The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

The Consequences of WWII• Staggering casualties and refugee problems• Rise of the USSR and US/decline of Europe• Decolonization worldwide• Discrediting of “scientific racism”

• Dachau, 1945

Founding of the United Nations

• Established immediately after WWII

• Military power, unlike the League of Nations

• Permanent council members (veto powers): U.S., U.S.S.R. (now Russia), France, Great Britain, China

Causes

• Yalta postwar plan– Germ into zones– $ to USSR– Stalin joins war against Japan– Eastern Eur = free elections

More Causes

• Failure to agree on compliance with Yalta Agreements– Stalinist elections: Poland

(1947), Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia (1947-48)

– Allied 2nd Front

• Containment of Communism

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The Cold War: Division of E. and W. Europe

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Truman Doctrine• Promised US aid to any nation

fighting communism

Containment of Communism• Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech

(1946)

• Truman Doctrine, 1947

• Marshall Plan, 1947

• Berlin Airlift, 1948-49

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization “NATO,” 1949

• Warsaw Pact, 1955

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR.& USSR.

Marshall Plan

• Stalin refused to allow East to take part

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

• Germany & Berlin divided at Potsdam into four zones

• 1948: Three zones united into West Germany

• Stalin blockaded West Berlin

• 321 day airlift

• Stalin withdrew blockade in 1949

• Result: two Germanys, East and West

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=detQUU_jw7c&feature=related

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

} Hydrogen Hydrogen bomb 1952bomb 1952

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

USSR use an ICBM to push to spaceUSSR use an ICBM to push to space

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd Power! Power!

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Increasing Cold War Tensions, 1950’s – early 1960’s

• 1949: Chinese Revolution• 1949: Soviets get atomic

bomb• 1950-53: Korean War

• 1959: Sputnik

• 1960: U-2 incident

• 1961: Bay of Pigs

• 1961: Berlin Wall

• 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

E. European Revolts, 1950’s

• 1956: Poland strikers had a limited success

• 1956: more ambitious Hungarian revolt under Imre Nagy crushed by Soviet troops

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Ruined statue of Stalin in Budapest

Soviet Tanks in Budapest

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall, 1961-1989

• Built to stop the flow of refugees to the West

• Most visible symbol of the division of East and West

• “Checkpoint Charlie”

• 10, 315 days

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

August, 1961

October, 1961

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Potsdamer Platz 1963

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubAlexander Dubččekek

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

Prague Spring,1968

• Led by Alexander Dubcek—trying to get partial independence/free elections for local positions

• Result: Brezhnev Doctrine /Invasion of Czechoslovakia

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

Cold War Society, East and West

• Eastern Bloc: low production, losing propaganda war with West, economic troubles after 1980s due to arms race

• Western Bloc: prosperous but politically tumultuous

• 1950s: McCarthy decade, stable and conservative

• Social Movements of 1960s: grew out of social and population changes as well as unhappiness with Vietnam

• Peace Movement

• Anti-Nuclear (European)

• Civil Rights Movement

• Feminist Revolution

44thth French Republic: 1945- French Republic: 1945-19581958

1.1. Democratic, but politically Democratic, but politically unstable unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]

2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.

3.3. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful legislaturelegislature

4.4. Many political parties [coalition Many political parties [coalition governments]governments]

5.5. Failure to gracefully leave Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.Indochina.

6.6. Botched the Suez War.Botched the Suez War.

7.7. Failed to settle the Algerian Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.Crisis.

55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)

1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle

2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.

3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.

4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.

DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian

Crisis.Crisis.

2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.

3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.

4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,

democratic democratic government.government.

5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.

BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in

1970.1970.

Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].

Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act

Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service ActAct

2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..

4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national free national health care.health care.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

6.6. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!

7.7. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955

He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy

the “welfare the “welfare state” state”

established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s

government.government.

The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany

1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.

2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].

3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.

Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and conservatives.conservatives.

Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.

German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”

4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”

Soviet-Afghanistan War

• Communist state toppled by internal rebellion in 1978, Soviets sent in 5000 advisors.

• 1979-88 rebellion against Soviet control

• Resistance led by mujahidin (Islamic freedom fighters) backed by U.S.-

• Soviets withdrew 1989, but civil war into the 1990s

• Taliban (from mujahidin) imposed government in late 1990s.

A Thaw in the Cold WarThe Soviet Union

• By the late 1970s the Soviet economy was shrinking.

• Industrial and farm production, population growth, education, and medical care all fell.

• The Soviet Union started importing food

U.S.-Soviet Relations

• A visionary leader came to power in the Soviet Union—Mikhail Gorbachev.

• Believed the only way to save the Soviet Union was to strike a deal with the United States

• Between 1985 and 1988 Reagan and Gorbachev met four times and produced the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.

• First treaty to actually reduce nuclear arms

• INF Treaty destroyed a whole class of weapons (more than 2,500 missiles).

Soviet Union to 1985

• “The country went through a social rev while Brezhnev slept.”– Growth of cities=sophistication, education, job

skills (not peasants)– Large number of highly trained scientist,

managers, experts- want to confer w/ others in field= intellectual freedom

– Educated people read, discussed ideas– PolitburoMost powerful decision making group

Gorbachev’s Reforms, 1980’s• Soviet Union by late

1980s weakened by –Afghanistan,– Chernobyl accident–arms race

Glasnost

• Gorbachev announced a new era of glasnost, or “opening.”

• Lifted media censorship, allowing public criticism of the government

• Gorbachev held press interviews.

• Political prisoners

• Slowly Soviet citizens began to speak out.

• They complained about the price of food, of empty store shelves, and of their sons dying in Afghanistan.

PerestroikaGorbachev began the process of

perestroika, the “restructuring” of the corrupt government economy and bureaucracy.

• Dismantled the Soviet central planning system

• Was to revive the Economy

Results• Free elections took place in 1989 -

Boris Yeltsin

• Withdrew from Afghanistan

• Visited with China to ease tensions between the nations

• Attempted to cover up the Chernobyl nuclear accident

• Chernobyl 1

• Chernobyl 20 years later

• Gorbachev tried initially to work within Communist party (politburo), until attempted coup in Summer 1991

• Gorbachev placed under house arrest in Crimean, but Russian president Boris Yeltsin led massive protests

The Collapse of the Soviet Empire

• The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a spirit of nationalism in the subject nations of Eastern Europe.

• economies.

• Gorbachev knew the USSR could not support the ailing Eastern European He ordered a large troop pullback from the region and warned leaders to adopt reforms.

• Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.

Lech Walesa

• August 1980 Solidarity put forward 21 demands to government including free trade unions and the right to strike.

• The government agreed to all 21 demands= Gdansk agreements

• Organized free and demo trade union= solidarity

• By the end of 1980 membership had grown to over 9 million.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iyc3qyL1NRg&feature=related

Collapse of Soviet Bloc, 1989• Poland’s Solidarity

Party (1981-89): Catholics and workers

• 1989: Poland gained right to multiparty elections; elected Lech Walesa, threw out communists

• Example led to revolts in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany, Romania

• This monument, found currently in the city of Gdansk, honors the workers in the Gdansk shipyard who sacrificed their lives and careers to form the Solidarity Trade Union.

Hungary

• Opens borders

Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989

• Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungary

• Govt closes border into Hungary• Communist party boss resigns• Wall came down Nov. 9, 1989• Germany began reunification process;

completed Oct. 3, 1990.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=wnYXbJ_bcLc

Leipzig Demonstration, Oct. 1989

Crossing Berlin- Checkpoint Charlie

Nov. 14, 1989

German UnificationWho was worried?

Czechoslovakia

• Velvet Revolution

Vaclav Havel

• President Havel demonstrated key ringing. In 1989 protesters shook key rings to symbolize the end of the communist rule in the country.

• The Romanian flag with the communist logo cut out became the symbol of the 1989 Revolution

Break-up of Soviet Union, 1991 • Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991

• USSR dissolved Dec. 1991 “Commonwealth of Independent States,” led by Russia under Boris Yeltsin.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4bWo49OoFo&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoeSnG-dUFw&feature=channel

• By 1992, 17 republics had left

• Economic, religious, and crime problems

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=714O8V_tCyc&feature=related

More Freedom

• Yeltsin began to allow private ownership of businesses, land

• Business owners, workers able to take advantage of economic opportunities

• However, lost guarantee of government-backed job, other government supports

Economic Change

• Soviet Union fell; communism ended in former Soviet republics

• In largest republic, Russia, Boris Yeltsin began campaign to alter economy’s basic structure

• Goal to make economy function like capitalist system

Mixed ResultsEarly results of Russia’s reforms mixed

• Some entrepreneurs prospered, most ordinary Russians did not

• Prices rose sharply

– Many Russians could not afford to buys goods in stores

– Some questioned benefits of market reform

• Early 2000s, Russia rebounded somewhat from economic crises; still, path from communism to capitalism not easy

Boris Yeltsin

• Shock therapy– Price controls lifted– Govt steps out of the economy– inflation

Ethnic Unrest

• After Soviet Union fell, underlying issues in region bubbled to top

• Two were ethnic unrest, need for new governments

• One example of ethnic unrest took place in Chechnya, in Caucasus region

Azerbaijan

• Early 1990s, another example of ethnic conflict occurred when ethnic Armenian minority sought to break away from country of Azerbaijan

• Tens of thousands died in fighting that followed

Chechnya

• Chechnya considered part of Russia

• When Chechens tried to gain independence from Russia, dispute led to bloody fighting, insurgency that still affects region today

Other Issues

Post-Soviet Problems• Economic dislocation

• Resurgence of ethnic tensions, anti-Semitism

• Limited political experience with democracy led to shaky governments, widespread corruption and crime

• Legacy of terror from worst dictatorships left scars

• Velvet divorce: Czech Republic & Slovakia split.– Official Jan. 1, 1993

The collapse of the Iron Curtain brought new opportunities and new challenges to Europe. The end of communism brought much economic change as well as new threats to peace.

• Communist governments with strict control

• In Yugoslavia, control helped suppress tensions between various ethnic, religious groups living there

Yugoslavia

• Tensions began to surface

• Nationalism grew as ethnic, religious tensions increased

• Independence

• Serbia tried to prevent breakup of Yugoslavia

Nationalism

• Conflict broke out

• Bosnia and Herzegovina at war

• Independence declared in 1992

• Bosnian Serbs went to war to stop independence

Bosnian Serbs

Europe after Communism

Fighting in Kosovo

• Soon fighting began in Serbian province of Kosovo

• Serbs, ethnic Albanians fought over control of area

• 1999, NATO airplanes bombed Serbian targets to stop conflict

• NATO peacekeepers eventually maintained order there, although Kosovo remains Serbian province today

War in Bosnia

• Serbs used policy of ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims

• Ethnic cleansing means elimination of an ethnic group from society through killing or forced emigration

• U.S.-led diplomatic efforts finally ended violence in Bosnia in 1995

Market Reforms

• End of communism brought mixed results for Eastern European economies

• Market reforms created new opportunities for many people

• Some started businesses; some got management, technical jobs

The European Union

• European Union (EU), single economic unit in competition with U.S.

• Many of newer members far poorer than older Western Europe members; some in wealthier nations worry their economies will suffer

Strain on Western Europe

• Others fared less well; earnings not increasing for all workers

• High unemployment in some areas, forcing many to move to West

• Newcomers compete with longtime residents for jobs, resources

Economic Change

Part II:“European

Union”

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]

23 nations.23 nations.

Became the foundation of Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.

It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.commercial complaints.

It provided a framework for It provided a framework for continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].

By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

2.2. 1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].

HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.

““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux Benelux nations, nations, France, Italy, France, Italy, W. Germany. W. Germany.

Placed their coal and steel Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority.supranational authority.

Eliminated tariff duties Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and and quotas on coal and steel.steel.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

Treaty of RomeTreaty of Rome..

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.Benelux.

Created a larger free trade Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.area, or customs union.

Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.

One common tariff with the One common tariff with the outside world.outside world.

Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor.labor.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

4.4. 1967 1967 combined the ECSC & combined the ECSC & EEC to form the EEC to form the EEuropean uropean CCommunity ommunity [EC].[EC].

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

European Parliament.European Parliament.

““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”

518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].voters in Europe].

Only limited legislative Only limited legislative power.power.

Court of Justice.Court of Justice.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

5.5. 1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements

EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU] created from nion [EU] created from the EC.the EC.

One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!

Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a a common EU passport.common EU passport.

One large “common market.”One large “common market.”

Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them. have high tariffs placed on them.

2002 2002 a common currency [ a common currency [EuroEuro]]

2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense force was created. force was created.