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The Cold War The Cold War 1945 - 1991 1945 - 1991

The Cold War 1945 - 1991. Hot – Warm - Cold Hot War : this is actual warfare Hot War : this is actual warfare Warm War : talks are still going on but

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Page 1: The Cold War 1945 - 1991. Hot – Warm - Cold Hot War : this is actual warfare Hot War : this is actual warfare Warm War : talks are still going on but

The Cold WarThe Cold War1945 - 19911945 - 1991

Page 2: The Cold War 1945 - 1991. Hot – Warm - Cold Hot War : this is actual warfare Hot War : this is actual warfare Warm War : talks are still going on but

Hot – Warm - ColdHot – Warm - Cold

Hot War : this is actual warfareHot War : this is actual warfareWarm War : talks are still going on but Warm War : talks are still going on but

war plans are being put into operation war plans are being put into operation

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Origins of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War

Cold WarCold War the state of hostility, the state of hostility,

without actual warfarewithout actual warfare Stimulated development Stimulated development

of emerging nationsof emerging nations Stimulated extraordinary Stimulated extraordinary

advance in weaponsadvance in weapons US VS Soviet UnionUS VS Soviet Union

Lasted until the Soviet Lasted until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991Union collapsed in 1991

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Conflicting Postwar Goals! Conflicting Postwar Goals!

US wanted to spread US wanted to spread democracy and democracy and capitalism capitalism

Soviet Union wanted Soviet Union wanted security and to spread security and to spread communism communism

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US Develops Major Cold War Policies US Develops Major Cold War Policies ContainmentContainment

US must resist Soviet attempts to US must resist Soviet attempts to spread communist throughout spread communist throughout worldworld

The Truman Doctrine (1947)The Truman Doctrine (1947) take leadership role in the worldtake leadership role in the world help countries resist communismhelp countries resist communism Offered military aid to Greece and Offered military aid to Greece and

Turkey to resist soviet military Turkey to resist soviet military pressurepressure

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Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery

Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.

4.4. More than 20 billion of US aid to More than 20 billion of US aid to friendly Western European nationsfriendly Western European nations

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Fear of Communists In the U.S.Fear of Communists In the U.S.

The Loyalty Program -1947The Loyalty Program -1947

1.1. designed to review the designed to review the loyalty of federal loyalty of federal employeesemployees

House Un-American House Un-American Activities Committee Activities Committee (HUAC)(HUAC)

1.1. investigated government investigated government agencies, Hollywood etc.agencies, Hollywood etc.

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Are you now or have you ever been Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?a member of the Communist party? The Hollywood Ten The Hollywood Ten

1.1. served jail terms of 6 served jail terms of 6 months – 1 yearmonths – 1 year

Hollywood plays the Hollywood plays the “game”“game”

1.1. created a blacklistcreated a blacklist

2.2. steered clear of steered clear of controversial topicscontroversial topics

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The McCarthy Witch Hunts The McCarthy Witch Hunts Senator Joseph McCarthy played Senator Joseph McCarthy played

on people’s fear of communismon people’s fear of communism TargetsTargets

1.1. Govt. personnelGovt. personnel

2.2. former Sec. of State George former Sec. of State George MarshallMarshall

3.3. US ArmyUS Army hearings began in late April 1954hearings began in late April 1954

1.1. TelevisedTelevised

2.2. Democrats wanted public to Democrats wanted public to “see” McCarthy “see” McCarthy

3.3. most Americans were horrifiedmost Americans were horrified

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The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its first A-exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.bomb in 1949.

} Now there were two Now there were two nuclear superpowers!nuclear superpowers!

