI

DEFGH

i

II

III

Organized From

First Artillery.A, Light ArtilleryD, 2nd Bn., North. Diy.e, Light ArtilleryG, Light ArtilleryN, 2nd Bn., North. Diy.B, 4th Bn.• North. Div.B, Light ArtilleryD. Light ArtilleryA, 2nd Bn., North. Div.

Third ArtilleryE, 3rd Bn., North. Diy.B, 2nd Bn., South. Diy.F, 3rd Bn., North. Diy.Ie, 2nd Bn., South. Diy.I, Light Artillery, andQ. 1st Bn., South. Div.E, 1st Bn., South. Div.P, 2nd Bn., South. Diy.F, Light Artillery0, 2nd Bn., South. Diy.

CompanyI Organized From

Second Artilleryi ;\f, 2nd Bn., North. Diy., andI Det. at West Point,I I, 1st Bn., North. Diy.e, 3rd Bn., North. Diy.L, 1st Bn., North. Diy.6th Infantry RecruitsQ, 3rd Bn., North. Diy.K, 4th Bn., North. Diy.H, 4th Bn., North. Diy.O. 1st Bn., North. Diy.Fourth Artillery

K, Light ArtilleryC, 3rd Bn., South. Diy.D and part of L, 4th Bn.,

South. Diy.G, 3rd Bn., South. Diy.N, 1st Bn., South. Diy.A, 3rd Bn., South. Diy.E, Light ArtilleryI and part of E, 1st Bn.,

South. Diy.I M, 4th Bn., South. Diy.

Broken upH, Light Artillery II P, 1st Bn., North. Diy.G, 4th Bn., North. Diy. I F, 3rd Bn., South. Diy.

H, 4th Bn., South. Div.

ABCDEFGHI

ABCDE

FGHI

Comp=y \

J_.\rtiIlny Reorganization E-!!ected in Jnne~1821 ..

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Strategic Naval Bases Throughout the WorldBy LIEUT. WILLIAM H. BURNS, C. A. C.

l'HE function of a fleet is to control sea communications in the inter-est of its own nation and to the discomfiture of the enemy. For a

fleet, naval bases correspond, in a way, to the jumping-off positionfrom which an army makes an attack. Their installation during peace,in correct geographical positions, has an importance quite on a parwith building the ships. Admiral H. F. Schofield, of the United StatesNavy, has said, "Ships without outlying bases are almost helpless-will be helpless unless they conquer bases."

The existence of great industrial centers, the movement of raw ma-terials from other countries necessary for peace and war and of troopsand supplies to any point which might be attacked, all depend on themaintenance of lines of" communication. Their defense obviouslyrelies on two factors: a navy to guard and the holding of positions fromwhich that na"y can most effectively carry out its work. Without suchstations a navy would be as helpless as an army without a base, andit is also true that no holding of strategic points by land forces canmaintain sea communications without an efficient fleet. It might bewell to define clearly the functions which such stations can performin time of war.

1. They are used for docking and repairs to capital ships andauxiliaries.

2. They form fuel and supply reserve depots.3. They are submarine-proof shelters in which a fleet can rest and

take in stores and where transports and supply ships collect in safetyto he conveyed to given points.

4. They are harbors of refuge and refueling stations for smallercraft with a limited radius of action.

5. They aid in the control of trade. By the ownership of the mostfueling stations of the world, placed on the main routes of trade,shipping can be compelled to take certain pathways in time of wa~,while the enemy can be stopped or forced to sail by circuitous routes.

The conditions, then, that make a naval base strategically valuableare its situation, its military strength, and its resources. Its positionmust be in the theater of operations, which, of course, is a gift of na-

[4261

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ture, and it should not be so far advanced that the lines of communica-tion leading to it are flanked by strong enemy positions.

EXAMPLES:

NegativeJamaicaTrinidad

AffirmativeSt. Johns, N. F.

Halifax

It should, if possible, afford to the force occupying it the advantageof the use of interior lines. Example: Gibraltar against France. Posi-tions in narrow seas or where sea routes converge are, generally speak-ing, more important than those in a great ocean because it is lesspossible to avoid them by circuitous routes. Examples: Panama, Gib-raltar, Malta. Again the value of positions depends upon nearness toa vital sea route, either our own or the enemy's. In this connection theamount of trade that passes over this route enters into the question aswell as the nearness of the base to this route. Examples: HawaiianIslands, English Channel, Panama, Gibraltar, Malta, Suez Canal. Ifthe position is at the crossroads of two routes, its value is greatly en-hanced. Examples: Cape Verde Islands, Constantinople.

Inasmuch as the United States, Great Britain, and Japan are con-ceded to be the three greatest maritime nations, this discussion will dealprincipally with the bases established and controlled by them. Theyare the only countries having important bases outside their continentallimits and therefore I will merely enumerate some of the bases in theother countries and give their location.

Germany. As a result of the treaty of Versailles the German navyamounts to practically nothing. There is therefore no need for navalbases in her case. Her most important bases during the war were atKiel and Wilhelmshaven and these, in all likelihood, would be develop-ed agaip. in case they were needed.

France. Practically all the important ports of France are equippedfor the repair and supply of naval vessels. Brest and Toulon an:the largest.

Italy. As a general result of economy, all but a selected few of thebases in operation during the war are to be reduced to the basis of theminimum expense for maintenance and upkeep in those details affectingpreparedness for war. This will leave the two naval bases at Tarantoand Spezia, although there are a few others at which minor repairscan be made. There is also some discussion as to the necessity forestablishing advanced bases in the Mediterranean, both Sicily andSardinia heing under discussion as possibilities.

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Mexico. There are Naval Depots at Vera Cruz, Guaymas, SalinaCruz, and Payo Obispo, and a fueling station at Manzanillo, but theonly drydock is at Vera Cruz. Vessels in the gulf have to go to the-United States for docking.

England. Great Britain is well equipped with bases in the westernAtlantic to strike at our vital coast area trade and for the protectionof her lines and transport of troops overseas.

A general examination of the Atlantic shows us that there are fourprincipal routes from Britain for operations against North America.

1. The direct route, straight for Halifax, then on to the UnitedStates.

2. A southern route, via the Azores, on to the West Indies, andthen on to Jamaica and the Canal or to the Atlantic coast of theUnited States.

3. A sub-southern route, via the Madeiras, Trinidad, and on tothe Canal.

4. A northern route, via Hudson Bay.In considering an attack by Great Britain, the most strategic point

from which she could initiate any movement would be from the portBerehaven, located at the extreme southwest corner of the Island. Itis suitable for the assembly of a fleet. The route to Newfoundland isthe shortest and this line continues on in practically a straight line toHalifax, Cape Cod, New York, Charleston, and Florida.

It can readily be seen, then, that one of the principal strategicfeatures of the north Atlantic is the advanced position of Newfound-land, either as a point of approach from Europe, or a&a point of jumpoff or as a threat against Europe. Also, Newfoundland guards themouth of the St. Lawrence, and this river is the key to Canada. An evenmore important base to obtain possession of would be that of Halifax.With these three bases, the two St. Johns and Halifax, in our control,any hostile force would be forced to go farther north and come downthrough the Hudson Bay region, and this route, while not impossible,has many disadvantages.

Let us consider the southern route across the Atlantic. The posi-tions of Trinidad, Jamaica, and other islands of the West Indies permitof their use as possible bases in operations against us. The area be-tween Trinidad and South America would provide an ideal fleet base--affording sufficient room for unlimited anchorage and for exercises.This and Long Island Sound and Chesapeake Bar are what may betermed satisfactory bases in both area and position.

The harbors at Trinidad and at Jamaica in the British West Indieshave a few resources, but little industrViI development. There are many

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other anchorages and some small enclosed harbors scattered elsewhereall through the West Indies. Bermuda is defended and has a fairlylarge space for anchorage but no resources and very little industry, ex-cept a small navy yard. Halifax is undoubtedly best 1n all these re-quirements, including defenses and a harbor space which is ample forall needs. There are several anchorages in Newfoundland, St. Johnsbeing by far the best one, where there is one large drydock.

The Falkland Islands guarding the route through the MagellanStraits would be an important position in the event of the PanamaCanal being blocked. This base is rather distant for operation againstthe Atlantic coast or even against Panama but it is difficult to tell whateventualities may entail when once war starts.

Let us now travel eastward from the British Islands. Gibraltar is afortified naval and fueling station and is the home of the British At-lantic fleet. Its position near the entrance to the Mediterranean makesit of great importance and increases its value as a rendezvous for theAtlantic and Mediterranean fleets.

Malta is placed almost midway between Gibraltar and Port Saidand is nearly equidistant from Messina and Cape Bon. Its positiontherefore makes it a suitable station for commanding the approachesfrom the western to the eastern Mediterranean. The harbor of Valettais well supplied with docks, is strongly fortified in its immediateneighborhood, and is the base of the Mediterranean fleet. Its centralposition in the Mediterranean makes it even more valuable from a navalstandpoint than Gibraltar.

Aden is a fortified fueling station about one hundred miles north-east from the entrance to the Red Sea, and about halfway between PortSaid and Bombay. It offers the opportunity for controlling the junctionof the Indian routes where they converge before entering the Red Sea.

The naval base of Bombay possesses the largest and safest harbor inIndia and railways diverge from it in every direction. This brings allthe resources of India within easy reach; but on the other hand it israther a terminus of sea lines than a strategic point placed across them.

Port Said is located at the entrance to the Suez Canal which givesit a great value as it is at the entrance of a maritime gateway.

Some of the other British bases which complete the loop around theworld are the Falkland Islands, Colombo in India, and Sydney,Australia.

