THE

DICTATORSHIP

OF FRANCISCO

FRANCO

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT

• The XXth century begins with a great economiccrisis. It provoked de coup´etat by the general Primo de Rivera September,13 1923.

• In 1931 there were election a the Republican candidates had the victory, so they proclaimedthe Republic on 14 of April.

• II Republic fall in 1936.

• The end of the Civil War on April 1, 1939 established the dictatorship of Franco.

WHY DID FRANCO ACCESS

TO THE POWER?

• After the death of Sanjurjo Mola was theleader of the Civil War.

• Mola lost plenty of support because of hishandicaps during the Civil War. In contrast tothe advance of Franco.

• After a tense meeting chief of the armies.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR

• Demographic and social consequences- About 450,000 people died on both sides, because of the raids, the fights in the fronts, the repression activities, the starvation and the epidemics.

- Around 500,000 people were forced to run away from the country.

- The prisons were filled with people accused of political crimes and many of the prisoners were shot or forced to do hard labors

• Economic consequences.

- The war was an economic catastrophe because many houses, communications, infrastructures and industries were destructed

- There was also an increase of the external debt and a loss of gold reserves, used by the republican government to pay for Soviet aid.

• Moral consequences

- The war caused a moral division of the country and several generations marked by the war and its aftermath.

THE SOCIAL SUPPORT OF THE REGIME

• The government of Franco had many followers in all social groups, and most part of the population was identified with Francoism or passively accepted it.

- Military: Most army commanders fought in the Civil War on the Nationalist side and were fully convinced about the ideals of Franco.

- Catholics: Apart from the Vatican diplomatic support, the regime was supported by the clergy and the Spanish Catholics.

- The Phalangists. The government was completed with the creation of associations that promote the ideologies of the regime among women, youth or college students.

- Sección Femenina

- Frente de Juventudes

- Auxilio Social

- The Carlists: Franco promoted some carlists to be ministries of localities like Basque Country, Navarra or La Rioja.

- The employers and the monarchists obtained great advantages, in exchange for their support to the regime.

THE OPPOSITION TO FRANCO´S REGIME

• The Republic in the exile.The republican leaders, who were exiled in 1939, formed a government of the Republic to keep the offensive against the regime alive.

• The anti-Franco guerrilla.With the advance of Franco's troops, a guerrilla activity was developed, the “maquis”

• The internal opposition during the post-warThe repression during the war and the post-war caused the end of many political parties and strikes.

• The university crisis of 1956.

The tensions increased because of the absence of freedom, and as a consequence many university surveys happened.

• The parties and trade unions.

They adapted themselves to the harsh repression of the dictatorship.

- PSOE - PCE - Anarchists - Republicans.

IDEOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS

• The new system introduced in 1939, had from the beginning, clear ideological foundations:

- Concentration of the political power in Franco

- Anti-parliamentary, anti-liberalism and anticommunism.

- Prohibition of all political parties contrary to the regime.

- Removal of the right to strike and trade union groups

- Annulment of the freedom of expression and establishment of censorship

- National-Catholicism

- Defense of the "unity of the Fatherland" and the promotion of the Spanish.

- Militarism and fascist features

SYMBOLS OF FRANCO´S REGIME

• The Coat of Arms. • Emblem of the Falange

• The Victor • Statues and monuments

• Nomenclature • Coat of Arms of Franco

CONSOLIDATION OF THE REGIME

In the 50s, the isolation that Spain hadsuffered ended

1957 Franco remodelled his government

Radical Secretaries Technocrats

of the Movement (Opus Dai)

LAWS TO ORGANIZE THE STATE

• 1958 “Ley de Principios del Movimiento Nacional”

• 1962 “Vicepresidencia del Gobierno”

• 1963 “Tribunal de Orden Público” to judge political offenses

• 1966 “Ley de Prensa e Imprenta”

• 1967 “Ley Orgánica del Estado

• 1969 Don Juan Carlos de Borbón futuresuccessor of Franco with the title of “King”

EXTERIOR POLITICS

• Spain received the visit of the president of the USA: Eisenhower

• Spain presented its request for entering in the CEE in 1962

• Spain had a constant insistence in the claim of recovering Gibraltar

CRISIS AND ECONOMIC

DEVELOPENT

• 1939 Spain was ruined

demography and

economically

Authorities choose a

regime of autarchy

AUTARCHY

• Prices were fixed

• It forced to surrender all the surpluses of crops to the State

• Any industrial investment was subjected to previous licenses

• Factories were modernized to produce goods of the first need.