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949(NATO) 1949

Member nations Member nations pledged assistance to pledged assistance to each othereach other

Military assistance Military assistance consisting of U.S. and consisting of U.S. and Western European Western European countriescountries

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NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

Luxemburg, Netherlands, NorwayLuxemburg, Netherlands, Norway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West Germany1955: West Germany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

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The Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact

1955 – Soviet 1955 – Soviet Response to NATOResponse to NATO

1.1. Military alliance Military alliance between the between the Soviet Union and Soviet Union and its satellite its satellite nations in E. nations in E. EuropeEurope

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Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiCzechoslovakiaa

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

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Cold War BattlefieldsCold War Battlefields

Space Race Space Race Arms Race Arms Race Korea Korea Cuba Cuba Vietnam Vietnam

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Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in spaceThe Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!—they have the technological edge!

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The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/The Nuclear Threat Grows / Arms Race/Space RaceSpace Race

1952 – US tested hydrogen 1952 – US tested hydrogen bombbomb

1953 – Soviets tested a 1953 – Soviets tested a hydrogen bombhydrogen bomb

1957 – Soviet launches the 1957 – Soviet launches the first satellite into space first satellite into space (Sputnik)(Sputnik) Catalysts for the space raceCatalysts for the space race

1969- Two Americans Neil 1969- Two Americans Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walk on the moon walk on the moon

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Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

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Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

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Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

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The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

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The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

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Korean War “Forgotten War” Korean War “Forgotten War” 1950-19531950-1953 Communist supported North Korea Communist supported North Korea

China China

U.S. supported South KoreaU.S. supported South Korea By the end of May 1951, communist By the end of May 1951, communist

forces had been driven out of South forces had been driven out of South Korea.Korea.

The war had developed into a The war had developed into a stalematestalemate

1.1. Peace talks will continue on and off for Peace talks will continue on and off for ~2 years ~2 years

2.2. July 1951-July 1953July 1951-July 1953

July 27, 1953 – Armistice SignedJuly 27, 1953 – Armistice Signed Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was Fearing WWIII, the Korean war was

limited to the Korean peninsula limited to the Korean peninsula

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ConsequencesConsequences

first armed confrontation of the Cold Warfirst armed confrontation of the Cold War it set a model for many later conflicts. it set a model for many later conflicts. It created the idea of a limited war, where the It created the idea of a limited war, where the

two superpowers would fight without two superpowers would fight without descending to an all out war that could involve descending to an all out war that could involve nuclear weapons. nuclear weapons.

It also expanded the Cold War, which to that It also expanded the Cold War, which to that point had mostly been concerned with Europe. point had mostly been concerned with Europe.

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DeathDeath

US: 33,000 US: 33,000 S. Korea: 1.1 S. Korea: 1.1

Million Million North Korea: 1.6 North Korea: 1.6

Million Million China: 110,400 China: 110,400 Total cost: 3.5 Total cost: 3.5

Billion (1952 figure)Billion (1952 figure)

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Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

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China Falls to the Communists China Falls to the Communists

Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control Communists (Mao Zedong) gained control Creates the People’s Republic of ChinaCreates the People’s Republic of China 1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch 1958 Great Leap Forward Plan was to launch

China into world industrial power by China into world industrial power by maximizing labor in village level industriesmaximizing labor in village level industries Economic disasterEconomic disaster

1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization 1966 Cultural Revolution – mass mobilization of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and of youth’s into the Red Guard Units and instilled revolutionary fervor in a new instilled revolutionary fervor in a new generationgeneration Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie Campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeoisie

(revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious (revolutionary elders, authors, artists and religious figures)figures)

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1966-1976: Cultural Revolution1966-1976: Cultural Revolution

"Cultural Revolution", "Cultural Revolution", Mao's 10-year political Mao's 10-year political and ideological and ideological campaign aimed at campaign aimed at reviving revolutionary reviving revolutionary spirit, produces spirit, produces massive social, massive social, economic and political economic and political upheaval.upheaval.

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1976: Gang of Four1976: Gang of FourMao dies. "Gang of Four", Mao dies. "Gang of Four",

including Mao's widow, including Mao's widow, jockey for power but are jockey for power but are arrested and convicted of arrested and convicted of crimes against the state. crimes against the state.

From 1977 Deng Xiaoping From 1977 Deng Xiaoping emerges as the dominant emerges as the dominant figure among pragmatists figure among pragmatists in the leadership. Under in the leadership. Under him, China undertakes far-him, China undertakes far-reaching economic reaching economic reforms.reforms.

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1986-19901986-1990

China's "Open-China's "Open-door policy" opens door policy" opens the country to the country to foreign investment foreign investment and encourages and encourages development of a development of a market economy market economy and private sector.and private sector.

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1989: Tiananmen Square1989: Tiananmen Square

Student protestors Student protestors fired upon by PRC fired upon by PRC forces.forces.

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Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

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CubaCuba There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent There is little evidence to suggest that Castro’s intent

was to create a Communist government.was to create a Communist government. However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s However, the U.S. invoked a blockade (Castro’s

seizure of U.S. citizens property), and Cuba then seizure of U.S. citizens property), and Cuba then looked to the USSR for economic aid. looked to the USSR for economic aid.

This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, This, in essence, made Cuba an USSR dependent, also making Cuba communist.also making Cuba communist.

April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA April 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA work to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup work to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. Coup failed, since US air support didn’t happen. failed, since US air support didn’t happen.

Cuban Missile Crises (1962)Cuban Missile Crises (1962)Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to Soviet Union deployed Nuclear – tipped missiles to

Cuba in response to U.S. deployment of nuclear Cuba in response to U.S. deployment of nuclear missiles in Turkeymissiles in Turkey

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Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

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Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

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Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

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Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

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Why Vietnam?Why Vietnam?

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Early involvementEarly involvement

Democrats during the early Democrats during the early 60’s lamented the loss of 60’s lamented the loss of China to communism in 1949.China to communism in 1949.The policy of containment had The policy of containment had

been broken, and there was an been broken, and there was an unwillingness to allow it to unwillingness to allow it to happen again. happen again.

Johnson and Kennedy were Johnson and Kennedy were fervent anti-communists.fervent anti-communists.

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That will show them?That will show them?

Standing firm in Standing firm in Vietnam would send a Vietnam would send a strong message to the strong message to the Soviets… Soviets…

Wars of liberation Wars of liberation would prove to be would prove to be “costly, dangerous, “costly, dangerous, and doomed to failure”.and doomed to failure”.

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US SuperiorityUS Superiority The long held belief The long held belief

was that US military was that US military prowess and prowess and technology could stem technology could stem the tide of this rural the tide of this rural communist movement. communist movement.

Advanced weapons Advanced weapons were ill suited to were ill suited to combat against a combat against a guerilla war against a guerilla war against a phantom adversary.phantom adversary.

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Harming the savedHarming the saved

The strategy of using The strategy of using air power and force was air power and force was actually damaging the actually damaging the people it was intending people it was intending to save, as bombings to save, as bombings were having a dramatic were having a dramatic effect on rural villages effect on rural villages in the countryside in the countryside through the use of through the use of Napalm.Napalm.

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A coup in South VietnamA coup in South Vietnam

Stability in the anti-Stability in the anti-communist government communist government in South Vietnam was in South Vietnam was crucial. Ngo Dien Dimh crucial. Ngo Dien Dimh didn’t provide it. didn’t provide it.

He was overthrown after He was overthrown after brutally oppressing brutally oppressing Buddhists and Buddhists and mismanaging the state.mismanaging the state.

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Involvement under Involvement under Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson

In 1965 the South In 1965 the South Vietnamese government Vietnamese government approached collapse.approached collapse.

Johnson fearing the eminent Johnson fearing the eminent communist takeover initiated communist takeover initiated full scale American full scale American involvement. •“I am not going involvement. •“I am not going to be the president who saw to be the president who saw SE Asia go the way of SE Asia go the way of China.”China.”

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Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

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MassacreMassacre

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Gulf of Tonkin IncidentGulf of Tonkin Incident American ships engaged in American ships engaged in

espionage off the coast of espionage off the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. Tonkin.

