The Computer Generations 2

8/2/2019 The Computer Generations 2

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Arpita Kumari Priyanka Paul Nikita KanadiAnu Nair Sayali Borde


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FIRST GENERATION,

1951 1958: The Vacuum TubeThe vacuum tubeswere used in the

circuits of first generation computers.

Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with

circuits inside.Vacuum tubes have no air inside of

them, which protects the circuitry

The input and output operations weredone using punched card technology.

For external storage, magnetic tapeswere used.


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The machine was capable to do one job

at a time, therefore batch processing wasadopted.The language used by these computers

was machine language and assemblylanguage.Example of Computers: UNIVAC, IBM650


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UNIVAC(Universal AutomaticComputer)- 1951

first fully electronic digitalcomputer built in the U.S.

Created at the University ofPennsylvania

ENIAC weighed 30 tons

contained 18,000 vacuumtubes


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DISADVANTAGES:

They generate more heat causing manyproblems in temperature regulation and

climate control. Tubes were subject to frequent burn-out.


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SECOND GENERATION,1959 1964: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors,which characterized the second generation ofcomputers.

TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component

which shrunk the size of the first generationcomputers. Occupied only 1/100th of the spaceoccupied by a vacuum tube

More reliable, had greater computational speed,required no warm-up time and consumed far lesselectricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG


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The orientation was towards multiple users i.e.the machine was capable to process multipletasks concurrently.

The high level languages like FORTRAN,COBOL, BASIC etc. were used as thelanguages by the computer.

Example of Computers: IBM 1400 and 7000series, General


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THIRD GENERATION,1965 1970: The Integrated Circuit

Third generation computers arose in 1965with the invention of smaller electroniccircuits called integrated circuits (ICS)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are squaresilicon chips containing circuitry that canperform the functions of hundreds of

transistors.
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=first+integrated+circuit/v=2/SID=w/l=II/R=3/SS=i/OID=76b6b666a8b43dee/SIG=1m4g8lg8e/EXP=1121298336/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=first+integrated+circuit&rs=0&toggle=1&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&vf=&h=274&w=410&imgcurl=us.news1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/p/rids/20050622/i/r1248960023.jpg&imgurl=us.news1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/p/rids/20050622/i/r1248960023.jpg&size=18.9kB&name=r1248960023.jpg&rcurl=http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/050622/ids_photos_wl/r1248960023.jpg&rurl=http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/050622/ids_photos_wl/r1248960023.jpg&p=first+integrated+circuit&type=jpeg&no=3&tt=262&ei=UTF-8


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Integrated circuits replaced transistors. Inspite of their

smaller size they were capable to perform better than

transistors.

For data input and output operations monitors and

keyboards replaced the punched cards.

For external storage magnetic disks were used. Sophisticated operating systems, which were capable of

handling several jobs concurrently were used.

More advanced high level languages like PASCAL were

used.

Example of computers: IBM System


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ADVANTAGES:

RELIABILITYUnlike vacuum tubes,silicon will not break down easily. It is

very seldom that you will have toreplace it.

LOW COST Silicon chips are

relatively cheap because of theirsmall size and availability in the

market. It also consumes less

electricity.


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FOURTH GENERATION,1971 present: The Microprocessor

Marked by the use of microprocessor

MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip thatcontains the CPU part of the computerwhere all processing takes place.

4004 chipwas the first microprocessorintroduced by Intel Corporation.
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=microprocessor/v=2/SID=w/l=II/R=14/SS=i/OID=3687cae1a9f30154/SIG=1gb0kkujn/EXP=1121298252/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=microprocessor&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&fl=0&x=wrt&h=184&w=245&imgcurl=www.goldkist.net/IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&imgurl=www.goldkist.net/IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&size=26.0kB&name=IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&rcurl=http://www.goldkist.net/../IBM-686cpu.htm&rurl=http://www.goldkist.net/../IBM-686cpu.htm&p=microprocessor&type=jpeg&no=14&tt=30,550&ei=UTF-8


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The circuits used microprocessors ofvirtually microscopic size, which led todrastic cut on the size of computer.

The input output devices were the samemonitors, keyboard, printer etc.


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Generations of ElectronicComputers

First

Generation

Second

Gen.

Third

Gen.

Fourth Gen.

Technology Vacuum

Tubes

Transistors Integrated

Circuits

(multipletransistors)

Microchips

(millions of

transistors)

Size Filled Whole

Buildings

Filled half a

room

Smaller Tiny - Palm

Pilot is as

powerful as

old buildingsized

computer


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TODAYS COMPUTER5th generation

Is classified as fifth generationcomputers.

Faster, more powerful, tremendousdata storage and processing capacity

New brands and models would comeout the market almost every othermonth.


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Computers became more affordable

Computers can now be found in homes,

schools, offices etc. There has been atremendous improvement in softwaretechnology

Different software applications to choose from:word processing, spreadsheets, databasemanagement, games and entertainment.

Computer subjects are now being offered not

just to college students but even to high schooland elementary.

Computers are now used as an aid in teaching

math, science etc.


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Thank You

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The Computer Generations 2