A consideration of the naval problems of the Pacific cannot failto include Singapore, the strategic center of the British Empire east ofSuez. Singapore is the natural gateway through which must pass allthe vast traffic on its way from Europe to China and Japan and upon

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which converge the great ocean routes connecting India with the DutchEast Indies, Australia, and the Far East. Singapore, therefore, is inan ideal position to safeguard trade with all these nations.

Japan. Let us now consider the islands composing the home terri-tory of the Japanese Empire. The Inland Sea, which is the economiccenter of Japan, is a naval Gibraltar and constitutes an ideal navalbase with few and easily defendrd outlets. The exits lead immediatelyto important strategic areas and are widely separated so that a block-ading fleet would be tactically separated. Within the Inland Sea thereis ample space for anchorage and maneuver. Also, surrounding theInland Sea are important supply and repair facilities. Protecting theInland Sea and its entrances is a circle of heavy fortifications.

Japan has thrre splendid bases in these home waters-Kure, Yoko-sula, and Sasebo. These are excellently equipped. Subordinate fleetbases for operations in the sea of Japan exist at Maizuru and Chinkai.There are torpedo bases at Ominato and Oshima in home waters andat Bako and Truk in outlying possesFions. Bako and Truk can be usedas fleet bases for short periods. In addition there are moderately goodharbors in the Mandate Islands which can be used as destroyer andsubmarine bases. A few divisions of heavy ships could also be basedin these harbors. Anami-O-Shima has a fine harbor and could be madeinto a valuable fleet base. Some facilities exist at Port Arthur andYeiko, Korea. Farther away there is an outlying circle of defense con-sisting of the Pescadores, Formosa, the Nansei Islands, and the KurileIslands. Still farther out is a second line which encircles Guam andManila-formed by Yap, the Carolines, the Marshall Islands, and theBonin Islands. Of the last named circle only the Bonins are fortified.

There are many islands in the Pacific, controlled by the Japanese,which are very important strategically besides the Caroline and Mar-shall Islands. They extend from the Philippines two thousand milestoward the Hawaiian Islands and are only two hundred and fifty milessouth of Guam. The nearest one to Oahu is Rongelab, which is thirteenhundred miles nearer Oahu than Guam is.

United States. Kavy yards and naval stations in our country willbe found at various places along the coast from Maine to Key Westand from San Diego north to Bremerton, \\7ashington. The largeston the eastern coast are those at l\ew York and J\orfolk. At l\ewportis the torpedo station where torpedoes are manufactured and tested andnew developments are tried out. The statif:>Dat l\ew London is a baseand training school for submarines, and that at Pensacola a base andtraining school for aviation. Shipbuilding is carried on on a large

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scale at Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Norfolk, Newport News, and MareIsland, and on a small scale at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. LongIsland Sound, Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco, and Puget Sound areour best home bases.

In the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean every problem of navalstrategy is fundamentally a question of base facilities. Modern fightingships have a narrow radius of action dimensioned by their relativelymeager fuel capacity. From experience gained in the World War it isestimated that a battle fleet can remain at sea under war conditions notlonger than four days. This means a cruising radius of two days.

The central or direct route and the most important course to thePhilippines is the one via Oahu and Guam. The next most importantroute is the southern route via the Marshall and Caroline Islands,utilizing any of the various possible bases at Rongelab, Jalut, Iruk, etc.These are two practical routes. There are two others via Kiskra andSamoa which are improbable routes due to the unfavorable weather andbecause there are no areas for fleet bases.

The Hawaiian Islands are the best example we have of the installa-tions required of a fleet base. Pearl harbor is designated as a mainoutlying base. It has practically all the facilities necessary for thiskind of a base.

Guam ranks only as a fuel station, though its position invests itwith a unique strategic value.

Under present and expected conditions in the Pacific, San Fran-cisco is the ~earest real base to the Philippines. There are docks andshops at Pearl Harbor but no great protected harbor for a fleet. If thefleet mobilizes or bases there for a time, a large part of it will lie inopen roadsteads where serious repairs cannot be undertaken.

Our only strategic base in the far East is at Manila but it is anextremely important base. There is a fine harbor at Manila which givesa place to establish a base for repairs and for a fresh takeoff; it pro-vides a terminus for our lines of commuication from Oahu, from thePacific coast, and also from Panama. In addition, it must be remem-bered that in case the Panama Canal should be blocked by slide or de-sign, the Suez becomes a route to the far East and we would need aterminus in such a strategic position as Manila.

Our other bases in the Philippine Islands in addition to Manila, orin lieu of Manila, are really not bases, but are undeveloped harbors,safe anchorage spaces, such as Coron Bay, one hundred and fifty milessouth of Corregidor, and Malayampa Sound, two hundred miles, bothfacing on the China Sea and both favorable as a base in a counterattackon !\Ianila; Tawi Tawi, five hundred miles south of Manila; also the

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Gulf of Davao, six hundred and fifty miles southeast. Each one of thesebases has its favorable characteristics, depending on the nature of thecampaign or the relative strength and activity of the opponents.

In conclusion, it might be well to compare the three powers, Eng-land, Japan, and the United States. It is apparent that while theUnited States and Japan have bases from which to operate defensively,that neither has the facilities which are available to Great Britain forconducting operations away from home waters. Neither Japan northe United States could carryon operations away from home waterswithout first capturing or establishing bases in the theater of operations,and obviously it is impossible for either to do this without going to war.

;''"''''.....

l-

-------------~ I:

MAXIM XLII

Feuquiere says that "we should never wait forthe enemy in the lines of circumvallation, but weshould go out and attack him." He is in error.There is no authority in war without exception;and it would be dangerous to proscribe the prin.ciple of awaiting the enemy within the lines ofcircummllation.-Napoleon's Max1ms of War .

.......... ~_.

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EDITORIALIn Retrospect

HOWEVERnearly we may have forgotten the war, November re-mains a month in which we pause for a backward look. Ten

years ago the "war to end war" came to an end and many of us believedthat we had had the fortune of serving in the last of wars. Yet, as wereview international relationships of the past ten years, we are forcedto the conclusion that war is very nearly as prevalent as it always hasbeen-a little harder to start, perhaps, but none-the-less an ever-presentpossibility.

That we are on the way to perpetuation of peace can scarcely bedoubted, but perpetual peace is not yet with us. The League of Nationshas had a record of successes mingled with failures; it is an instru-mentality for good, but it cannot assure peace. Conferences for thelimitation of armaments have tended to limit the scale on which warmay be fought; but they have not reduced the possibilities of war. In-ternational disavowal of warfare as a method of settling disputes be-tween nations has been a 5tep in the right direction, but its realeffectiveness remains to be seen. We have already done much towardmaking war more difficult, but we have a long, long road to followbefore we can make it impossible.

We should not be too much encouraged by what has already beenaccomplished. Attempts to end warfare are not new. Partial successin the preservation of peace has, at times, been achieved in the past.Every war ends in peace, and every peace creates a desire for itsperpetuation. The whole history of the human race has been that of arecurrent cycle of war, peace, treaties and realignments to preservepeace, forgetfulness of the evils of war, and war once again.

This is, in a way, but natural. An instructor at the MilitaryAcademy remarked that he found it difficult to avoid addressing thecadets as though they had participated in the war. To us the Armisticeis as of yesterday, yet when it was signed these young men were boys ofnine, ten, or eleven years of ag~oo young to have been deeply im-pressed as a group by the war. All our schools and colleges and theschools and colleges of other nations are filled with yonng men suchas these. In another ten years they will have become a large and im-portant part of our society, and in another ten years they will dominate

[433J

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the world. Never having known the horror of war, what is more naturalthan that they should forget the evils begotten of warfare?

True, as civilization continues to rise to a higher plane, peace gainson war, but the end is not yet in sight. Our glance at the past inducesus to hope for the future, but our part still remains, as it ever has done,to carryon and to pass on such knowledge as we may have acquired toour successors that they may be prepared for eventualities.

Army ProblemsFollowing the war the Army passed through a period of depression

from which it now seems in a fair way to emerge. The war, as warshave a way of doing, disrupted the Army to such an extent that re-organization became necessary, and the reorganization brought in itstrain the problems of housing, promotion, and equipment, and thesubsidiary problem of morale. The housing situation is approachinga final solution, carrying with it a marked improvement in morale,which may now, in a large part of the Army, be classed as high. Thedevelopment of new equipment and materiel has continued apace, andnew aircraft, tanks, antiaircraft materiel, automotive equipment, andother developments of the war are being supplied or have been design-ed for supply. Further developments may be anticipated as a resultof the experiments which are being made in motorization and mechani-zation. The one remaining problem is promotion (which should per-haps be accompanied by the question of pay), and that is definitely onthe books for consideration.

It is interesting to note that the problems which are being or havebeen solved are exactly the same problems which confronted the Armyafter the Civil War, the promptitude of solution, however, lying withthe Army of today. The long internecine struggle of the 'Sixties veryneE.rlyexhausted the resources of the country and for many years there-after, Congress, in the interests of economy, scrutinized its appropria-tion bills with even more care than it has used in recent years. TheArmy could secure but limited funds with which to work out its ownsalvation, and it is doubtful that it foresaw as promptly and as clearlyas today its future requirements.

At the close of the Civil War, Army posts were cluttered withbuildings of temporary wartime construction, even as they are today.These buildings were made to serve the purposes for which they couldbe fitted until they would serve no longer. Finally, about a dozen yearsafter the end of the war, Conl¥ess felt that it had hecome necessary toenter upon a definite building program, and many of the houses now

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EDITORIAL 435

to be found at the older posts resulted from this program, dating fromabout 1880 and the years immediately following.

As did the World War, the Civil War introduced new materiel, ofwhich the principal were rifled weapons, with elongatefI projectiles,detached emplacements for cannon, rather than forts, land armored

I

steamships in place of the old sailing warships. This cnewmaterielwas long in reaching the military and naval services. F6r many yearsthe Navy sailed the sea with obsolete ships, their firs! real warshipsdating about twenty-five years after the war. In the I Army, the pro-vision of modern cannon and the adoption of modetn emplacementswere delayed for twenty years, and it was thirty years before guns weremounted in emplacements in any considerable number.

Worse than housing and materiel was the promotion problem. Inthe reorganization following the Civil War many comparatively youngofficers,who had proved their worth in the war, were appointed to thehigher grades. Older officers were to be found in lower grades.Promotion became completely stagnant and records show that someofficersserved as much as thirty years in the grade of lieutenant. Thestory is told that one officer declined a majority in a colored regimentto accept a lieutenancy in a white regiment and that twenty-five yearslater he was promoted to a majority in the regiment in which he had.-previously declined to serve.

The promotion situation was never corrected. In the reorganiza-tion of 1901, following the Spanish-American War, most of the CivilWar veterans had served almost their allotted span. Their retirementwas expedited somewhat in the period from 1901 to 1903, but by thattime it was too late to affect materially the careers of those officerswhohad entered the Army prior to about 1880.

So we find that our problems are not new. Every large war willbring the same problems, and whenever we are inclined to feel thatFate is treating us harshly we can look back and reflect that we are atleast better off than were our predecessors.

Military BiographiesIf recollection serves accurately, the JOr:;R~AL some time ago ex-

pressed the opinion that the tide of biography then pouring forth fromthe publishing houses of this country had passed its peak. In that theJOUR..lIiAL was wrong. The public interest in the lives of the great andthe near great and even the unknown continues to he as acute as ever,and never has there been more hiographical hooks upon the marketthan there are at present.

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Among the volumes that have recently appeared there are many ofvalue to the military man. Nowhere can the secret of a man's successhe better learned than in a study of the man's life. Naturally, thesestudies are not of equal value nor of equal interest, whether becauseof suhject matter, of manner of treatment, or of method of attack, hutmost of them contain something worthy of study. With a few except-ions, it is not the intention of the JOURNAL to express an opinion of thecomparative value of the hooks, hut it is desired to point out some ofthe new hooks in the field of military hiography. Most of these havebeen reviewed in the JOURNAL and the reaction of the reviewers may bedetermined from the book review section.

Of particular interest might be mentioned Harold Lamb's two bookson Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, two of the greatest military leadersof all times, concerning whom practically nothing has previously heenwritten in English; Captain Liddell Hart's A Greater Than Napoleon;Scipio Africanus, another great leader who is little known; Ludwig'sNapoleon, The Man of Destiny; Maurice's Robert E. Lee, the Soldier,and Tate's Stonewall Jackson. These books are recent, well written, andextremely interesting.

Other recent hooks are given in the following list, which is farfrom complete, but which has heen made up to show the great variety ofmaterial available. All have a value to the military' student.

Ballard's The Military Genius of Abraham Lincoln; Barre's Me-moirs of a Napoleonic Officer; Bercovici's Alexander; Greely's Remin-iscences of Adventure and Service; Geer's Napoleon and His Family;Liddell-Hart's Great Captain's Unveiled; Halevy's Vauban, Builder ofFortresses; Hudleston's Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne; Hughes' GeorgeWashington, The Human Being and the Hero; Ludwig's Bismarck andWilhelm HohenzoZZern; Macartney's Lincoln and His Generals; Maur-ice's Statesmen and Soldiers of the Civil War; Powy's Henry Hudson;Ro-bernron's Soldiers and Statesmen; Sedgwick's Lafayette; Seitz'sBraxton Bragg, General of the Confederacy; Starritt's Kitchener:Soldier and Statesman; Wilson's Napoleon, the Man; Pickett's Warletters to his wife, Soldiers of the South.

Truly no man with a liking for biography need lack for some-thing to read.

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PROFESSIONAL NOTES

Coat of Arms of the Harbor Defenses of Key West

Shield: Gules a tower or in chief a key fesswise of the like.

Motto: Quod Habemus Defendemus.

The shield is red fo.r artillery, Key West being the strategic key to the Gulf ofMexico is represented by a key and tower. The motto means, "We defend whatwe have."

Retirement of Sergeant Tony F. Monroe

HEADQUARTERS SIXTY-SECOND COAST ARTILLERY

Office of the Regimental Commander

HCB-G

General Orders

No. 14.Fort Totten, N. Y.,

August 20, 1928.

1. Upon the occasion of the retirement of First Sergeant Tony F. Monroe,6026703, Headquarters Battery, 62d Coast Artillery, the Regimental Commanderdesires to invite the attention of all membl"rs of the rl"giment to Sergeant Monroe'srecord of service, which is as follows:

Continuous service from July 2, 1898, to the present time, except theperiod from November 23, 1898, to January 4, 1899, between dischargeand reenlistment.

Discharged once Ost enlistment) as private.Discharged once (2d enlistment) as corporal.Discharged four times as sergeant.Discharged four times as first sergeant.Discharged once (World War Service) as Captain.Every discharge (11 in all) with Excellent character.

2. Besides this fine record of military service, Sergeant Monroe has, through.out the same, been a leader in all forms of athletics, having carried many teamsto victory in baseball, basketball, football, and other team events, evincingthroughout all of these activities a fine spirit of sportsmanship.

3. This record is one of which First Sergeant Monroe, his family, and friendsmay all be justly proud and one which should be an inspiration to all youngsoIdiers--an example for them to emulate.

4. Sergeant Monroe leaves active service y,ith the best wishes for his futuresuccess of all the officers and enlisted men of this regiment and the RegimentalCommander feels that he is justified in extending to Sergeant Monroe at thesame time the best wishes of the older officers of the entire Coast Artillery Corps,

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a large percentage of whom have known him as long and as favorably as hasthe Regimental Commander.

By order of COLONELBARNES:J. J. JOHNSON,1st Lt., 62d C. A.,Act'g. Adjutant.

OFFICIAL:J. J. JOHNSON,1st Lt., 62d C. A.,Act'g. Adjutant.

Lient. Goebel Receives Distinguished Flying Cross

HEADQUARTERS HARBOR DEFENSES OF LOS ANGELES

Fort MacArthur, San Pedro, California

August 18, 1928.

MEMORANDUM.

1. The Distinguished Flying Cross awarded to 2nd Lieut. Arthur C. Goebel,Air Corps Reserve, by direction of the President and under the provisions ofAct of Congress approved July 2, 1928, was officially presented at the PacificSouthwest Exposition, Long Beach, California, on August 17, 1928. The presenta-tion was made by Lieutenant Colonel Willis G. Peace, 3d Coast Artillery, Com-manding Officer Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles, with the 3d Coast ArtilieryBand and troops from Fort MacArthur participating.

2. The occasion for the presentation was Aviation Day at the Pacific South-west Exposition. Approximately one hundred regular army and reserve aviatorsreturning from the dedication exercises at Lindbergh Field in San Diego wereguests at the Exposition and witnesses of the ceremony. Lieut. Goebel receivedthe Distinguished Flying Cross exactly one year after his epochal flight to Hawaii,he having landed at Wheeler Field from Oakland on the afternoon of August17,1927.

For the Commanding Officer:GEO.J. B. FISHER,Captain, 3d Coast Artillery,

Adjutant.

A Combination Rammer-Sponge

By LIELT.J. E. REIERSOCli,92d C. A. (P. S.)

The modification, as described herein, of the rammer for the 155-mm. gunwas made by the writer and used by Battery "B," 92d C. A. (PS), in all practicesthis year and gave very satisfactory results.

The ramming and sponging were as good as if the separate units were used.This was accomplished hy using three men on the rammer-sponge. A test madein one practice showed the density of loading to be eqnal for each trial shot.

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PROFESSIONAL NOTES

Galvanized Iron (over

439

FIG. 1

This rammer-sponge is easier to handle than the rammer as issued, as it weighs13 pounds less, after being dipped in water, than the laUer.

It has the advantage over any other rammer-sponge the writer has seen inthat it will, with proper care, last an entire season. The wear and tear oframming is taken up by the galvanized iron cover.

MODJI'1CATrOli OF RJ\MM £R fOf\ TH~ lSSDun GUN"~f 1~ 1.1' ,J. E.Rl'Mr.5Ot\.CAC .•9Zd C.A.(PS)

Fw.2

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Several seconds of valuable time were saved by the use of this combination.

The following gives the procedure in the modification:I. A galvanized iron cover (see Figure 1) is cut and placed on the rammer

head, the leaves being bent back over the head. One turn of wire is now placedon these leaves and the leaves are bent forward, thus holding the wire. This wirewill support the front end of the sponge.

2. A double thickness of burlap, 24 inches long and 23 inches wide, is placed

around the ram mer (long edge parallel to stave) with its mid-point at the sup-porting wire. Several turns of "mall wire wound aroun,1 the burlap just in frontof the supporting wire holds the burlap in place. That burlap in front of the

wire is folded hack o"er the rammer.

riC. 3. COWBJ:'eATIOS R.Olltll:' •. SPO:-Ou.

3. Cotton waste is now packed inside the burlap and around the rammer.The seam is sewed and the open end of the burlap wrapped 'with several turns of

wire, as shown in Figure 2, as soon as the size and shape are obtained. Anyburlap remaining will be folded over the turns of wire and the edges sewed to

the rear end of the sponge. The greatest circumference of the sponge should

be 21 inches.4. The iron stave is replaced with a wooden stave, for ease in handling.

The wood is screwed into the rammer and made secure by a metal band and a

3-inch screw.

Being An Officer

In the great academies where young men are trained to be officers in thearmy and nav)., one of the first lessons that they must learn is obedience. Yetthese men are not being trained to take orders all their lhes; they are being

trained to GIvE orders,-to be officers commanding others.