Two US destroyers reported Two US destroyers reported being fired upon by North being fired upon by North Vietnamese gunboats. Vietnamese gunboats.

Johnson quickly ordered Johnson quickly ordered airstrikes on North airstrikes on North Vietnamese oil storage.Vietnamese oil storage.

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The ResolutionThe ResolutionHe sought “all necessary He sought “all necessary

measures to repel any measures to repel any armed attacks against the armed attacks against the forces of the United forces of the United States and to prevent States and to prevent further aggression”. further aggression”.

Vote in the House: 416-0. Vote in the House: 416-0. Senate 98-2. Senate 98-2.

He had the ability to run He had the ability to run the war as he saw fit. An the war as he saw fit. An incredible mandate.incredible mandate.

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The Americanized WarThe Americanized War

““They can’t even bomb an They can’t even bomb an outhouse without my outhouse without my permission” Lyndon B. Johnson. permission” Lyndon B. Johnson.

US pilots dropped 3.2 million US pilots dropped 3.2 million tons of explosives on North tons of explosives on North Vietnam, more than in all of Vietnam, more than in all of WWII…the South Vietnamese WWII…the South Vietnamese experienced 2x the bombing of experienced 2x the bombing of the North.the North.

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Paris Peace Accords 1-27-1973Paris Peace Accords 1-27-1973

Essentially a Essentially a cease fire. cease fire.

The fall of Saigon The fall of Saigon occurs 2 years occurs 2 years later with the later with the famous helicopter famous helicopter boarding pictures.boarding pictures.

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Vietnam WarVietnam War

Further attempts by the US Further attempts by the US to implement “containment” to implement “containment” policy. 1976-1973 policy. 1976-1973

War impossible to win? War impossible to win? Reveals flaws of Reveals flaws of

containment ideology containment ideology Withdrawal in defeatWithdrawal in defeat

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Vietnam War RecapVietnam War Recap Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh

supported a guerilla movement against non-supported a guerilla movement against non-communist South Vietnam.communist South Vietnam.

JFK sent American military advisors to South JFK sent American military advisors to South Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military Vietnam, and Lyndon Johnson sent full military deployment.deployment. After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of After an apparent North Vietnamese attack in Gulf of

TonkinTonkin By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the By the end of 1966, (365,000) troops were engaged in the

warwar US ended involvement there in 1973, and South US ended involvement there in 1973, and South

Vietnam fell in 1975.Vietnam fell in 1975. Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt Anti-war sentiment rose in US, and military felt

restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed restrictions limited US success; restrictions designed to keep China out of war.to keep China out of war.

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International Tension in the International Tension in the 1980’s1980’s

US-led boycott of the 1980 Olympics in US-led boycott of the 1980 Olympics in MoscowMoscow

Iranian revolution of 1979 and the US hostage Iranian revolution of 1979 and the US hostage stand-off that accompanied itstand-off that accompanied it

Iran–Iraq War 1980Iran–Iraq War 1980 the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanonthe 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon the escalating tensions between Pakistan and the escalating tensions between Pakistan and

India, contributed to making the Middle East an India, contributed to making the Middle East an extremely violent and turbulent region during extremely violent and turbulent region during the 1980s. the 1980s.

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Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution

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Iranian Revolution: CausesIranian Revolution: Causes The revolution was led by Shia cleric Ayatollah The revolution was led by Shia cleric Ayatollah

Khomeini who overthrew the Western-backed Shah Khomeini who overthrew the Western-backed Shah PahlaviPahlavi

It was in part a conservative backlash against the It was in part a conservative backlash against the Westernizing and secularizing of Iran Westernizing and secularizing of Iran

The Shah was perceived by many as a puppet of The Shah was perceived by many as a puppet of the U.S.the U.S. whose culture was contaminating that of whose culture was contaminating that of Iran. Iran. also seen as oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and extravagantalso seen as oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and extravagantambitious economic program that brought economic ambitious economic program that brought economic

bottlenecks, shortages and inflation.bottlenecks, shortages and inflation.