• Aim was impossible because of the conditions that Spain had

• Prices put up and products racionated

BLACK MARKET AND STRAPERLO

PROBLEMS:

• 1950 the failure was evident

• 1951 Government decreed the partial liberalization of the prices, the trade and the traffic of goods

• Rationalism finishes

Economic growth

1959 PLAN OF STABILIZATION

1957

Reshaping of the Government:

TECHNOCRATS(Opus dai´s members)

Villastres Navarro Rubio

MEASURES:

• Reduction of expenses of the State, the freezing of the salaries and the devaluation of the currency

• Disappearance of the state control on the economic activities

• Liberalization to the exterior market

The Plan liberalized the economy between 1961 and 1973

• 1962 Plan of development

López RodóAIMS:

-Growth of the GDP-Development of the industry and

modernization of the agriculture-Development of regions not

industrialized Poles of Development with different results

• Desarrolismo was limited-Industry with few technology and exterior dependence-Incentives of the emigration-Per-capita income and social well-being did not reach the

level of the western countries-Fiscal system was regressive and there was a high level of

fraud and tax evasions

SOCIAL CHANGES

• Between 1957 and 1970 the growth of the population was high

• Spectacular migration

• Improvement in the quality of life

• Incorporation of woman in the work and studies

• Most liberal customs

• The National Health Service spread to the majority of the citizens

• Agrarian society changes into the industrial one

Rural exodus

Out of Spain

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

• The last years of the power of Franco were marked by:

• The physical decay of the dictator,

• The uncertainty of the hierarchs of the régime for the future of the Franco´s régime without Franco, and

• The intense repression against the population, even more violent than in earlier times.

THE GOVERNMENT OF LUIS

CARRERO BLANCO

• In June of 1973 Franco, due to his clear inability to the direct exercise of power, appointed Carrero Blanco Prime Minister.

• His short phase in the Presidency confirms, however, the impression of infeasibility and a régime in which while the head of State was already octogenarian, the President Carrerowas 79.

• At the end of 1973, the Operación Ogro was completed, when ETA murdered the President of the Spanish Government. It was the first performance of this group outside the Basque Country.

THE GOVERNMENT OF CARLOS

ARIAS NAVARRO

• The only element of continuity between these two governments was the inevitable decay of Franco´s physical health.

• Arias presented a draft of liberalization known as the spirit of February 12, in which he stressed above all, his aims to regulate the right of political association.

• Reform of the Ley Sindical and the passing of the Leyde Régimen Local, another law of Associations and a system of incompatibilities.

• Limitation of press censorship.

• Meanwhile Franco troubled of a serious illness was hospitalized during the summer of 1974 and the Prince Juan Carlos assumed temporarily the head of the State.

• Franco, after his illness resumed his powers in September of 1974.

THE END OF THE REORGANIZATION

OF THE OPPOSITION

• The social protest grew slowly until 1967, but it grew considerably from 1973 and it reached its highest level in the first months after Franco´s death.

• Another backcloth of the situation was also terrorism. So, the reality of the trajectory of ETA was to provoke bloodshed on the idea that this was the best way to achieve all its purposes.

• The anti-Franco opposition multiplied their protests:

• PCE, led by Santiago Carrillo;

• PSOE with Felipe González y Alfonso Guerra;

• Convergència Democrática de Catalunya (CDC), a nationalist party led by Jordi Pujol;

• In the Basque Country, the PNV.

• Terrorist groups:

• FRAP: with a Marxist- Leninist ideology;

• Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey, el Batallón Vasco-Español y la Triple A, as extreme right-winggroups.

• At the end of Franco´s era, terrorist violence was at a level, which, unfortunately, was destined to continue in the early days of the transition.

THE END OF THE DEVELOPMENT:

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

• In 1960…

-The Spanish income per capita didn´t reach the $ 300.

-Only 1% of Spanish households had television.

• In 1973...

- Then it surpassed the $ 2,000

- 70% of households had it.