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PROFESSIONAL NOTES 441The reason for this is that before a man can learn to command, he must

learn to obey. Before he is' trusted with the responsibility of giving orders, hemust show that he can take them and carry them out.

Perhaps that will answer the question that children often ask their parentswhen they are told to do something,-the "why" that does not always seem tohave a satisfactory answer. And perhaps it will impress upon you the fact that itis for your own good to obey, in order that you will be a better "commander"later on.-Atlanta Constitution.

The Sheep and the Wolves

One of the fables of La Fontaine they no longer teach to little children. Thatis why little children when they become big make such stupid mistakes.

The world unfortunately is now managed by grown up children who do notknow La Fontaine.

You remembeT the story: "After a thousand years and when there is no morewaT. wolves will lie down in peace with the Iambs."

Lambs belong to a very old and very prolific race. There are, of course.lambs in all the great prairies of this earthly paradise. They are always thevictims of their own proverbial sweetness; they are even the emblems of gentle-ness and peace.

By a singular destiny. which forces on them a simple but very distressinglesson. these innocent things have always been eaten. They seem to have no otherpurpose in life. a very depressing outlook for them.

Wolves are also a very ancient and prolific race. a predatory and conqueringpeople. Their role is always to eat the others. whether it be man or sheep.

Here we see these two principal adversaries face to face.

We can reduce the result to a word; the fight will not be long. What cansheep. clad only in their wool. do against their aj!gressive enemies? So the sheepto exist must have protectors: shepherds and dogs. It is a serious thing toatt.empt an attack against a flock of sheep guarded by vigilant shepherds assistedby courageous ami faithful dogs.

Can you see the application which can be made to human beings? Vigilantshepherds and courageous dogs, force extending its barrier around innocence,then peace can reign. That is good sense.

But war, even then cannot be suppressed so easily. Hunger makes the wolvesdare to come out of the forest. When wolves are hungry they lose all self controland prudence. They risk their lives most boldly in their search for victims. Itis equally bad. they say, to perish by famine as to be torn to pieces by the dogs.There is no doubt that to live is their most important instinct. An empty stomachhas no ears. With this in mind we see that war is always an exception and adistant possibility. With dogs and shepherds it is possible to limit its severityand reduce its destruction.

Therefore we must keep a strong, well trained army; have confidence inour military leaders; and provide adequate arms and munitions. We must have astrong protection provided by our shepherds and he well guarded by our dogs.In this way if we have any courage whatever, which we should have, we can thenhave a horror of carnage and of blood. We can afford to become pacific.

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To he a pacifist is somethingelse. Pacifists are the undeniable advance guardof invasion and the instigators of war. They prepare for it; they attract it; theymake it unavoidableand fatal. How do they do this? By losing sight of that essen.tial element which dMIlinatesand rules all the conflictsof the world:-force.

Again our friend La Fontaine points out the truth: "The argument of thestrongest is always the best." Ah! if we could only listen to him.

Pacifists purposely misunderstand force and refuse to see evidences of badfaith. The pacifists see nothing but the hypocrisy and whine of the wolves,andso they disarm. They put the shepherds to sleep, or else corrupt them. Theyoverthrowtheir protecting walls and barriers. They stretch out their arms towardtheir hereditary enemies with words of welcomeand love.

Listen to them. "War on War." "Outlaw war." "Down with the cannon andmachine guns." "Limit your armaments." "Reduce the length of militaryservice." "No more army, have a militia instead." "No more conflicts, alwayshave agreement and harmony."

Words, words, words! They sound like the bleating of sheep. But thewolves are there nevertheless, always wolves, always cruel and evil, keepingtheir natural ferocity, their voracious appetite and their savage spirit out of thesight of the lambs.

La Fontaine says: "They will seize a time when there are no longer shep-herds in the fold, and will kill the greater half of the sheep."

That is the way wolveshave, and also the way shepherds have who sleep with-out much thought of the wolvesroaming around the house.

Did La Fontaine speak of asphyxiating gas? He said: "The dogs werestrangled while sleeping. It was so easily done that they did not even feel it."

The irony of this last verse is admirable. You will see how the pacifistsmake use of various arguments to excuse the ferocity of their modern methods.They think that there is no pain. A sweet sleep and a beautiful dream of glory.What a great advance! Let us hasten the arrival of such a fine day; let us dis-arm.. Let us all be friends, all be brothers, brothers even to the death. Was itnot St. Francis of Assisi who said: "My friend the wolf." We now see the da..wnof the day announced in the Scriptures.

It's a fact that we are disarming. It's a fact that the word war has beenstricken from our vocabulary. It's a fact that in the whole world shepherds dreamno longer of doing anything other than to harmonize their flutes. It's a fact thatthe dogs are muzzledand that the sheep are running about singing peace for all.

What are the wolves doing? They are sharpening their teeth. Is that notallowable and even natural? They are training themselves; they are discipliningtheir will power; they are hardening their muscles by various sports and innocentgames. They busy themselves around strange gas tanks. They are groupingthemselvestogether; they are calling together the entire wolf people from beyondthe frontiers. They are arousing the family spirit among the lambs, urging uni-versal brotherhood and a sincere desire of unity among their victims.

That is the way the pacifist sheep hleat, always having a reply for everything.Fertilized hy the recent deaths drrring the war, the new grass is sweet and tender.The heaven is hright and life is joyous. Yesterday is past; tomorrowis far away;sing peace,ye sheep! But peace is made by wolves.-Ami au Peuple, Paris, France.

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PROFESSIONAL NOTES

Peace Pacts and European Armaments

443

Less than ten years after the conclusion of the most horrible orgy of blood-shed and destruction ever experienced by civilizedmankind, and at a moment whenrepresentatives of fifteen nations were gathered at Paris to sign another solemnengagement for the renunciation of war, figures were published in the Frenchcapital showing how sadly realities still lag behind Europe's aspirations towardstable peace.

If Germany and her wartime partners are left out of account, their militarystrength having been reduced by the peace treaties, the other ex-combatant andneutral nations of Europe today have standing armies of which the combinednumerical dimensions far exceed their total in 1913. In some instances the addi-tions are insignificant, and here may be mentioned the United Kingdom andIreland. Before the war these two countries had 406,000men under arms; nowthey have 408,000. But France has augmented her pre-war standing army of646,000 by 20,000. Italy had 274,000 men under arms in 1918; today she has347,000. Belgium went up from 47,000 to 79,000; Greece, from 25,000 to 66,000;Rumania, from 103,000to 205,000.

Even Switzerland, a non-combatant in the war, has enlarged her so-calledactive militia from 28,000to 170,000. On the list of increases are: Denmark, from14,000to 33,000; Holland, from 26,000 to 29,999; Spain, from 98,000 to 224,000;Sweden, from 26,500 to 28,500.

The peace strength of Europe as a whole is today approximately 1,000,000less than in 1913, but the reduction is amply accounted for by the treaty limita-tions put on German, Austrian, Hungarian and Bulgarian armaments, and bythe fact that Soviet Russia and the Russian succession states now have a totalof about 900,000men under arms instead of the Russian total of 1,200,000beforethe war. The estimat~d grand total for Europe is 3,000,000.

If all efforts at land disarmament in Europe have hitherto failed, it was notbecause of lack of readiness on the part of the European governments to con-clude formal peace pacts. Genoa, Locarno, London have seen security and goodwill agreements signed, and now Paris has been the scene of another accord, per-haps more far-reaching than its predecessors.-Detroit Free Press.

Surplus Military Explosives Used Industrially

:Morethan 126,000,000pounds of TNT and other surplus military explosivesaccumulated by the Government at the close of the World War have been usedfor industrial purposes, states Dr. Charles E. Munroe, Chief of the ExplosivesDivision, United States Bnreau of ~Iines, Department of Commerce. These ex-plosives have been expended in road building, in construction of dams andreservoirs, in draining swamps, in clearing cut-over lands and for other usefulpurposes which have added materially to the wealth of the Nation.

After the entrance of the United States into the World War, the Nation setabout the production of military explosiYe5on a scale never before undertaken, andthis work continued with such acceleration that when the Armistice was declaredthe country was producing military explosives in quantities never before realized.There is little doubt, Dr. lfunroe points out, that this deyeloped capacity was amaterial factor in ending the War. A consequence.however,was the accumulation

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at various points in this country of enormous stocks of high explosives andpropellents, whose safeguarding during storage and transportation constituted aserious and costly obligation, while entailing a menace to the communities nearwhich the material was stored.

The Bureau of Mines, which had taken an active part in the technical re-search necessary to the production of military explosives on a tremendous scale,advocated the use of these great stocks of surplus explosives on governmentaland industrial peace-time projects, pointing out the heavy expense that would beentailed for either the continued preservation or the destruction of these ex-plosives. This suggestion met with much adverse criticism, great stress beinglaid on the fact that military explosives, and particularly TNT. never had been'\Ised industrially and were, therefore, unfit for such purposes. The Bureau, how-ever, proceeded to demonstrate the suitability of these explosives for industrialpurposes and issued several publications setting forth the results it had obtainedin practice in the field and giving detailed instructions as to the best methods.of use. The result was that this huge store of military explosives, instead ofbeing a total loss or constituting a menace to public safety, was diverted intouseful peace-time purposes.

Recently the Bureau was informed that some 250 tons of this military TNT,stored for use near an important Federal project, had deteriorated into a dan-gerous condition and should be destroyed. An explosives expert was detailed toinspect this supply. When tested, both at the Bureau of Mines ExperimentStation at Pittsburgh and at the Picatinny Arsenal, this suspected TNT was foundto conform completely with the specifications under which it was originally pur-chased and to be in a perfectly stable condition. This TNT had been packedloose in wooden boxes and with time some of these boxes had become warpedand broken, making it necessary to repack such material if it is to be offeredas freight.