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Iran hostage crisisIran hostage crisis

group of Islamist students group of Islamist students took over the American took over the American embassy in support of the embassy in support of the Iranian revolutionIranian revolution

52 U.S. diplomats were 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981January 20, 1981

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Iran-Iraq War: September 1980 Iran-Iraq War: September 1980 to August 1988to August 1988

Born out of the idea of Saddam Hussein to Born out of the idea of Saddam Hussein to create a new Arab Nationalism at the expense create a new Arab Nationalism at the expense of Iran of Iran

He was supported extensively by the US—He was supported extensively by the US—based on previous US/Iran tension.based on previous US/Iran tension.

Results of the war but brought neither Results of the war but brought neither reparations nor change in borders.reparations nor change in borders.Used trench warfare, chemical weapons, human Used trench warfare, chemical weapons, human

wave attacks, etc.wave attacks, etc.

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Persian Gulf War from 1990-Persian Gulf War from 1990-19911991 Occurred after Iraq occupied Occurred after Iraq occupied

and annexed Kuwait in and annexed Kuwait in August 1990August 1990

Result: Coalition victory Result: Coalition victory Removal of Iraqi invasion Removal of Iraqi invasion

force from Kuwait force from Kuwait Establishment of US military Establishment of US military

presence in Saudi Arabia presence in Saudi Arabia Imposition of UN Sanctions Imposition of UN Sanctions

against Iraq against Iraq

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War in AfghanistanWar in Afghanistan

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Soviet-Afghan WarSoviet-Afghan War Afghanistan Invaded by Soviets, Afghanistan Invaded by Soviets,

December 27, 1979 -1988December 27, 1979 -1988 CausesCauses

Instability of AfghanistanInstability of AfghanistanPerception of Muslim Regimes (Iran)Perception of Muslim Regimes (Iran)US / Soviet competitionUS / Soviet competition

Soviet forces supporting Afghan Soviet forces supporting Afghan communists against Islamic freedom communists against Islamic freedom fighters known as Mujahadeenfighters known as Mujahadeen

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What happened?What happened? By mid-1980s, the Afghan resistance movement was By mid-1980s, the Afghan resistance movement was

assisted by the U.S., Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, U.K. and assisted by the U.S., Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, U.K. and othersothers

The US viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral The US viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral Cold War struggleCold War struggleCIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet forcesCIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet forces

Charlie Wilson (Rep of Texas) led Congress into Charlie Wilson (Rep of Texas) led Congress into supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever CIA covert supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever CIA covert operationoperationSupplied 600 mil in aid per/yr to the Afgha Mujahideen Supplied 600 mil in aid per/yr to the Afgha Mujahideen

during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.young Saudi named Osama bin Laden was among them young Saudi named Osama bin Laden was among them

( later the leader of al-Qaeda)( later the leader of al-Qaeda)

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TalibanTalibanThe The TalibanTaliban translation: students translation: students is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtun is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtun

fundamentalist religious and political movement fundamentalist religious and political movement that governed Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001that governed Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001

Has origin and ties to Mujahadeen rebel forcesHas origin and ties to Mujahadeen rebel forcesThe Taliban's extremely strict and "anti-The Taliban's extremely strict and "anti-

modern" ideologymodern" ideologyStrict form of shariaStrict form of shariaAnti-westernAnti-westernAnti-women’s rightsAnti-women’s rights

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Reagan ends cold warReagan ends cold war

Not with bombs, but with Not with bombs, but with spending. spending.

