THE COLD WAR… WITH HOTSPOTS

1945-1991

WHO WAS INVOLVED???• THE UNITED STATES

(and Western Europe)

Vs.

•U.S.S.R –SOVIET UNION

(and Satellite Nations)

UNITED STATES –TEAM DEMOCRACY

• POLTICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

• People controlled

• Voting used to elect leaders

• Freedoms and liberties protected

• ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:

• Free enterprise/capitalism

SOVIET UNION–TEAM COMMUNISM

• POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

• Dictator

• Limited freedoms and liberties

• ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS:

• Government controlled

• Equal distribution of wealth

U.S. RESPONSES• TRUMAN DOCTRINE- aid to Greece and Turkey

• CONTAINMENT POLICY- stop the spread of communism

• MARSHALL PLAN- extended financial aid to war torn Europe

• NATO/COLLECTIVE SECURITY- US initiated defense alliance for containment

• DOMINO THEORY- one country in Southeastern Asia becomes communist the rest will follow

• EISENHOWER DOCTRINE- extended financial aid to middle east for containment

SOVIET RESPONSES• WARSAW PACT- Soviet Union response to NATO

(defense alliance)

• SATELLITE NATIONS- Soviet Union created a wall of countries to protect against invasions and act as buffer to West (Poland, East Germany, Hungary)

• Trade and contact between Eastern and Western Europe cut off IRON CURTAIN-

EUROPE AND SOVIET UNION

• MARSHALL PLAN- United States financial aid extended to Europe

• BERLIN AIRLIFT- Soviet Union blockaded entrance to West Berlin because Br, Fr, and US merged occupation zones. US sent in massive air lift to feed and supply city

• BERLIN WALL- built in late 60s, cut off access to the West for East Berliners

SOVIET UNION

• SPUTNIK- 1957 First satellite in space /USSR

• SPACE RACE -- led the way in space race with first satellite and 1st man in space

• ARMS RACE – after war, competition to defend countries using nuclear weapons. Developed their own weapons to compete with US

• BREAK UP OF USSR– 1991 Communism collapses around Europe

CHINA

• MAO ZEDONG—1949– overthrew Chinese nationalists

• IMPACT?

• Large population of Asia under communist control

• Lost markets in China until Nixon and normalizes relations

KOREA (1950-1953)• REASONS-

• North Korea– communist

• South Korea –democratic, West

• North Korea invaded South Korea over 38th parallel

• OUTCOME-

• US and United Nations aid South Korea

• China aids North Korea

• Armistice (stayed at 38th parallel)

• CONTAINMENT SUCCESSFUL

CUBA• FIDEL CASTRO- dictator of Cuba

• BAY OF PIGS INVASION-

• WHO? Led by JFK, trained Cuban refugees

• WHY? Tried to overthrow Castro

• Failed Invasion

LED TO…

• CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

• Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba to protect from US

• JFK on brink of all out nuclear war with Soviet Union

• Result—hotline between countries , removal of missiles, limited test ban treaty

UNITED STATES• SPACE RACE AND EDUCATION—increased math and science

programs

• MOON LANDING– Neil Armstrong and John Glenn (JFK 1969)

• ARMS RACE– development of nuclear weapons by US and USSR

• RED-SCARE– fear of communism in US • HUAC—investigated Hollywood

• MCCARTHISM – Joseph McCarthy accused gov’t officials and military of communism

• Making allegations with no evidence

• ROSENBERG TRIALS- atomic spies from Soviet Union, executed

• VENONA PAPERS– released in 1991 and proved there had been spies in US

• DÉTENTE (limited test ban treaty) RELAXING OF TENSIONS WITH SOVIET UNION

• STAR WARS– Reagan’s plan of Peace through Strength. Discourage war by building up nuclear defense systems

• ARMS REDUCTION – end of Cold War

US PRESIDENTS– COLD WAR

• TRUMAN-CONTAINMENT (Korean War)

• EISENHOWER-DOMINO

• KENNEDY-FLEXIBLE RESPONSE (Cuban Missile Crisis/Berlin Wall)

• JOHNSON- DOMINO (Vietnam)

• NIXON- DÉTENTE_ SALT 1 / NORMALIZATION (Vietnam)

• FORD-DÉTENTE (SALT II)

• CARTER- NEGOTIATION/HUMAN RIGHTS

• REAGAN-REAGAN DOCTRINE (Iran Contra/ Tear down of Berlin Wall )

• BUSH- END OF COLD WAR (Fall of communism in Europe)

VIETNAM• DOMINO THEORY – all Southeast Asia would fall to communism

• GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION-1st event of Vietnam, US ships attacked, LBJ given power to use any force necessary against Vietnam

• ESCALATION/COMBAT– Nixon increased combat to Cambodia

• ROY BENAVIDEZ– medal of honor during Tet Offensive (rescue mission and survived)

• TET OFFENSIVE- North Vietnam invasion into South Vietnam ( America realized war was far from over) – shifted public support

• ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT– led by college students (teach-ins, demonstrations, Kent-State)

• VIETNAMIZATION– training of South Vietnam troops to eventually withdraw all of American ground troops

• FALL OF SAIGON– capital of South Vietnam falls to communism

• WAR POWERS RESOLUTION – Congress declares President must have congressional approval to expand fighting