The results of the inspection and testing of the samples showed that the TNTwas in first-class condition and entirely suitable for use as a blasting agent. Itis gratifying, concludes Dr. Munroe, to find that TNT, which has disclosed suchadmirable qualities for use in blasting, is proven, from this test of storage forupwards of ten years, to have excellent keeping qualities also.

What the War Taught

Civilians and military experts, too, who prophesy so confidently what will hap-pen in the next war might take a hint from General Maurice. director of militaryoperations of the British General Staff from 1915 to 1918. General ~Iaurice beginsan Article in Foreign Affairs on ":\Ii1itary Lessons of the Great War" with thestatement that "experts who have been rash enough to utter prophedes have withvery rare exceptions been proved wrong."

* * * * *The moH important military lesson of the war, in the OpInIOn of General

}'Iaurice, is that the changes ",hich made that conflict so different from any thathad preceded it were due to changes which had no direct connection with war.

These changes were the coming of the motor car and the progress of medicalscience. Before the Great War, even -with the growth of railways, the size of

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PROFESSIONAL NOTES 445

armies was limited by the amount of transportation which could function in theimmediate zone of military operations. This meant transportation by animals, sincetrains could not run safely so close to the front.

Moreover, disease caused as heavy losses as did battles and thus renderedthe massing of huge bodies of troops dangerous.

The motor car, by removing the limit upon transportation, and medical prog.ress, by removing the danger of epidemic, changed the question from How manymen can we feed at a given time and place? to How many men capable ofbearing arms are available? Hence the unprecedentedly large armies of the lastwar, with the consequent novelty of continuous contact-"from the first day tothe last the guns never ceased firing."

But what of tanks, poison gas, airplanes? These, in General Maurice's judg-ment, have only "a secondary importance." For every existing weapon, he ob-serves, "some antidote is usually found sooner or later," and the discovery of theantidote provokes "the discovery of some fresh weapon to which the antidote is notan effective reply." ~10re important is it "to consider what developments are inprogress in the lives of peoples which are likely to affect the nature of war."

Such consideration, we fear, will not be so easy for amateur strategists as thepainting of wholesale destruction resulting from the touching of a button, butits superior pertinence is obvious.-New York Evening Post.

Military Training in Peace Time

In the emergency flood relief work along the Mississippi River last year itwas necessary to prepare camps for large numbers of refugees on short notice.The camp site had to be carefully selected, with due regard to drainage andsanitary conditions, lest typhoid or some other infection prove disastrous to thehundreds or thousands of persons assembled there.

Mr. Hoover, who directed the relief work, relates that when instructions weresent out for the establishment of a camp the suggestion was made that theassistance of former service men be secured. The idea was to make use of thepractical knowledge gained by the men who participated in the World War. Itwas because of the help of these, in large part. that an excellent record of healthconditions was made at the refugee camps.

A reminder of a similar situation came recently from the coastal region ofthe South Atlantic states. Much of that territory had long been known as un.healthful. Malaria, typhoid and other infections were common. Sources ofdrinking water often were contaminated, drainage of the low, swampy countrywas poor and the disease and death rates were abnormally high.

A change came for the better with valuable assistance given by the Rocke-feller Foundation in the control of malaria and hookworm. But the transforma-tion in health conditions of the area is attributed also to the influence of WorldWar veterans. Making good use of the experience gained while in the army, thesemen took the lead in eliminating the conditions which had kept the area un-healthful. Today that section is becoming known as a resort territory, both insummer and winter.

What peace time value can military training have? The examples citedafford one answer to the question. There are others that might be given. They

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are furnished, for instance, by the work of the summer training camps which areattended by thousands of young men from all parts of the country. These youngmen learn not only the means of keeping themselves in the best physical con-dition and, where necessary, imparting of the knowledge to others, but they learnobedience to authority, strict discipline and loyalty to their country's traditionsand institutions. All of which, surely, are worthwhile factors in citizenship.-Kansas City Star.

Foreign Periodicals

Principal subjects of comment and interest contained in some of the German.Austrian, and Swiss military journals and periodicals.

Militiir-W ochenblatt-Berlin

No. 41, May 4, 1928. GERlIIA:'lYA:'iD FRANCE. By Major General D. vonAman, German Army, retired. Comments on an ",rticle by Count Coudenhove.published in a recent issue of Pan Europa on the problem of "an understandingbetween Germany and France." Count Coudenhove contends that historical tra-dition does not furnish a very promising prospect of a friendly approach betweenGermany and France but those two countries are nevertheless admonished byexisting European conditions to hold together because a new war would resultin general ruin for Europe. Furthermore, the impending economic enroachmentsof North America render it necessary that not only France and Germany but allthe other European powers unite against that. The German commentator holdsthat much greater antagonisms than those between France and Germany stand inthe way of a union of European nations separated by old enmities of languageand race and opposing economic and commercial interests. But notwithstandingthat such a union would be desirable and the only remedy for resisting theeconomic preponderance of the United States, he does not believe that it couldbe brought about voluntarily and that only two ways for accomplishing it appearpracticable. One is the domination of a Napoleon supported by the military powerof France. The other is recognition of the fact that European powers cannot beunited as a whole but may be combined for united action by forming "blocs." Onesuch bloc would naturally be composed of two or more of the strongest militarypowers and would thus be able to exercise a predominating influence upon anyone or even a combination of all the other blocs. The pressure exerted by sucha controlling force would he economic rather than military. Only a superiorstatesman of the Bismarck pattern could succeed in establishing such a conditionand such an one is not at present in sight.

GER::IIA'"DISTRIBCTW'"OF WAR FORCESDLRI~G THE WORLDWAR. By MajorGeneral von Bordes, German army, retired. Comments on a recently issued workof this title by Ludwig Geme, which the reviewer classes as a "CIausewitz study."The author of the hook argues the question whether or not the German leadersalways succeeded in obtaining decish-e results by exertion of their maximumstrength locally and opportunely in the World War. He adopts as his text in hisargument the saying of Frederick the Great: "The good God is always present

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with the strongest battalions," but he proceeds from that to Clausewitz's precept:"The best strategy is to be very strong always, first generally and next at thedecisive point, but with this reservation: that numbers alone do not representstrength of a military force; leadership, individual value based on soldierlyability," and, in this modern period of technical perfection, upon equipment.

FIGHTINGUNITS. By a writer under "124," who describes what he considers"an ideal division."

MERCENARIES. (meaning soldiers enlisted for definite periods of serviceunder fixed pay) ANDDISCIPLINE. By a writer over signature "123." Continuationof this subject begun in a previous issue. Author discusses the value of the oldrigid close order of military drill as an auxiliary in promoting military disciplineand the habit of implicit obedience. He holds that such drill should be imposedon the recruit only during the early period of his service and then relaxed. Thatwhen the recruit feels that he is out of leading strings and has become a "soldier"he will voluntarily accept the lesson intended to be impressed upon him by rigiddrill and come to appreciate its value in making of him a self reliant up-standing man.

No. 42, May 11, 1928. FRANCE'S SOLICITUDEFOR PREDOllHNANCEIC'! THEMEDITERRANEAN.By General D. von Mierka, former Hungarian army. Refers tocontinually increasing causes of irritation between France and Italy, all of whichtend toward an alienation of friendly relations between the two countries. Theprincipal source of irritation is naturally naval domination of the Mediterraneanwaters between the Mediterranean shores of France and Italy and their respectiveNorth African colonies which, the writer states, has reached the point of eithera friendly adjustment or a bitter rivalry that may lead to an outbreak. He isof the opinion that the naval strength of the two countries is practically on anequality but that the advantage, in case of a conflict, is materially in favor ofItaly whose naval forces are concentrated in well known home waters while Francewould, in addition to its Mediterranean ports, be obliged to protect its exposedAtlantic ports and many distant colonial regions in different parts of the wrold.Allusion is also made in this article to what the writer calls "the phantastic canalproject-Ie Canal Maratime de Languedoc"-between the mouth of theGaronne on the Atlantic northwest coast of France and Narbonne, nearMarseilles on the Mediterranean, which, he states, is receiving serious attentionin France. Tentative estimates of cost of a canal of sufficient capacity forpassing 10,000-ton cruisers range between 750 and 500 million dollars.

THE I"TERRCprEDAm U.'iES OF THE BRITISH E:\IPIRE. A writer over signa-ture "D" refers to an article published in the "Daily ~fail" in which GeneralGroves, who is general secretary of the Ai~ League of the British Empire, callsattention to consequences resulting from failure of the British to foster the develop-ment of the civil aviation industry. He cites, among many other cases the factthat Russo-German interests have crowded Great Britain out of Persia, thatfarther in the East Holland's interests are threatening English air lines towardAustralia, and that even in near-by Ireland German undertakings, assisted byGerman shipping interests, are getting a foothold. He also calIs attention to thegreat movement in the Lnited States, Germany, and France for establishmentof airplane ocean mail routes and sets forth the detriment likely to result to

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English trade in the near and far East and in South America by British indiffer-ence and negligence in this direction.

SERVICEATTHEFRONT.By "K." While admitting that the hook market is sooverstocked with hooks, pamphlets, and writings on military subjects that it isimpossible to acquire and read all of them, writer calls attention to a recentlyappearing book on the above subject by Lieut. Colonel Max von Schenkendorl ofthe 8th Prussian infantry regiment which he says is indispensable to and shouldbe in the hands of every officerof the German Reichswehr.