•The socio-economic situation of Spain in 1973 was considerably better than in the previous decade.

•However, the consequences of the oil crisis, with the dramatic increase

on the price of the crude oil, were appreciated with special intensity in

Spain and this added one factor of instability in the last years of Franco´s

régime.

LABOR AND STUDENT PROTESTS

• They played a very important role in the final stage of Franco´s régime.

• At the beginning, these conflicts were focused on traditional areas of worker protests, such as: Asturias, Barcelona, the Basque country, and even, in Madrid. The conflict was particularly intense in the mining and metallurgy.

• Afterwards, protest spread to the world of textile, construction, chemical, transport, and even, banking.

THE DISSAPEARANCE OF THE DICTATOR

• Franco dedicated the last year of his life practically to relearn to speak and walk.

• He devoted to receive dozens of people although he hardly could talk to them. He desired to maintain a normal life when he was obviously not already in a position to do so.

• Thus, the last three months of Franco´s life ended up plunging the country into a climate of uncertainty and insecurity.

• Taking advantage of this situation, the Morocco King, Hassan II, organized “La Marcha Verde” to occupy the last Spanish colony Western Sahara.

• On 20th November of 1975, after several operations and numerous attempts to keep him alive artificially, Franco died. It was the ending of a long personal dictatorship.

• This had given way to a new stage in the history of Spain: the transition to the democracy.

BEFORE: THREE RIFTS WERE

ALREADY OPENED Right vs. Left

Catholicism vs. Anticlericalism

Centralism vs. Peripheral Nationalisms

In most cases political forces and societies, and the individual could be placed/classified in one side; however sometimes it was not easy. Ex: Lots of catholics in Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa (even priests) were nationalist basques and republicians during the Civil War.

Furthermore, some of the groups and parties considered as republicans, including Masons, had a social component that was closer to upper or middle class.

RIGTH VS. LEFT

Emergence of the worker's movement due to the industrialization → CLASS STRUGGLE

Rural backward state, señoritismo and caciquismo.

Weakness of middle classes, ilustradas or profesiones liberales

Fragments inside the workers' movement: socialists and anarchists.

CATHOLICISM VS

LIBERALISM

Beginning: Des-cristianización of the people since the second third of XIX century.

It coincides with Guerras Carlistas.

It increases with the Desamortización of Mendizábal and at the beginning of XX century with Semana Trágica de Barcelona

Centralism vs Peripheral

Nationalism

• Every nationalism came with the idea of the defense its own language, but they have different social origins. Ex: País Vasco and Catalonia.

AFTER

Anachronistic social characteristic (similar to a preindustrial society) in the Spanish society.

Causes:

- Repression (1936-1975)

- Fear of another Civil War

- Two Spains confrontation

- Positive evaluation of the Franco regime during the desarrollismo.

Elements of the Franco regime in the government system:

- Huge importance of the government over the parliament (more than other European democracies).

- Constitution 1978 → Wide power for the president.

- The political system is very close to a two-party system.

Survival of pro-Franco feelings in a sector of the population. Yet in 2007 (in the context of the debate for the Ley de Memoria Histórica) part of the society and politicians showed some resistance to condemn the Franco regime.

¿Por qué voy a tener que condenar yo el franquismo si hubo muchas familias que lo vivieron con naturalidad y normalidad? En mi tierra vasca hubo unos mitos infinitos. Fue mucho peor la guerra que el franquismo. Algunos dicen que las persecuciones en los pueblos vascos fueron terribles, pero no debieron serlo tanto cuando todos los guardias civiles gallegos pedían ir al País Vasco. Era una situación de extraordinaria placidez. Dejemos las disquisiciones sobre el franquismo a los historiadores.

Jaime Mayor Oreja

Self-censorship, voluntary and conformist submission.

Traditional values as homeland, religion and family are identified with the Franco regime. In some ways, they are used as synonyms for conservatism, patriarchy, traditionalism orauthoritarianism. Also desarrollismo is identified as an efficient economical growth.

El franquismo, de ser originalmente un sistema político, se convirtió en forma de vida de los españoles.

Jose Luis López Aranguren

Diana Cano Flores.

Irene Fernández Ballesteros.

Sara Alonso Molina.

Cristina García Moreno.

Mónica Barrios Soria.