Bipolar world collapsed under Bipolar world collapsed under the cost of maintaining it the cost of maintaining it

Demise of regimes in Eastern Demise of regimes in Eastern EuropeEurope

1989 Berlin wall comes down1989 Berlin wall comes downBoris Yeltsin who emerges to Boris Yeltsin who emerges to

formally declare an end to the formally declare an end to the Soviet Union, 12-25-1991Soviet Union, 12-25-1991

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Post-Soviet statesPost-Soviet states

ArmeniaArmenia AzerbaijanAzerbaijan BelarusBelarus EstoniaEstonia GeorgiaGeorgia KazakhstanKazakhstan KyrgystanKyrgystan

LatviaLatvia LithuaniaLithuania MoldovaMoldova RussiaRussia TajikstanTajikstan TurkmenistanTurkmenistan UkraineUkraine UzbekistanUzbekistan

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The World Since 1950The World Since 1950 Broad TrendsBroad Trends Colonial Breakup-rise of independent nations Colonial Breakup-rise of independent nations

around the world. around the world. Wars of liberation-case studies: causes, costs, and Wars of liberation-case studies: causes, costs, and

outcomes. outcomes. To align or not to align? To align or not to align? Ethnic conflicts-often ending in tragedy Ethnic conflicts-often ending in tragedy Fragile new democracies-rise of military autocracies Fragile new democracies-rise of military autocracies Israel and the Middle East: easily the most Israel and the Middle East: easily the most

dominant theme of the past 58 years.dominant theme of the past 58 years.

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Challenges of DecolonizationChallenges of DecolonizationDozens of new nations were created Dozens of new nations were created

between 1945-1965.between 1945-1965.Most were created with little or no money, Most were created with little or no money,

so economic concerns took center stage.so economic concerns took center stage.There were also educational concerns:There were also educational concerns:

What language to teach…What language to teach…How to instill a sense of national unity to what How to instill a sense of national unity to what

was a colony…was a colony…How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates…How to provide satisfying jobs for graduates………which when faced with these issues, most which when faced with these issues, most

opted for authoritarian rule.opted for authoritarian rule.

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New nations in South/SE AsiaNew nations in South/SE Asia India (secular) republic India (secular) republic

and Pakistan were and Pakistan were incredibly dissimilar.incredibly dissimilar.

Pakistan became a Pakistan became a military government, military government, and sees Bangladesh and sees Bangladesh break away in 1971.break away in 1971.

India was able to India was able to maintain its unity since maintain its unity since she retained largershe retained larger portions of education and portions of education and industry.industry.

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Colonial BreakupColonial BreakupPrime example-India Prime example-India Lesser known examples Lesser known examples

Pakistan 1947Pakistan 1947Egypt -ind from UK 1922; became Egypt -ind from UK 1922; became

a Republic in 1953a Republic in 1953Jordan -Ind from UK 1946 formed Jordan -Ind from UK 1946 formed

constitutional monarchyconstitutional monarchyVietnam- ind from France 1945; Vietnam- ind from France 1945;

formed communist state in 1975formed communist state in 1975Cambodia- ind from France 1953; Cambodia- ind from France 1953;

constitutional monarchy constitutional monarchy Laos – ind from France 1949; Laos – ind from France 1949;

communist statecommunist state

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African IndependenceAfrican IndependenceFrench were French were

determined to hold determined to hold Algeria, since many Algeria, since many French lived there. French lived there. Fought from 1954-Fought from 1954-1962, but Algeria won 1962, but Algeria won independence.independence.

Ghana was the first Ghana was the first colony in Africa to gain colony in Africa to gain independence – 1957 independence – 1957 from UKfrom UK

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Independence in South AfricaIndependence in South Africa

Independent from UK -1910Independent from UK -1910 Republic- 1961Republic- 1961 Nelson Mandela as the leader of Nelson Mandela as the leader of

the African National Congress the African National Congress organized guerrilla resistance in organized guerrilla resistance in 19601960 sent to jail for life in 1964sent to jail for life in 1964 becomes the first Black president becomes the first Black president

in South Africa in 1994 in South Africa in 1994

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African DependenceAfrican Dependence

Foreign aid by year: Foreign aid by year: 1970: 27 Billion 1970: 27 Billion 1980: 321.3 Billion 1980: 321.3 Billion Still no answers to the Still no answers to the

problems facing Africa problems facing Africa TodayToday

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Latin America: descent into Latin America: descent into dictatorsdictators

Depression of the 1930’s weighs hard on Depression of the 1930’s weighs hard on Latin America. Latin America.

Foreign dependence soars Foreign dependence soars Economic strife—leads to domestic strifeEconomic strife—leads to domestic strife

—leads to military despotism. —leads to military despotism. Repressive military regimes in Chile, Repressive military regimes in Chile,

Brazil, and ArgentinaBrazil, and Argentina

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Latin American FreedomLatin American Freedom Europe was mostly out of the picture, but US Europe was mostly out of the picture, but US

and European economic domination increased.and European economic domination increased. Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala tried to Mexico still had rich v. poor, Guatemala tried to

remove the United Fruit Company (1954), but remove the United Fruit Company (1954), but the CIA helped remove the president from the CIA helped remove the president from power, making Guatemala unstable for power, making Guatemala unstable for decades.decades.

In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime, In Cuba, Batista ruled a repressive regime, while US business dominated. This resulted in while US business dominated. This resulted in a popular revolt, led by Fidel Castro, which a popular revolt, led by Fidel Castro, which overthrew Batista.overthrew Batista.

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Democratic RevivalDemocratic Revival

Inspired by US Inspired by US By 1970 only Mexico, Costa Rica, By 1970 only Mexico, Costa Rica,

Colombia, and Venezuela were Colombia, and Venezuela were democratic. democratic.

By 1985 only Cuba and Chile weren’t! By 1985 only Cuba and Chile weren’t! By 1992 it was back to the 1970’s as By 1992 it was back to the 1970’s as

economic woes crush democracies economic woes crush democracies throughout.throughout.

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Conflict in the Middle EastConflict in the Middle East

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The Middle EastThe Middle East

Fall of the Ottoman EmpireFall of the Ottoman EmpireCreation of modern TurkeyCreation of modern TurkeyOld Ottoman lands (Middle East) carved-up Old Ottoman lands (Middle East) carved-up

by the France (Syria & Lebanon) and Britain by the France (Syria & Lebanon) and Britain (Palestine, Jordan, & Iraq)(Palestine, Jordan, & Iraq)

Arabia – Saudi KingdomArabia – Saudi Kingdom

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Arab IndependenceArab Independence

Efforts to rid the region of imperialism has left Efforts to rid the region of imperialism has left the area…skeptical of the West the area…skeptical of the West

Gained independence after WWII: Gained independence after WWII: Iraq from Ottoman 1919; from UK 1932Iraq from Ottoman 1919; from UK 1932 Syria from France 1936; recognized 1946Syria from France 1936; recognized 1946 Jordan from UK 1946; constitutional Jordan from UK 1946; constitutional

monarchymonarchy Lebanon – from France 1943; Parliamentary Lebanon – from France 1943; Parliamentary

RepublicRepublic

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Israel and PalestineIsrael and Palestine

brief: brief: British control Palestine after WWI, under British control Palestine after WWI, under

mandate they allow Zionists (Jewish Nationalist) mandate they allow Zionists (Jewish Nationalist) to migrate into the area in a limited fashion. to migrate into the area in a limited fashion.

WWII and violent Anti-Semitism led to the WWII and violent Anti-Semitism led to the creation of Israel amidst a region ripe with Arab creation of Israel amidst a region ripe with Arab Nationalism. Nationalism.

The conflicting interests have never been The conflicting interests have never been balanced. balanced.

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IsraelIsrael 1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into two states 1947 UN voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into two states Was declared an independent Jewish State in May 1948Was declared an independent Jewish State in May 1948

Was attacked immediately by six Arab nations (Israel Was attacked immediately by six Arab nations (Israel Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948)Defeated armies sent by Arab states in 1948)

Israel controlled Palestine: Jordan controlled parts of the Israel controlled Palestine: Jordan controlled parts of the West BankWest Bank

Six Day War of 1967Six Day War of 1967 Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the Resulted in Israel’s acquisition of all of Jerusalem and the

West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt and West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt and Golan Heights from SyriaGolan Heights from Syria

Egyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil embargoEgyptian-Israeli war in 1973 led directly to an Arab oil embargo It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for It was used as a punishment to the U.S. and Netherlands for

their support of Israeltheir support of Israel Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt as part of the 1979

Israel-Egypt Peace TreatyIsrael-Egypt Peace Treaty

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Gaza StripGaza Strip In 2005, under Israel's In 2005, under Israel's

unilateral disengagement unilateral disengagement plan Israel removed all of its plan Israel removed all of its residents and forces from the residents and forces from the territory. territory. Israel still controls Gaza's Israel still controls Gaza's

airspace and sea access and airspace and sea access and has on occasion sent troops has on occasion sent troops into the areainto the area

Today- inner control of Gaza Today- inner control of Gaza is in the hands of the Hamas is in the hands of the Hamas governmentgovernment

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West BankWest BankWest Bank- Since 1967 West Bank- Since 1967

most of the West Bank most of the West Bank has been under Israeli has been under Israeli military occupationmilitary occupationmost residents are Arabsmost residents are Arabs

Presently, most of the Presently, most of the West Bank is West Bank is administered by Israel administered by Israel

42% of it is under varying 42% of it is under varying degrees of autonomous degrees of autonomous rule by the Fatah-run rule by the Fatah-run Palestinian Authority.Palestinian Authority.

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GenocideGenocide

GenocideGenocide is the deliberate and systematic is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national groupethnic, racial, religious, or national group

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TimelineTimelineArmenian Genocide 1915 – 1-1.5 million Armenian Genocide 1915 – 1-1.5 million

Armenians killed by the TurksArmenians killed by the TurksWWII – Holocaust 6 million Jews by the NazisWWII – Holocaust 6 million Jews by the NazisKhmer Rouge Communist Party led by Pol Pot Khmer Rouge Communist Party led by Pol Pot

(Cambodia) killed 1.7 million between 1975-(Cambodia) killed 1.7 million between 1975-19791979

Srebrenica GenocideSrebrenica Genocide 1995 – Bosnian Serb 1995 – Bosnian Serb forces sought to eliminate the Bosnian Muslimsforces sought to eliminate the Bosnian Muslimskilling of an estimated 25,000-30,000 refugees in killing of an estimated 25,000-30,000 refugees in

the area of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina the area of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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TimelineTimelineThe The Rwandan GenocideRwandan Genocide 1994 mass killing of 1994 mass killing of

hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis by hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis by the Hututhe HutuMost estimates indicate a death toll between Most estimates indicate a death toll between

800,000 and 1,000,000,which could be as high as 800,000 and 1,000,000,which could be as high as 20% of the total Rwanda population.20% of the total Rwanda population.

Darfur, Sudan 2003 - Since the start of the Darfur, Sudan 2003 - Since the start of the conflict, about 450,000 people have been killed, conflict, about 450,000 people have been killed, and 3,000,000 people have been displaced.and 3,000,000 people have been displaced.

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GlobalizationGlobalization

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GlobalizationGlobalization the process of transformation of local or regional the process of transformation of local or regional

phenomena into global ones. phenomena into global ones. Also a process by which the people of the world are Also a process by which the people of the world are

unified into a single society and function together.unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, This process is a combination of economic,

technological, socio-cultural and political forces.technological, socio-cultural and political forces. Globalization is often used to refer to economic Globalization is often used to refer to economic

globalization, that is, integration of national globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.migration, and the spread of technology.

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Asian Economic ResurgenceAsian Economic Resurgence

Japan, free from the need to provide for Japan, free from the need to provide for defense, undergoes an economic defense, undergoes an economic resurgence. Technological explosion resurgence. Technological explosion

““Little Tigers” copying the Japanese world Little Tigers” copying the Japanese world were Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, were Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwanand Taiwan