No. 43, May 18, 1928. ARMYCAVALRYIN THEWAROFMOVEMENT.By MajorGeneral D. von Bordes, German Army, retired. From an extended review of thiswork by Lieut. General von Kayser, German Army, who is the Inspector ofCavalry, it is qnite evident that the opinion expressed by him in the concludingparagraph of his review is fully justified when he ~ays: "The cavalry arm canexpress its appreciation of this author's work in no better way than by earneststudy of the actions described by him. Only he who fully comprehends andclearly values the lessons of the past and recognizes the peculiarities of thecavalry arm that must be taken into account in the proper application and useof army cavalry, can control it and make use of it as a necessary working tooland develop from it the art of leadership." The book is divided into three partsand provided with 46 sketches and an appendix. Part I covers the campaigns ofFrederick the Great in the seven years' war and those of the First Napoleon up toWaterloo. Part II shows how the lessons taught and which ought to have beenlearned from the campaigns described in Part I were neglected or forgotten untilrevived to some extent by examples of the American civil war where cavalry wasagain charged with its proper functions of reconnoitering. screening our own anddisclosing the enemy's movements and in raids against his rearward communica-tions as well as in battle. The third section takes in cavalry in the World War.The author of this hook is a most enthusiastic champion of the cavalry arm andgives many convincingreasons for his contentions that cavalry has not yet ceasedto be an important factor in military operations.

No. 44, May 25, 1928. General von Taysen, in a brief synopsis of the new"Fighting Regulations for the French Artillery"-"REGLEME:'ITDE MANOEVRED'ARTILLERIE,2EPARTIR,L'ARTlLLERIEAUCOlllBAT,"says that although these regula-tions were approved by the War ~finistry in 1926, they have only now beenofficiallyadopted and promulgated. The commentator holds that the fundamen.talprinciple underlying the new fighting instructions for artillery is its use withinthe scope of all other arms and its adaptation to and accord with their severalfighting regulations. To accomplish this the French have not hesitated to makeuse of what may appear to be reiterations and unnecessary repetitions in thewording of their instructions. The German impression has been that a certaindegree of slovmess--deliberation-is inherent to French higher leadershipwhich tends to restrict independence and initiative of suhordinates_ Butdeliberation is a relative conception. The Frenchman displays a logical con-sistency in his cenception of the character of the modern fight and it is not, there-fore, surprising that handling French artillery is governed by the sanre precept.This is first manifested in his distrihution of the artillery. The division has only

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the artillery that is designed primarily to assist the infantry: one regiment fieldguns (3 detachments of 3 batteries each), one regiment l5.5-cm. howitzers (2 de-tachments of 3 batteries each). The corps artillery is, thanks to arrangementsfor early deployment and careful approach against the opponent, expected toarrive in time for fighting enemy artillery. This accounts for the organic compo-sition of the corps artillery, consisting of one horse-drawn heavy artillery regimentof two lO.5-cm. guns and two 15.5-cm. gun detachments. Only the army artilleryis differently made up to meet varying requirements for army use and for anypossible reenforcement of corps and divisions. French higher army direction hasat its disposal a very numerous artillery reserve that includes guns of a greatvariety of calibers from the 6.5-cm. mountain gun to the 37-cm. railway carriagecannon. In that reserve the 7.5-cm. and 1O-5-cm. guns, as well as the 15-5-cm.howitzers, are loaded throughout on trucks on which they are brought by tractorsup to the firing positions. The }'emaining heavy artillery is in part horse-drawnand in part (1n self-propelled gun carriages, tractor-drawn or carried by caterpillartractors. Antiaircraft artillery comes in only from the corps up. The eagersearch for centralization of direction must not be taken a<;the sole purpose to beachieved. The Frenchman looks upon the artillery in one sense as the workingtool of the leadership by means of which a definite influence can be exerted onthe development of the fight-"the artillery is, even after it has beenbrought into action, constantly in the hands of the leadership, as is the case withno other arm." A result of this is that fundamentally there is substituted forcontinuous firing on scattered targets a short, energetic, and closely held togetherfire that strikes now here now there and leaves the enemy in constant uncertainty.

The regulations urge that advantage be taken of every opportunity for con-cealment but it is to be sought less by cover under artificial contrivances than byuse of natural cover facilities. But little wl"ight is given to camouflage and thatis to be resorted to only where natural-active--cover is wanting. Among meansfor active concealment mention is made of changing positions, erasing wheeltracks of approach, misleading the enemy, search for young undergrowths thatdo not disturb the firing outlook and which are not usually indicated on maps,concealment in large villages.

Great importance is placed on ample, prompt, and continuous supply ofammunition and avoidance of anything that might interfere with that by obstructionof routes of supply. In connection with that it should be a maxim that whenthere is a meager supply of ammunition firing should not be slowed down butkept up by vigorous :fire at short intervals. The higher artillery leader shouldacquire knowledge of the prospective field of artillery action by flying over it.

CO:<lQI:ESTOF THE AIR. By General Niessel, French Army. The editorialmanagement expresses its thanks for a copy of this work from the French author.An analysis of its contents is given by a "''fiter over the signature "61."

I:XTER='\ATIO:'iALASSOCIATIO:-;:OF "FIGHTERSO~ THE Fao::\T." By August Abel.Writer gives a list of various organizations and associations of active participants,on the entente side, in the World War. At their head stands "Fidac"-"Federation.Interallie des Ancienne Combattants," comprising 32 front fighter associations:namely, 4 Belgian, 8 French, 1Engli~h, 1 Italian, 1American, 7 Polish, 1Portu-guese,5 Rumanian, 1 Jugoslavian, 3 Czechoslavian. The m05t important amongthe~e are: the American Legion, 700,000; British Legion, 500,000; 8 French,

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1,079,500; Italian, 518,557. The Rumanian associations number 150,000, theServian, 138,000. The declared aim of "Fidac" is preservation and fostering ofthe comradeship between allied participants in hattle fields of the war andmutual service in peace. Writer mentions additional details of the aims and pur.poses of the various organizations above named and of their relations to thegovernments and people of their respective countries.

Wissenschaftliche und Technische Mitteilungen (Scientific and Technical Reports),

Vienna, Austria, March.April, 1928.

ApPLICATIONOF ARTILLERYIN THE 11TH ISONZO BATTLE. By Lieut. CoI.Rudolph Heinzel, Austrian Army, 4 sketch maps. Writer contends that whilethe great hattles of the World War on other front,> have been and are stilI en-gaging post-war literature, the gigantic struggles of the Austro.Hungarian forcescontending against an opponent overwhelmingly superior in numbers and equip.ment, do not appear to he adequately appreciated. He confines his description ofthis battle almost wholly to the part taken in it hy the artillery.

FRENCH AR:l1YSTRENGTHIN THE WORLDWAR. By Colonel Rudolph vonXylander, GerIruln Army. Gives information ahout strength and distrihution ofFrench forces in the World War, obtained from a recently published War Historyof the French 13th Infantry Division. The average fighting strength of the fieldarmy was 2,120,000 men in 1915 and 2,210,000 in 1916. It was reduced in 1917to 1,702,000 due in part to loss hy casualties not replaced and to withdrawals ofmen from the ranks to farming and war industrial purposes. For 1918 rigidsearch was made of the contingents of young men of April, 1898, "with a finetoothed comh" and exhaustive drafts of colonial colored troops to keep up a sem.blance of military organization with depleted units.

THE MILITARYRAILWAYSYSTEMOF THE WORLD WAR IN GERMA!'>YANDAI:STRIA. By Engineer General Emil Ratzenhofer. Conclusion of an article onthis subject begun in a previous issue. Writer gives a detailed description ofthe foundation and operation of Austro-Hungarian and German railways in prepa-ration for and during continuation of the World War.

THE LIGHT MACHINE GL"':II"BREDA" (Italian). Extracts from a translationfrom the Societa ltaliana Breda describing the construction and special functionsof this Italian machine gun, with three photolithographs showing the gun in firingpositions and other drav.ings giving separate details of its parts. By Colonel ofEngineers Leo Pumerer.

TANKS and :MODER" ANTI-TANK WEAPONS. Two articles by Major FritzHeigel, Austrian Army, retired, now Principal Assistant in department of ArmyTecbnical Instruction in the Technical High School at Vienna. His articles inthis issue are a continuation of essays on tank construction and operation pub-lished in previous issues. In this number he alludes to and gives brief descriptionsof tanks now in use and of recent adoption in Italy, Russia, Poland, Sweden,Czechoslavonia, and Spain.

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In the last article he again takes up his favorite subject of tank-resistingweapons. Among them are the 13.2-mm. Hotchkiss on light field carriage sup-port, with illustration of gun in firing position; the Holland 2-cm. gun, also withillustration; the 37 and 47-mm. infantry gun "Bofors"; the automatic 2-cm.Holland gun; and the new 70-mm. Schneider infantry gun, all with illustrationsof guns in firing positions.

This writer is the author of two books on tank subjects, Taschenbuch deTTanks of 1926 and a supplementary volume on the same subject issued in theSpring of 1927. He is also a frequent contributor to the Technische Mitteilungenand other German military journals of articles on tanks. A careful examinationof his books and contributed papers furnishes convincing evidence of his thoroughknowledge of everything pertaining to tank construction and operation. The textof his writings and books and of the illustrations accompanying them indicate veryclearly that he has had access to and has utilized sources of information bearingon tanks and lead even the casual reader to believe that there is not a rivet, bolt,lever, or other mechanical contrivance and appliance used in tank constructionthat is not known to him. It is also quite apparent that he is an intelligent andcareful student and persist ant follower up of official and unofficial reports andpublications describing maneuvers and exercises in which tanks have been usedand tested by military powers everywhere and that he has been an attendant atsome of these tests. Another impression conveyed by his writings is that sincemanufacture and use of tanks is prohibited to Germany and Austria it is ofgreater importance to the military establishments of those countries to learn allthat can be known of the construction and operation of an arm that mightpossibly be used against them because thorough knowledge of everything pertain-ing to it is essential to successful resistance against it and of the use of weaponsfor its destruction. In some of his earlier writings he gave the impression thatthere was a manifest feeling of indifference among officers of the German andAustrian armies to anything pertaining to tanks and it was his purpose to awakein them an interest in an arm that was bound to play an important role in anyfuture war.

THE "DEFTSCH:Il:EISrERS"-apopular regiment of the former Austro-Hungarianarmy whose home station was Vienna. By Auffenberg Komarow, former Au~trianWar Minister. Writer is the author of an historical work giving a history of theo-ganization and activities of this famous regiment which was organized morethan 200 years ago and has always taken an important part in every militaryaffair in which Austria has been engaged since that time_ The history of theregiment shows that during its service it participated in 500 engagements andits casualties were 4000 men killed in action and 20,000 wounded and missing.It left Vienna at the outbreak of the war under the tumultuous acclamation ofthe population of the entire dty where it had alway!" been a popular favorite.When the Austro-Hungarian debacle made further resistance in the field uselessits depleted and shattered remnants, still holding together in the midst of thedisorganized mob of a dissolved army, returned to Vienna to be met on its arrivalthere by the announcement "the regiment is dissolved" and its skeleton units.on disembarking from the railway carriages, were welcomed by derisive jeers.curses, abnsive and insulting shouts, and even active hostilities of a fanaticalcommunistic bolsheyic rabble of stay-at-home dregs of the Vienna underworldwhich was then in possession of the city. Some of the men of the former regiment

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have found a refuge in the 4th infantry regiment of the present Austrian nationalarmy where they will have an opportunity to cherish and transmit the glorioustraditions of the old "Deutschmeister" organization.

Allgemeine Schweizerische Militar Zeitung-Journal Militaire Suisse. May, 1928.

THE INFANTRYPLATOON IN THE FIGHT. By Major H. Frick, CommandingFm:ilier Battalion 9B. Writer discusses functions of the leaders of subordinateinfantry units due to changes made necessary by introduction of the light machinegun in attack and defence. Illustrated by numerous diagrams.

REPORTSFROM THE SCHOOL OF FIRE. Editorial. Subject: RICOCHET SHOTS.MILITARYTRAININGANDEDUCATIONOF OUR YOUTHS. By Lieut. Walter Hi.ihn,

Rifle Company No. 1. Describes the development of various systems of militarytraining that prevailed in former ages in Switzerland up to the present and statesthat they have attracted the attention of nations in Europe and some of theircharacteristic elements found frequent adoption.

NOTRE DEFENSE ARIENNE. (in French) "L'AVIATION DE CHASSE." By Lieut.Ernest Naef. Capitaine 1\Iitrailleuse Companie. Refers to recent air maneuverexercises held in March between the 3d escadrilles of observation and the 3dof pursuit and their interesting lessons. Make mention of the great interesttaken in development of military aviation in European countries and the necessityfor its study and practice by tbe Swiss.

ON WAR PSYCHOLOGY. Verbatim publication of a lecture on this subjectdelivered by Sanitary Captain Kielholz to the Officers' Association at Brugger inMarch, 1928.

THE SWISS ?\fILITARYPE:;AL LAWS AND REGULATIONS. By Colonel Eugster,Supreme Judge Advocate of the 5th Division. Continuation of a subject begun ina previous issue of this journal. Writer comments on and criticises military penalregulations now governing the Swiss military establishments.

MAXIM XXXI

When you determine to ri$k a battle, reserve toyourself every possible chance of success, moreparticularly if you have to deal with an adversar:rof superior talent; for if you are beaten, even inthe midst of your magazines and your communi-cations, woe to the vanquished.-Napoleon'sMaxims of War.

ik===============;;;a'.!.

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BOOK REVIEWS

Tamerlane, The Earth Shaker. By Harold Lamb. New York: Robert M. McBride

and Company. 1928. 5%,"x 8~1..J". 340 pp. Ill. $4.00.

When Harold Lamb brought out his book on Genghis Khan he set himselfa high standard to follow. His present volume is equally absorbing and colorfuland is, in many respects, more important than the earlier work. The career ofGenghis Khan was not altogether unknown to us of today. To be sure, hisbiography had never been suitably written, but as the founder of the great empirewhich endured to the times of Kublai Khan, as leader of the great disciplinedhordes that spread over Europe and Asia, he could not be overlooked. On theother hand, Tamerlane. the last of the world conquerors, has never received theattention his career deserved. Little has ever before been written in English onthis man who, through his own efforts, rose to from comparative obscurity to therulership of all Asia, save only Cathay, toward which he was headed at the timeof his death.

Unquestionably Tamerlane deserves to be ranked among the greatest ofmilitary leaders. Skilled both in tactics and in strategy, his success in battlewas unbroken after the start of his rise to power. More fortunate in his choiceof a wife than most of the greatebt leaders, he received encouragement when itwas most needed. Possessed of excellent judgment, he administered civil affairswith a skill equal to his military ability. But like practically all of the greatleaders, he was unable to build his empire on a foundation sufficiently stable towithstand the shock of his death.

All this Mr. Lamb points out in no uncertain words. He has given us anothergreat book, direct, lucid, and absorbing. Tamerlane, vigorous and positive, ispresented in a vigorous and positive manner. The value of the book is augmentedby extensive bibliographical notes and, above all, by an index-which mostauthors today seem to consider unnecessary. No military man should considerhis library complete without having this dramatic narrative of the career ofTamerlane in it.

Condensed ."Witary History of the ["nited States. By Colonel H. E. Cloke. Cam-bridge: The Technology Press. 1928.' 5"x 7%". 305 pp. $2.00.

There is in American military literature a void in the field of military history.To date, no one has ever set himself the task of writing the full military historyof the "Cnited States. It is even doubtful that anyone has ever clearly statedwhat is meant by "the military history of the United States." Campaigns andbattles, of course-but what else? Upton ventured into the field with a bookwhich he called The Military Policy of the United States. Dawson attacked an-other phase in his Battles of the [;nited States, a pha..<:e...hich was repeated by

[453]

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Carrington in his Battles of the American Revolution and which was extended bySteele in his American Campaigns. Now Colonel Cloke goes a step further andadds a thread of continuity to our campaigns and battles which the other accountsdo not possess, but it does not seem that the term "Military History" should yetbe applied. Findlay makes the same error in his Outline of the Military Historyof the United States.

There is more to our military history than campaigns and battles. Surely thehistory of the Army and of its peacetime accomplishmentsis a part. Equally, themilitary policy of the nation, its attitude toward professional armies, its methodsof raisin~ and maintaining armies, its military laws, its conception of the partthe Army should play in its national and international affairs should be included.It would also seem that the causes of our wars and their results in our economiclife deserve a place in military history; and it is probable that the wars which wedid not fight are fully as important as those we did.

Of course, campaigns and battles must he studied, particula!1y by the mili-tary neophyte, and of these Colonel Cloke has given us an admirable "generalguide and background," to which he has added an extensive bibliography. Thespace limitations which he set himself-probably induced by the time limitationsimposed upon the R. O. T. C. schedule--has required so complete a condensationthat his book is really an outline synopsis of American wars. It is suited to itspurpose and will be of benefit to any officer working in military history. Itbegins with the colonial period and ends with the close of the World War. Itfinds for itself an unoccupied place in our literature, but it should be elaborated.With such an excellent start, it is to be hoped that the author will set himselfthe task of preparing a military history which will be more than an account ofcampaigns and battles and which will not require use of the word "Condensed"in the title.

Artillery: Toduy and Tomorrolt'. By Colonel H. Rowan-Robins,m. London: Wil-liam Clowesand Sons. 1928. 51h"x 81/::". 84 pp. 5s.

"The British Army can and should be wholly mechanized"-this is the as.sumption on which the book is based.

Tbe author sees in India a stumbling block to mechanization, conditionsthere being unfavorable. But he goes ahead with a discussion, in chapter afterchapter, to prOVf:the necessity for mechanization and to discuss conditions ofwarfare with a mechanized force. "Tbe presence of infantry in a land battleis anachronism. During the hybrid period, which is necessarily of long duration,it has, however,to be accepted." But "the best antidote to the tank is the tank.,"and the tank naturally grows into a gun-carrying vehicle. This is the future, hethinks, of all artillery in the :lield_nd it must be commandedfrom the air.

For the defense of coastal fortresses he sees great possibilities in the airplane,but-"at present the aeroplane ..• is made less efficientthan the gun for thespecial duties involved in the defense of a coast fortress."

A hook of interest to all branches of the Service.-S. ~f.

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BOOK REVIEWS 455

Alexander: A Romantic Biography.politan Book Company. 1928.

By Konrad Bercovici. New York: Cosmo-514"x 8". 335 pp. $2.50.

While Lamb is establishing a chronological bracket with his biographies ofGenghis Khan and Tamerlane, Bercovici takes advantage of the opportunity towrite the biography of their only approximate contemporary in their class in thefields of leadership and military accomplishment. In many respects Alexanderhad a marked advantage over both Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. Born toleadership, he had a following from the very first. He was never reduced to thecondition of Genghis Khan, who at one time led only a small family group, norof Tamerlane, who at one time could count his followerson a single finger. Yetin the end he had accomplishedno more than they.

The author, a Roumanian who is fluent in eight languages, strips much ofthe glamor from the life of Alexander. Instead of the natural born military leaderurged on by a destiny which will not be denied, we find him a harrassed youngman of tremendous breadth of vision being ever spurred forward by the insatiableambition of two women and yet, at the same time, hampered by them, neither ofwhom understood him. His mother, Qlympias, the red-haired daughter of anEpirotic king, hating his father, the gross Philip of Macedon, had but one realaim in life. Alexander should become so great, so famous, that he would wipePhilip's name from the pages of history; Philip should be known only as thefather of Alexander. Her life was devoted to the fulfilment of this ambition. andAlexander's entire training had this end in view.

