The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770

The Columbian Exchange

Demographic ChangesDemographic Changes

Disease in “New World”Disease in “New World” Spanish/Portuguese/French/English Spanish/Portuguese/French/English

Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fevermalaria, yellow fever

SyphilisSyphilis

Transfer of Plants and Transfer of Plants and AnimalsAnimals

AgricultureAgriculture From Afro-EurasiaFrom Afro-Eurasia From America: led to ____From America: led to ____

European livestockEuropean livestock

Spanish America and Brazil

State and ChurchState and Church

Council of the IndiesCouncil of the Indies Communication breakdownCommunication breakdown

1720 after mismanagement, 1720 after mismanagement, Portuguese appoint a Portuguese appoint a viceroyviceroy to to Brasil.Brasil.

Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese governments were highly costly, governments were highly costly, political, and experimental. political, and experimental.

Catholic influence in New WorldCatholic influence in New World Protection from Protection from exploitationexploitation

Bartolome de Las CasasBartolome de Las Casas New Laws of 1542New Laws of 1542

Redirected focus on cities instead of Redirected focus on cities instead of Amerindians. Why?Amerindians. Why?

Colonial EconomiesColonial Economies Silver and sugarSilver and sugar

Required large work force and resulted Required large work force and resulted in environmental effects: in environmental effects:

EncomiendaEncomienda and mita system in Mexico and mita system in Mexico and Peru.and Peru.

Brazilian plantations first used _____ Brazilian plantations first used _____ slaves then more productive ____ slaves. slaves then more productive ____ slaves.

Society in Colonial Latin Society in Colonial Latin AmericaAmerica

HierarchyHierarchy Spanish bornSpanish born CreoleCreole Erosion of Amerindian groupsErosion of Amerindian groups Slaves and free blacks from Iberian Slaves and free blacks from Iberian

peninsula played a role in colonizationpeninsula played a role in colonization Status dropped. Why?Status dropped. Why?

By 17By 17thth century Africans and century Africans and American born were the largest American born were the largest ethnic groups in Brasil.ethnic groups in Brasil.

Some castas (mulatoes and Some castas (mulatoes and mestizos) gained high status and mestizos) gained high status and wealth. wealth.

English and French Colonies in North America

Early English ExperimentsEarly English Experiments

Failed attempts to established coloniesFailed attempts to established colonies Newfoundland (1583)Newfoundland (1583) Roanoke Island (1587)Roanoke Island (1587)

1717thth century colonies were profitable century colonies were profitable investments, combined with successful investments, combined with successful colonization of ______ led to new interest in colonization of ______ led to new interest in establishing colonies in New World. establishing colonies in New World.

The SouthThe South VA (Chesapeake Bay area) co. VA (Chesapeake Bay area) co.

established Jamestown in 1606. established Jamestown in 1606. TobaccoTobacco Indentured servantsIndentured servants 950 slaves in 1660 to ______ in 1756.950 slaves in 1660 to ______ in 1756.

Virginia was administered by a Crown appointed Virginia was administered by a Crown appointed governor and governor and House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses..

CarolinasCarolinas Fur tradeFur trade Problems:Problems:

South CarolinaSouth Carolina Plantation economy (rice, indigo)Plantation economy (rice, indigo) Africans made majority of populationAfricans made majority of population

Stono Rebellion 1739Stono Rebellion 1739 Most hierarchal societyMost hierarchal society Wealthy planter classWealthy planter class

New EnglandNew England

The PilgrimsThe Pilgrims Church of EnglandChurch of England Plymouth Colony 1620Plymouth Colony 1620 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 Characteristics:Characteristics:

The Middle Atlantic RegionThe Middle Atlantic Region

New YorkNew York Commercial and shippingCommercial and shipping Export grain to:Export grain to:

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Quakers to commercial (grain)Quakers to commercial (grain) Produced by free family farmers Produced by free family farmers

GermansGermans

French AmericaFrench America

Like Spain and Portugal. How?Like Spain and Portugal. How? Depletion of animal populationDepletion of animal population

Result:Result: FirearmsFirearms

Amerindians:Amerindians:

Indigenous resistance to JesuitsIndigenous resistance to Jesuits

Expansion South and WestExpansion South and West Trading colony Louisiana 1699.Trading colony Louisiana 1699. ““French and Indian War”French and Indian War”

Result:Result:

Colonial Expansion and Conflict

Imperial Reform in Spanish Imperial Reform in Spanish America and BrazilAmerica and Brazil

Bourbon dynasty of Spain 1713Bourbon dynasty of Spain 1713 Administrative reforms in:Administrative reforms in:

Intercolonial trade, commercial Intercolonial trade, commercial monopolies,monopolies,

Navy, policing of contraband.Navy, policing of contraband.

The results: The results:

Amerindian uprisings; Amerindian uprisings; Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac

Amaru II)Amaru II) BrasilBrasil

Economic expansion fueled by: Economic expansion fueled by: gold, diamonds, coffee, and cottongold, diamonds, coffee, and cotton

Funded: Pombal reforms,Funded: Pombal reforms,importation of slaves, and Britishimportation of slaves, and Britishimportsimports

Reform and Reorganization in Reform and Reorganization in British North AmericaBritish North America

Reform and Reorganization in Reform and Reorganization in British North AmericaBritish North America

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts No country could trade with the colonies unless No country could trade with the colonies unless

the goods were shipped in either colonial or the goods were shipped in either colonial or English ships. English ships.

All vessels had to be operated by crews that were All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least ¾ English or colonial.at least ¾ English or colonial.

The colonies could export certain product only to The colonies could export certain product only to England.England.

Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port. Europe first had to pass through an English port.

Response:Response: Overthrowing of governors in NY, Overthrowing of governors in NY,

Massachusetts, and MarylandMassachusetts, and Maryland During the 18During the 18thth century economic century economic

growth led to increased urbanization growth led to increased urbanization and more stratified social structure.and more stratified social structure.