THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN … · IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY ... HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL

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THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO

IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY

MASTER THESIS

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master

Study Program: Cultural Studies

Major: Art Studies

Written By:

Nebojsa Djordjevic

S701208012

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2014


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THESIS

THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN

PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY

Written By

Nebojsa Djordjevic

S701208012

Committee

Name Signature Date

Supervisor I Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,

M. Hum, Ph.D.

NIP 196703231995122001

------------------------- __-__-2014

Supervisor II Dr. Hartini, M. Hum.

NIP 1950030011978032004

------------------------- __-__-2014

Certified the requirements on

Date: ............................2014.

Head of Cultural Studies Study Programme

Postgraduate Programme UNS

Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum

NIP 196409181989031001


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THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN

PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY

THESIS

By

Nebojsa Djordjevic

S701208012

Defended his thesis in front of examiners Acknowledge that he complies with requirements

On (date) ................. 2014

Examination Committee:

Position Name Signature

Chairman Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum NIP 196409181989031001

..................................

Examiners 1. Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari,

M. Hum, Ph.D.

NIP 196703231995122001

2. Dr. Hartini, M. Hum.

NIP 1950030011978032004

.................................. ..................................

Acknowledge by:

Director Postgraduate Program

Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M. S. NIP 196107171986011001

Head of Study Programme Cultural Studies

Prof. Dr. Bani Sudardi, M. Hum

NIP 196409181989031001


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STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLICATION

I truthfully declare that:

1. Thesis entitled THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN

DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL

TODAY is my own research work and there are no scientific papers that have been asked

by others to obtain academic degrees and there is no this work or opinion was never written

or published by another person, except those written with reference to the referent sources

mentioned in text and/or bibliography. If it proves that text of this have elements of

plagiarism, then I am willing to accept the sanctions required, both to my master 's degree

thesis along with cancelation of my title and procession according with the legislation in

force .

2. Publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis in scientific journals or other

forums must include the name of author, together with his advisor/mentorship team as well

as naming UNS as the institution where this writing was published. If there is a violation of

these provisions concerning publication, then I am willing to receive academic sanctions

that apply.

Surakarta , .........................................

Student

Nebojsa Djordjevic,

S701208012


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Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to examine the idea of heroism in Indonesia and how it was shown in painting as a relatively new art form in this country. Pangeran Diponegoro (1785-1855) was rebellious prince in Java who fought against the Dutch. He entered paintings in Indonesia as soon as his rebellion ended. His appearance is one of the constant motifs in Indonesian paintings. The idea for this research was to show how Diponegoro was painted within different concepts. This research is a qualitative study which primarily used Pierce semiotics (which includes sign in three aspects icon sign, index signs, and symbol signs) to examine artworks and their meaning. Theoretical triangulation is achieved by using Postcolonial theory and its writing in analyses of these artworks. Cultural hybridity, identity, nationalism, nation-building, and other ideas are present in artwork and its signs. With the end of the Java War, Javanese society experienced major changes in economical as well as in cultural aspects. Painting is an art form that was introduced to Javanese in this period. One of the first motifs in Indonesian painting was Pangeran Diponegoro. Briefly after Java War Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman painted a scene of submission of Diponegoro. The Javanese reply came few years after in painting of Raden Saleh, the first local artist who was trained in Europe. S. Sudjojono was one of the most prominent Indonesian painters and he painted Pangeran Diponegoro as national hero in 1979. In 1994 an emerging Indonesian artist paid homage to Diponegoro in his artwork and in 2007 Heri Dono painted his caricature painting of wrongful arrest of Diponegoro in twisted Indonesia. The idea of heroism changed over time and it has also looked different in different historical periods. Dutch painting of Pangeran Diponegoro had sense of pride and dignity in it. Yet it is an expression of Dutch ignorance, arrogance, and dominance over the Javanese. Javanese response is also controversial some see it as proto-nationalistic painting, others dismiss it as servile. Indonesian paintings are full of nationalism and pride, but also with strong artistic messages of warning and critique toward society. While some signs have clear meanings which are shown in this research, the majority of them are fluid and open for discussion about ideas of nationalism, heroism, and identity in Indonesia. Key words: national heroes, culture, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro


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Nebojsa Djordjevic.NIM:S701208012.2014. The depiction of a (national) hero: Pangeran Diponegoro in paintings from the nineteenth century until today. THESIS. Supervisor I: Dra. Sri Kusumo Habsari, M. Hum, Ph D, II: Dr. Hartini, M. Hum. Postgraduate Program Cultural Studies, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji ide kepahlawanan di Indonesia dan bagaimana itu ditampilkan dalam lukisan sebagai bentuk karya seni yang relatif baru di negeri ini. Pangeran Diponegoro (1785-1855) adalah pangeran yang memberontak dan berperang melawan Belanda di Jawa. Sosoknya menjadi terkenal dalam lukisan di Indonesia sesaat setelah pemberontakannya berakhir. Penampilannya adalah salah satu motif konstan dalam lukisan Indonesia. Ide untuk penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana sosok Diponegoro dalam konsep yang berbeda.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang terutama digunakan dalam semiotika Pierce (tanda yang termasuk dalam tiga aspek - tanda icon, tanda-tanda indeks, dan tanda-tanda simbol) untuk memeriksa karya seni dan makna triangulasi teoretis mereka dicapai dengan menggunakan teori pascakolonial dan menulis dalam analisis karya seni ini . Hibriditas budaya, identitas, nasionalisme, pembangunan bangsa, dan ide-ide lain yang hadir dalam karya seni beserta tanda-tandanya. Dengan berakhirnya Perang Jawa, masyarakat Jawa mengalami perubahan besar dalam ekonomi serta aspek budaya. Lukisan merupakan sebuah bentuk seni yang diperkenalkan ke Jawa pada periode ini. Salah satu motif pertama dalam seni lukis Indonesia adalah Pangeran Diponegoro. Sesaat setelah pelukis Java War Belanda Nicolaas Pieneman melukis adegan pengajuan Diponegoro. Balasan Jawa datang beberapa tahun setelah dalam lukisan Raden Saleh, seniman lokal pertama yang dilatih di Eropa. S. Sudjojono adalah salah satu pelukis paling menonjol Indonesia dan ia melukis Pangeran Diponegoro sebagai pahlawan nasional pada tahun 1979. Pada tahun 1994 muncul artis Indonesia memberi penghormatan kepada Diponegoro dalam karya seninya dan pada tahun 2007 Heri Dono melukis lukisan karikatur tentang penangkapan salah Diponegoro di dipelintir Indonesia. Ide kepahlawanan berubah dalam waktu ke waktu dan itu juga tampak berbeda dari periode sejarah yang berbeda. Lukisan Belanda Pangeran Diponegoro memiliki rasa kebanggaan dan martabat di dalamnya. Namun itu tampak sebagai ekspresi ketidaktahuan Belanda, arogansi, dan dominasi atas Jawa. Respon Jawa juga kontroversial - yang melihatnya sebagai proto-nasionalis lukisan, sementara yang lainnya menolak itu sebagai sepotong budak seni. Lukisan Indonesia penuh dengan nasionalisme dan kebanggaan, tetapi juga dengan pesan peringatan artistik yang kuat dan kritik terhadap masyarakat. Sementara beberapa tanda-tanda memiliki makna yang jelas yang ditunjukkan dalam penelitian ini, mayoritas dari mereka adalah ibarat cairan yang terbuka untuk diskusi tentang ide-ide nasionalisme, heroisme, dan identitas di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: pahlawan nasional, budaya, Indonesia, Pangeran Diponegoro


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MOTTO

~

There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already ebbing away.

I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me alive.

My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their path to freedom.

Gavrilo Princip (1894-1918)

~

Diponegoro is a combination of words

Which, when literally translated from Javanese to English, means:

of t


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To My Heroes: My Family and My Friends


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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. The First Western Look at Pangeran Diponegoro 43

1.1. A. J. Bick, charcoal sketch, 1830 43

1.2. A. C. Anthony, lithography, 1830 43

1.3. Note of 100 Indonesian rupiah from 1952 43

2. Nicolaas Pieneman: Submission of Diponegoro (1830-1835) 45

3. Javanese Look at Pangeran Diponegoro 52

3.1. Batik Perang Diponegoro 52

3.2. Pangeran Diponegoro from Buku Kedung Kebo 52

3.3. Portrait of young Pangeran Diponegoro 52

3.4. (and 3.5.)Wayang Diponegoro 52

4. Raden Saleh: The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro (1857) 55

5. Diponegoro as National Symbol in years after Independence 66

5.1. Equestrian Statue of Diponegoro in Monas Monumen Nasional 5.2. National Monument, Jakarta. Work of Italian sculptor Cobertaldo

66

5.3. -1960) 66

6. Pangeran Diponegoro in New Order Era (1966 1998) 69

6.1. Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in main square in Magelang 69

6.2. Sasana Wiratama in Jogjakarta 69

6.3. Equestrian statue of Pangeran Diponegoro in Semarang 69

7. S. Sudjojono: Diponegoro (1979) 74

8. S. Sudjojono. 1979. Pasukan Kita Yang Dipimpin Pangeran Diponegoro (Our Soldiers Led Under Prince Diponegoro).

80

9. Djajeng Asmoro. 1980. Pangeran Diponegoro. 80

10. Agung Kurniawan: Homage to Prince Diponegoro (1994) 87


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10.1. Pangeran Diponegoro (detail) 88