When the Macedonian army defeated Darius, the king of kings of Persia,Statira, daughter of Darius, became a factor. Since Alexander had defeated thegreatest of all kings-her fathC"r-he must now continue to conquer the worldand thus prove himself greater than Darius. Nothing less would satisfy her.

Driven by two women who worked at cross purposes, we see Alexander,temperamental, subject to fits, fond of women and wine, pass from one victory toanother. A great strategist, an expert tactician, and endowed with the qualitiesof leadership, Alexander had his own vision which he pursued to the end of theworld and returned a haggard veteran at the age of thirty-three_

It is with a sense of disappointment that we finish the book-disappointmentin Alexander himself. We feel that he has not risen superior to his surroundings,that something has been lacking in his character to make him truly great. Heaccomplished wonders, to be sure, but he failed so to build his empire that itwould hold together at his death. What might he not have accomplished hadhe had a sympathetic and understanding mother and a firm governmentat home?

It may be doubted that this is the Alexander the author intended to paintwhen he undertook his labors, but this is the Alexander we see. Written inpopular style, the narrative is gripping throughout the volume. Alexander, dis-gustingly filthy in his drunken fits or gorgeously attired in Persian robes on aPersian throne or seated at the head of a banquet watching the nude women ofa defeated enemy waiting upon his tables or marching at the head of his victoriousarmy, ever in hold relief against a vivid background!

The hook will be well received-but we still wonder if we have seen the realAlexander.

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Janus: The Conquest of War; A Psychological Inquiry. By William McDougall.New York: E. P. Dutton and Company. 1927. 159 pp. $1.00.

It does not appear who William McDougall is, save that he is English (orScotch) and a psychologist-perhaps one should know the rest without beingtold. But he writes an admirable little book on pacifism. His demolition ofmany pacifist theories, particularly of the sentimental, non-resistance and dis-armament-before-security schools, is as complete and c1eancut a bit of workas can be found. Whether one agrees with his deduction as to the "only" wayof preventing war-it is at least an original idea--or whether it appears fantastic,it should be admitted that Mr. McDougall's analysis of the problem-the solutioncommonly offered-is made on a basis of clear, scientific reasoning.

His tIlesis is that the fear of aggression is not only the firm fOlmdation onwhich armaments are built, but is, in the last analysis, the basic cause of war itself.On their probable ability to remove definitely this fear of aggression, he examinesthe various panaceas of the pacifist schools, applying to each these three tests-Is it desirable? Is it practicable? Is it likely to be effective? His conclusionsare that prevention of war by "popular enlightenment alone is impractical,... that the public opinion of the world, even when focussed, directed andexpressed by League of Nations and the International Court of Justice, will notsuffice in itself to prevent aggression, ... that treaties of arbitration arein themselves of little effect as guarantees against aggression, ... that totaldisarmament ... is undesirable and impossible ... ,that any consider-able reduction of armaments ... is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible,unless some guarantee against aggression can first he provided, ... thateconomic pressure of effective degree cannot he surely brought into play for the... prevention of aggression, ... that the expressions 'InternationalLaw' and 'Outlawry of War' are at present merely delusive terms, ... thatthe abolition of nationality and nationalism is undesirable and impossible tobring about even were it desirable."

This destructive criticism occupies seven-eighths of his short book. In theremaining pages he outlines and defends his own solution for peace-an inter-national air force operating under the orders and backing the decisions of theInternational Court of Justice; the abolition of all national air forces; and aninternational agreement limiting all commercial aircraft to a speed of 100 milesan hour. And-{lh, yes--he also says: "It might be judged desirable to ask thenations to forego the luxury of possessing antiaircraft guns; though in view ofthe ineffectiveness of guns against aircraft, that would hardly seem neces-sary." (1)-5. M.

Kitchener: Soldier and Statesman_ By S. Stuart Starritt. London: The ReligiousTract Society. 1928. 4%"x 7%". 156 pp. m. 2s.6d.

Field Marshall Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, G. C. S. I., G. C. B., O. M.,G. C. M. G., led an industrious and adventurous life in the service of his countryand died a tragic and untimely death. Eight years in Palestine and Cypruspaved the way for his career in Egypt and the Sudan, where Kitchener earned hisreputation as a man capable of accomplishing the impossible. His popularity

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was such that Sir William Butler wittily remarked, upon Kitcheners' return toEngland just before the Boer War, that had the Customsofficerssearched Kitchen-er's luggage they would surely have discovereda Field Marshal's baton.

To cram this eventful career in a hundred and fifty pages means the omis-sion of much of importance in Kitchener's life. The inspirational value of hisloyalty, his patriotism, and his distinct sense of duty, however, remain, and it isthese characteristics which the author seeks to emphasize. The book is writtenprimarily as an inspiration to boys, but the fact is not obstrusively apparent.The narrative possesses continuity, the language is simple, and the method ofpresentation is interesting. The volume amply fills its purpose and should beincluded in the list of books to be purchased this winter for the younger membersof the family.

Spy and Counter-Spy. By Richard Wilmer Rowan. New York: The Viking Press.1928. 5!h"x 814". 322 pp. $3.50.

The trouble with writing about spies is that the people who know most aboutthem are not saying anything-for various reasons. Under this obvioushandicapMr. Rowan has neverthelessproduced a readable hook and a very fair treatise onthe generalities involved. It would have been better had he quoted his authoritiesand far more interesting had he been able to go deeper into the details of spyingand counter-spying. But that was where his handicap came in.

In several places he appears to have let his imagination get away from him,as for instance in his assumption that it was solely the lack of good intelligencewhich prevented the Allied fleet from going through the Dardanelles just afterits attack of March 18, 1915. And there is also this amazing sentence: "ExceptingRussia in the grip of the Okheana or its Bolsheviksubstitutes, or possibly Indiaunder the Mogul Emperors, it appears that no country or people has ever requiredso many spies per capita or sufferedsuch generous official,semi-official,and purelyofficiousespionage as the American nation today."-S. M.

Letters of Gertrude Bell of Ambia. Edited by Lady Bell. New York: Boni andLiverright. 1927. 2 v. 791 pp. Ill. $10.00.

It is difficult to review these two volumes of letters without being carriedaway by admiration for their authoress. To say that Gertrude Bell was the mostremarkable woman of her times is to put it mildly indeed. Scholar, poet, his-torian, archaeologist, art-critic, mountaineei",explorer, naturalist, diplomat, ad-ministrator-and an outstanding figure in all these lines of endeavor--she was awomangifted with amazing energy, rare intellect, and flawlesscourage.

Her explorationsin Arabia, ~esopotamia, and Syria before the war were madequite alone, except for her native guides and servants, under _"lppalIingconditionsof hardship and of course at almost constant risk of life_ But from them sheobtained a knowledge of the tribes and a prestige ~ith them which made herservices invaluable to the British Army in lferopotamia throughout its long andarduous desert campaigns. With the capture of Baghdad in 1917begau the greatwork in which she bore so large a part, the slow pacification of the country, thecreation of the Arah State of Iraq, and its administration under British tutorage--

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certainly one of the most extraordinary feats of statesmanship in history. Up tothe day of her death in July, 1926, she labored at this task, indispensable to herBritish colleaguesand worshiped by the Arabs.

Her life was one of high adventure, crowned by still higher achievements.Her letters give a' clear-cut picture of western Asia and of British colonial ad-ministration at its best. They reveal a mind of outstanding cultivation, avid forall the interests which the world and its peoples can give, and humanized by strongaffections and keen humor.-S. M.

With Malice Towards None. By Honore Willsie Morrow. New York: WilliamMorrow and Co. 1928. 377 pp. $2.50.

John Brown's Body. By Stephen Vincent Benet. New York: Doubleday, Doranand Company. 1928. 342 pp. $2.50.

Two excellent books of Civil War portraiture. The first confines itselfalmost wholly to Lincoln, his family, and his strange duel of affection and antag-onism with Charles Sumner. Mrs. !\lorrow makes :Mary Lincoln a person ofmore importance, both in intellect and in character, than she is usually creditedwith having been.

Benet's long poem deals in the main with pawns in the great struggle; but hegives some excellent sketches of Grant, Lee, Sherman, Jackson, Lincoln, and Davis.

Is it the influence of the movies, of vivid photographic presentation, whichhas brought about this era of portraiture books, both fiction and biography? Theystand out in the mind's eye as clearly contrasted to the old style as does a goodnews-reel in comparison with a newspaper description of the event.-S. M.

Songs of Tropic Trails. By George Warburton Lewis. Philadelphia: Dorranceand Company.1928. 5:J4"x 7%". 78 pp. $1.75.

One would not expect to find that the chief of the insular police of PortoRico would be possessed of the light touch and delicate imagination of a poet,yet here is the proof. ColonelLewis, veteran of Moro and Boxer days, is a worldwanderer and soldier of fortune akin to Poe, Franck, and Christmas. San Domingo,Panama, Nicaragua, Porto Rico, Martinique, Haiti, know him, and it is of thesetropic countries that he sings. Forty-eight poems, some short, some long, makeup the present volume, and all echo the fantasies of a real poet.

'~-'===~~==~==~-flMAXIM XL Ii.

Fortresses are equally useful in offensit:e and de-fersive warfare. It is true they will not in them- ji

!~::.I' selves arrest an army, but they are an excellent II!.'means of retarding, embarrassing, weakening, andannoying a victorious enemy_-Napoleon's Maxims Ii

:1 of War_ Ii:.~.I. --L: