The Cold WarThe Cold War1945-19911945-1991

What was it?What was it?

Cold WarCold WarCompetition that took place Competition that took place

between the U.S. and the between the U.S. and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Begun in 1945Begun in 1945Ended in 1991 (the collapse Ended in 1991 (the collapse

of the Soviet Union)of the Soviet Union)

Why is the Why is the competition called competition called

the Cold War?the Cold War?

Cold WarCold WarWhile both sides prepared While both sides prepared

for war against the other, for war against the other, no direct fighting between no direct fighting between the two ever actually took the two ever actually took placeplace

Cold WarCold WarIncluded a race to build Included a race to build

more and more more and more sophisticated weapons as sophisticated weapons as a means for countries to a means for countries to defend their territory in the defend their territory in the event of warevent of war

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineTruman first implemented Truman first implemented

the the containmentcontainment policy in policy in response to a soviet threat response to a soviet threat after WWIIafter WWII

What was the threat?What was the threat?

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineCommunist-led uprising Communist-led uprising

against the government in against the government in Greece & TurkeyGreece & Turkey

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrinePresident asked Congress in President asked Congress in

March 1947 for $400 million March 1947 for $400 million in in economic & military aid economic & military aid to assist the “free people”to assist the “free people” Greece & Turkey Greece & Turkey against against totalitarian regimestotalitarian regimes

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineU.S. policy of providing U.S. policy of providing

economic & military aid to economic & military aid to free nations threatened by free nations threatened by internal or external internal or external opponentsopponents

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineIt gained bipartisan It gained bipartisan

support from Republicans support from Republicans & Democrats in Congress& Democrats in Congress

Marshall PlanMarshall PlanAfter the war, Europe lay in After the war, Europe lay in

ruinsruinsShort of food & deep in debtShort of food & deep in debtHarsh winter of 1946-1947 Harsh winter of 1946-1947

further demoralized further demoralized EuropeansEuropeans

Marshall PlanMarshall PlanDiscontent encouraged the Discontent encouraged the

growth of the Communist growth of the Communist Party, especially in France Party, especially in France and Italyand Italy

Marshall PlanMarshall PlanTruman administration Truman administration

feared that the western feared that the western democracies might democracies might actually vote the actually vote the Communists into powerCommunists into power

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan In June 1947, George Marshall In June 1947, George Marshall

outlined an extensive outlined an extensive program of program of U.S. economic U.S. economic aidaid to help nations of Europe to help nations of Europe revive their economies, and revive their economies, and at the same time strengthen at the same time strengthen their economiestheir economies

What was the What was the purpose of the purpose of the Marshall Plan?Marshall Plan?

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan(1) To help nations of Europe (1) To help nations of Europe

revive their economiesrevive their economies(2) Strengthen Democratic (2) Strengthen Democratic

governmentsgovernments

Why did the Why did the Soviet Union Soviet Union refuse aid?refuse aid?

Feared that their Feared that their country might country might

become dependent become dependent on the U.S.on the U.S.

Marshall Plan: Marshall Plan: EffectsEffects

(1) Helped Western Europe (1) Helped Western Europe achieve self-sustaining achieve self-sustaining growth by the 1950sgrowth by the 1950s

(2) Ended any real threat of (2) Ended any real threat of Communist political success Communist political success in the regionin the region

Marshall Plan: Marshall Plan: EffectsEffects

(3) Bolstered U.S. prosperity (3) Bolstered U.S. prosperity by greatly increasing U.S. by greatly increasing U.S. exports to Europeexports to Europe

(4) However—it deepened the (4) However—it deepened the rift between non-Communist rift between non-Communist West and the Communist West and the Communist EastEast

Korean PeninsulaKorean Peninsula Japan had annexed Korea in 1910 Japan had annexed Korea in 1910

& ruled it until 1945& ruled it until 1945As WWII ended, Japanese troops As WWII ended, Japanese troops

north of the 38north of the 38thth parallel parallel surrendered to the Sovietssurrendered to the Soviets

Japanese troops south of the Japanese troops south of the parallel, surrendered to the parallel, surrendered to the AmericansAmericans

Korean PeninsulaKorean Peninsula In 1948, the Republic of In 1948, the Republic of

Korea (South Korea) was Korea (South Korea) was established in the zone established in the zone occupied by the U.S.occupied by the U.S.

Communists formed the Communists formed the Democratic People’s Republic Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)of Korea (North Korea)

Korean WarKorean War1950-19531950-1953First war in which a world First war in which a world

organization, the U.N., played a organization, the U.N., played a military rolemilitary role

Korean War was a major Korean War was a major challenge for the U.N., which had challenge for the U.N., which had come into existence only 5 years come into existence only 5 years earlierearlier

Korean WarKorean WarOften called the Often called the “forgotten “forgotten

war”war”Its placement between the Its placement between the

glory of WWII and the glory of WWII and the agony caused by the agony caused by the Vietnam WarVietnam War

Korean WarKorean WarBegan on June 25, 1950 when Began on June 25, 1950 when

troops from Communist ruled troops from Communist ruled North Korea invaded South KoreaNorth Korea invaded South Korea

UN called the invasion a violation UN called the invasion a violation of international peace & of international peace & demanded that the Communists demanded that the Communists withdraw from South Koreawithdraw from South Korea

Korean WarKorean WarAfter the Communists kept After the Communists kept

fighting, the UN asked its fighting, the UN asked its member nations to give military member nations to give military aid to South Koreaaid to South Korea

16 UN countries sent troops to 16 UN countries sent troops to help the South Koreans & 41 help the South Koreans & 41 countries sent military countries sent military equipment or foodequipment or food

Korean WarKorean WarU.S. provided about 90% of the U.S. provided about 90% of the

troops, military equipment & troops, military equipment & supplies that were sent to South supplies that were sent to South KoreaKorea

China fought on the side of North China fought on the side of North Korea & the Soviet Union gave Korea & the Soviet Union gave military equipment to the North military equipment to the North KoreansKoreans

Korean WarKorean WarCongress never declared war Congress never declared war

in Koreain KoreaUnlike Vietnam, there was no Unlike Vietnam, there was no

formal Congressional assent formal Congressional assent to the action (Gulf of Tonkin to the action (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution)Resolution)

Truman used an executive Truman used an executive action to send troopsaction to send troops

Korean WarKorean WarTechnically, the U.S. was Technically, the U.S. was

never officially at war in never officially at war in KoreaKorea

Instead—U.S. was involved in Instead—U.S. was involved in a United Nations “police a United Nations “police action”action”

The Korean WarThe Korean WarEnded July 27, 1953Ended July 27, 1953UN & North Korea signed an UN & North Korea signed an

armistice agreementarmistice agreementA permanent peace treaty A permanent peace treaty

between South Korea & North between South Korea & North Korea has never been signedKorea has never been signed

The Korean WarThe Korean WarU.S. military forces remain in U.S. military forces remain in

South Korea to discourage a South Korea to discourage a resumption of hostilities resumption of hostilities between the two parts of between the two parts of KoreaKorea

United NationsUnited NationsUnlike the Unlike the rejectionrejection of the of the

League ofLeague of NationsNations following following WWI, Congress readily WWI, Congress readily accepted the peacekeeping accepted the peacekeeping organization that was organization that was conceived during WWII & put conceived during WWII & put in place after the warin place after the war

United NationsUnited NationsMeeting in Dumbarton Oaks, Meeting in Dumbarton Oaks,

Allied representatives from Allied representatives from the U.S., the the U.S., the Soviet Union,Soviet Union, Great Britain, and ChinaGreat Britain, and China proposed the international proposed the international peacekeeping orgpeacekeeping org

United NationsUnited NationsNext, in April 1945 delegates Next, in April 1945 delegates

from 50 nations assembled in from 50 nations assembled in San Francisco to draft a San Francisco to draft a chartercharter for the United for the United NationsNations

United NationsUnited NationsThe Senate quickly voted to The Senate quickly voted to

accept U.S. involvement in accept U.S. involvement in the U.N.the U.N.

On October 24, 1945, the U.N. On October 24, 1945, the U.N. came into existence when the came into existence when the majority of member-nations majority of member-nations ratified its charterratified its charter

ExpectationsExpectations

In a final speech, which he In a final speech, which he never delivered, Franklin never delivered, Franklin Roosevelt wrote:Roosevelt wrote:

““The only limits to our The only limits to our realization of tomorrow will realization of tomorrow will be the doubts of today.”be the doubts of today.”

ExpectationsExpectationsThere were doubts about There were doubts about

the new world order to the new world order to emerge from WWIIemerge from WWII

ExpectationsExpectationsThere were also widely share There were also widely share

hopes that life would be hopes that life would be better & more prosperous better & more prosperous after the war than beforeafter the war than before

ExpectationsExpectationsU.S. in 1945 was at once the U.S. in 1945 was at once the

most most prosperousprosperous & most & most powerfulpowerful nation in the world nation in the world

ExpectationsExpectationsU.S. had played a major role U.S. had played a major role

in defeating the Fascist in defeating the Fascist dictatorsdictators

Now people looked forward Now people looked forward with some optimism to both a with some optimism to both a more peaceful & more more peaceful & more democratic worlddemocratic world

ExpectationsExpectationsUnfortunately, the Unfortunately, the conflict of conflict of

postwar aimspostwar aims of the Soviet of the Soviet Union with those of the U.S. & Union with those of the U.S. & the the A-bombA-bomb would dim these would dim these expectationsexpectations

Nuclear Arms Nuclear Arms RaceRace

Scientific achievements that Scientific achievements that led to the creation of the led to the creation of the atomic and hydrogen bombs atomic and hydrogen bombs caste a shadow of caste a shadow of nuclear nuclear holocaust over the 1950sholocaust over the 1950s

Nuclear Arms Nuclear Arms RaceRace

Misunderstanding & mistrust Misunderstanding & mistrust between the US & the Soviet between the US & the Soviet Union (USSR) escalated into Union (USSR) escalated into an arms race an arms race

Nuclear Arms Nuclear Arms RaceRace

Drained national economiesDrained national economies Instilled fear in people all over Instilled fear in people all over

the worldthe worldAmericans built bomb sheltersAmericans built bomb sheltersAir-raids became part of the Air-raids became part of the

school curriculumschool curriculum