TheCold War

& Decolonization

TheCold War

& Decolonization

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

communist v. non-communist

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

The “iron curtain” came to represent…The “iron curtain” came to represent…

Europe’s division into mostly democratic W. Europe’s division into mostly democratic W. Europe & Communist E. Europe.Europe & Communist E. Europe.

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U.S. should support The U.S. should support countries that rejected countries that rejected communism.communism.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The US should provide The US should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

-USSR held W. Berlin hostage

-Led to Berlin airlift (US & British flew in food & supplies)

-USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

The Arms RaceThe Arms Race

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

EVENTS

THAT

INCREASED THE

TENSIONS…

EVENTS

THAT

INCREASED THE

TENSIONS…

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: SpainLed to formation of…

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

-The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the technological edge!technological edge!

- Led- Led to… rivalry between 2 to… rivalry between 2 superpowers in science and superpowers in science and educationeducation

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

1. CIA had been training anti-Castro exiles

2. Landed at Bay of Pigs, no air support, defeated easily

3. US humiliated

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

July 1962 – Khrushchev began building 42 missile sites in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

1. Sites discovered in October by USA

2. JFK announced naval blockade of Cuba to prevent installation of more missiles

3. People feared nuclear war for 13 days!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and they blinked!Russians, and they blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba

India Achieves FreedomIndia Achieves Freedom

(1920-1960s(1920-1960s

Gandhi

Nehru

1920:1920:

Gandhi launches first nonviolent campaign for independence. See AKS 46e for more details.

1940:1940:

Muslim League proposes Muslim League proposes partition of India:partition of India:1. Concern of Muslim League was that

Congress Party would primarily protect Hindu interests

1947:1947:

India & Pakistan become India & Pakistan become independent:independent:

Problems Faced Prior to Independence:

1. Movement of millions of ppl to new homes

2. Division of courts, military, civil service

3. Violence among religious groups

Problems in Kashmir*:Problems in Kashmir*:*Territory in northern part of India – ruler is

Hindu, but region had majority Muslim population

1. Fought over land

2. U.N. arranged cease-fire – placed 1/3 under Pakistani control & the rest under Indian control

Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru

Contributions to Contributions to Modernization & Democracy:Modernization & Democracy:1. Pushed for industrialization & social

reforms

2. Tried to elevate status of lower castes

3. Tried to improve women’s rights

Indpendence in GhanaIndpendence in GhanaTactics Used by Nkrumah:

1. Organized strikes & boycotts

Nkrumah’s Reforms:

1. Developed industry

2. Developed expensive health, welfare, & education programs

Problems:

1. Economic & political instability

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Background:Background:1.Taken from Japan (1945)

- Japan surrendered to USSR in north (Communist)

- Japan surrendered to USA in south (democratic)

2. Divided at 38th Parallel

Causes:Causes:Why did the UN

send an international force to Korea?

- Because South Korea asked the UN to intervene when North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel and attacked

Outcome:Outcome:July 1953 – President Eisenhower signed

cease-fire agreement

What was the legacy of the war for North Korea and South Korea?

- Communist N. Korea became a military power but declined economically

- S. Korea industrialized & prospered economically with the help of US aid

French War in VietnamFrench War in Vietnam

Background:Background:

Controlled by France (French Indochina) before WWII

Japan took control of it when France fell to Germany

Causes:Causes:Why did war break

out between the Vietnamese Nationalists and the French?

-After the Japanese lost WWII, nationalists wanted independence

- France wanted to regain its colony

Outcomes:Outcomes:What was the outcome of the war for France

and for Vietnam?

- French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu & surrendered to Ho Chi Minh

- An international peace conference divided Vietnam.

U.S. War in VietnamU.S. War in Vietnam

Causes:Causes:How did the US get involved in Vietnam?

- US feared the overthrow of the anti-Communist gov’t it helped set up in South Vietnam

- US escalated its military involvement as a result

Outcomes:Outcomes:Why did the US withdraw its troops from

Vietnam?

- Unable to win a decisive victory

- Withdrew troops in response to intense pressure at home (mostly due to protests against unfair draft practices)

Conflicts in the Middle Conflicts in the Middle EastEast

The Creation of IsraelThe Creation of Israel

Who were the Zionists?Who were the Zionists?People who favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine

Why did the Jews claim Why did the Jews claim they had the rights to this they had the rights to this

land?land?Claims dated back 3,000 years, when Jewish kings ruled the region from Jerusalem

Why did the Arabs claim Why did the Arabs claim they had the rights to this they had the rights to this

land?land?

The land had belonged to them since the Jews were driven out around A.D. 135.

Why did the Palestinians Why did the Palestinians claim they had the rights claim they had the rights

to this land?to this land?

The land had belonged to them since their conquest of the area in the 7th century.

What did the UN General What did the UN General Assembly do in 1947?Assembly do in 1947?

Voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian State and a Jewish state.

Why did the UN General Why did the UN General Assembly do this?Assembly do this?

The US & many other European nations had sympathy toward the Jews b/c of the Holocaust.

What about Jerusalem?What about Jerusalem?

It was to be an international city owned by neither side.

…on May 14, 1948

Israel is officially Israel is officially created…created…

The Development of…The Development of…

The Hydrogen BombThe Hydrogen Bomb

Who authorized the H-Who authorized the H-Bomb?Bomb?

President Harry S. Truman

When did he authorize it?When did he authorize it?

1950

When did the US When did the US successfully test the first successfully test the first

H-Bomb?H-Bomb?

1952

When did the USSR When did the USSR successfully test their successfully test their

version?version?

1953

How much more powerful How much more powerful is the H-Bomb than the A-is the H-Bomb than the A-

Bomb?Bomb?

Thousands of times

How is the H-Bomb How is the H-Bomb different from the A-different from the A-

Bomb?Bomb?Power came from fusing (joining together) of atoms rather than splitting of atoms (as with the A-Bomb)

A-Bomb H-Bomb

Policy ShiftPolicy Shift

Policy Under Eisenhower, Policy Under Eisenhower, Kennedy, & JohnsonKennedy, & Johnson

Brinkmanship

-Policy where you are willing to go to the “brink” of war

-Nuclear war seemed possible!

Policy ShiftPolicy Shift

Policy Adopted by NixonPolicy Adopted by Nixon

Detente

-Policy of lessening Cold War tensions

Led to SALT Treaties

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

Stands For…Stands For…

Strategic

Arms

Limitation

Talks

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT ISALT I

Who signed it?Who signed it?

1.President Nixon (USA)

2.Leonid Breshnev (USSR)

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT ISALT I

When?When?

May 1972

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT ISALT I

What was the agreement?What was the agreement?Limited the number of ICBM & submarine-launched missiles each country could have

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT IISALT II

Who signed it?Who signed it?

1.President Carter (USA)

2.Leonid Breshnev (USSR)

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT IISALT II

When?When?

June 1979

SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties

SALT IISALT II

Failed - Why?Failed - Why?

Soviets invaded Afghanistan later in the year – Congress refused to ratify it

Differing PoliciesDiffering Policies

USSR under Khrushchev USSR under Khrushchev (1953-1964)(1953-1964)

-Wanted to maintain a peaceful coexistence between socialism/communism & capitalism

-Periods of peace, periods of crisis

-Wanted to be friends with the West, but also wanted to show he was a firm defender of the Socialist camp

Differing PoliciesDiffering Policies

USSR under Gorbachev USSR under Gorbachev (1985-1991)(1985-1991)

1. GLASTNOST (openness):

- Churches opened, dissidents released from prison, freedom of speech granted

2. PERESTROIKA (economic restructuring):

- Goal was not to throw out communism, but move more toward capitalism

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Tank Man

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

When?When?

1989

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Who?Who?

Chinese Students

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

What?What?

Protest for Democracy

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

What Happened?What Happened?1.Deng declared martial law &

ordered troops to surround Beijing

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

What Happened?What Happened?2. Thousands of heavily armed

troops stormed square

3. Tanks smashed through barricades

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

What Happened?What Happened?2. Soldiers sprayed gunfire into

crowd

3. Killed hundreds; wounded thousands

China:China:

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Government Response?Government Response?1.Began to stamp out protests

2.Arrested thousands

Germany:Germany:

Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall

Germany:Germany:

East German Gov’t Closes East German Gov’t Closes Borders – Why?Borders – Why?

1. Hungary was allowing vacationing East German tourists to cross border into Austria

2. From there, they could go to West Germany

Germany:Germany:

What happened in What happened in response?response?

1.Huge demonstrations

Germany:Germany:

What were they What were they demanding?demanding?

1. Right to travel freely

2. Later demanded free elections

Germany:Germany:

When did the wall When did the wall officially come down?officially come down?

November 9, 1989

Germany:Germany:

What did this mean for E. What did this mean for E. German Communist Party?German Communist Party?

It ceased to exist.

South Africa:South Africa:

Anti-ApartheidAnti-Apartheid

South Africa:South Africa:

What is apartheid?What is apartheid?

Strict separation of blacks and whites

South Africa:South Africa:

African National CongressAfrican National Congress

Formed to fight for the rights of black South Africans

South Africa:South Africa:

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela1.Leader of ANC2.Put in prison w/ many others by

white gov’t – served 27 years3.Later became South Africa’s

President

South Africa:South Africa:

Anti-Apartheid MovementAnti-Apartheid Movement

1. Violent riots in protest2. Other countries boycotted goods

produced by S. Africa

South Africa:South Africa:

End of ApartheidEnd of Apartheid

1. 1990 – F.W. de Klerk made ANC legal & released Mandela from prison

2. S. African parliament passed a law ending apartheid

Mandela’s Speech

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5OJ205MdKI