10.2. Kesatria Baja Hitam (Kamen Rider Black) Japanese superhero 88

11. Heri Dono: Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro (2007) 91

12. Heri Dono. 2002. Raden Saleh Jadi Londo 96

13. Heri Dono. 2009. 96

14. Contemporary Look at Pangeran Diponegoro 98

14.1. Opera Diponegoro 98

14.2. Dramatic reading about Pangeran Diponegoro 98

14.3. Indieguerillas. 2012. This Hegemony Life 99

14.4. (and 14.5.) Manga-like Diponegoro 99


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASRI Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia Indonesian Fine Art Academy HIK Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool Dutch East Indian School for

Teachers IKJ Institut Kesenian Jakarta Institute for Art Jakarta ISI Institut Seni Indonesia Indonesian Institute for Art ITB Institut Teknik Bandung Techincal Institute in Bandung IVAA Indonesian Visual Art Archive KBBI Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Great Dictionary of Indonesian LEKRA Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat PERSAGI Persatoean Asal Gambar Indonesia Association of Indonesian Drawing

Specialists PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia Communist Party of Indonesia POETRA Poesat Tenaga Rakjat S. Sindudarsono First name of Sudjojono SIM Seniman Indonesia Moeda Young Indonesian Artists UGM Universitas Gadjah Mada Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNS Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta VOC Vereeningde Oost-Indishe

Compagnie United East India Company


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EXTRAS

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Framework of the research (Chapter 2, Subchapter D) 31

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Primary Data (Chapter 3, Subchapter C) 36

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 List of National Heroes in Indonesia (Table 1) 110

Appendix 2 Statistics from List of National Heroes 117

Appendix 3 Poster of National Heroes in Indonesia 124

Appendix 4 Web visibility of key terms from research (Table 2) 125

Appendix 5 Analyses of Table 2 126


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CONTENT

FRONT PAGE i. APPROVAL PAGE ii. STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY iv. ABSTRACT v. APSTRAK vi. MOTTO vii. DEDICATION viii. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi. EXTRAS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES

xii.

CONTENT 1 CHAPTER I 3

A. Background 3 B. Problem Formulation 5 C. Objectives of the Research 6 D. Significance of the Research 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7 A. Main Concepts 7

1. Heroism 7 1.1. Word for Hero 7 1.2. Heroes and National Heroes in Indonesia 9 1.3. Pangeran Diponegoro The National Symbol 13 2. Indonesian Painting 15

B. Theoretical Basis 16 1. Postcolonial Theory 16 2. Visual Semiotics 20

C. Relevant Researches 24 1. Researches about Heroism 24 1.1. Researches about Pangeran Diponegoro 27 2. Researches about Indonesian painting 29

D. Framework of Research 31 E. Hypothesis 33

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 34 A. Location and Time of Research 34 B. Locus of Research 35 C. Data and Source of Data 36 D. Technique of Collecting Data 37 E. Technique of Analyzing Data 38 F. Approach to Analyzing Data 38 G. Validation of Data 39


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CHAPTER IV ANALYSES 40 A. The 19th century - Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain and Hero 40

1. The 19th century in Indonesia 40 2. Art history of the 19th century 41 3. 41 3.1. Biography of Nicolaas Pieneman 41 3.2. Submission of Diponegoro (1830-5) History and Signs 42 4. an Diponegoro 50 4.1. Biography of Raden Saleh 50 4.2. Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro (1857) History and Signs 51 5. Pangeran Diponegoro: Villain, Rebellion, or Hero 61

B. Indonesian art (1950-1990): Depicting a National Hero 64 1. The 20th century in Indonesia: History of Nation and Art 64 2. Pangeran Diponegoro: National Hero in Art 65 3. Vision of Pangeran Diponegoro 70 3.1. Biography of S. Sudjojono 70 3.2. Diponegoro (1979) History and Signs 73 4. Pangeran Diponegoro: One Brick in Wall of Nation 81

C. Indonesian art (1990-today): Nation in need of (Super) Hero 84 1. Art and Life of Indonesia Today 84 2. Contemporary Indonesian Eyes Look Toward Pangeran Diponegoro 86 2.1.1. Biography of Agung Kurniawan 86 2.1.2. Homage to Prince Diponegoro (1994): History and Signs 87 2.2.1. Biography of Heri Dono 90 2.2.2. Salah Tangkap Pangeran Diponegoro (2007): History and Signs 91 3. Who Are the Heroes Now and Do We Need Them? 97

D. Depiction of Pangeran Diponegoro from the 19th until today 100 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 103

A. Conclusion 103 B. Recommendations 105

SUMMARY 106 RINGKASAN 108 APPENDICES 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATIONS 137

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THE DEPICTION OF A (NATIONAL) HERO: PANGERAN … · IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TODAY ... HERO: PANGERAN DIPONEGORO IN PAINTINGS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL