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1450 – 1750 CE THE EARLY MODERN ERA: THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE THE AGE OF RECONNAISANCE THE REFORMATION AGE OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

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Page 1: THE EARLY MODERN AGE - Denton Independent School · PDF fileTHE EARLY MODERN ERA: ... Cut themselves off from modern science, technological advances. ... China. y. Islam replaces Buddhism,

1450 – 1750 CETHE EARLY MODERN ERA: 

THE FIRST GLOBAL AGETHE AGE OF RECONNAISANCE

THE REFORMATIONAGE OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

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CAUSES OF PERIODIZATION1450

End of the Middle Ages in EuropeBeginning of the Northern Renaissance in EuropeGlobalization of Trade

Contacts had expanded between Europe, AfricaIncreased trade contacts in the Indian Ocean

Conquest of the Byzantines Rise of Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire, Ming China, Mughal IndiaRise of Russia (Moscow)Portugal, Spain, France

Revolution in TechnologyPrinting Press in EuropeNavigation and military technologies

Sub‐Periods1450 – 1600 Balance of Power between Spain, Portugal, Ottomans, Mughals, Ming, Qing1600 – 1750 Tilting the Balance of Power: England, France, Netherlands, Russia

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WAYS TO VISUALIZE THIS PERIODGreat Man or Woman Theory

One man or woman who is a visionary, influences ageHenry the Navigator, Da Vinci, Luther, Louis XIV, Peter the Great, ElizabethAkbar the Great, Abbas the Great, Tokugawa Iyeasu, Suleiman the Magnificent

Culture is Import to Expansion The Influence of the Renaissance

Economics drives the periodCapitalism and mercantilism made the states wealthy

Political TheoryEuropean state structure made their dominance possible

International TradeGlobal Trade was dominated by the Europeans linking distance markets

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GUNPOWDER EMPIRESGunpowder Empires

Modern states supported by professional armies, naviesKnowledge forced technological, industrial changes to traditional statesMost states developed elite units around guns 

Mongols had spread knowledge to SW Asia, South Asia, EuropeSuccessor states had used weapons to offset Mongol advantage in cavalryMore important states all used modern armies to create, maintain states

ExamplesDifferentiate between land and maritime variants Europe: Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands, Prussia, RussiaAsia: Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids, Tokugawa, Ming and Qing ChinaAfrica: West African Forest Kingdoms, Mameluk Egypt, Morocco

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EMPIRE BUILDINGMotivation

Increased power, wealth motivated Europeans, Asians, Africans Europeans, Muslims often wanted to expand their faithPrestige for a ruler or a dynasty was also important

MeansGunpowder, coercionThe benefits accorded by stability, tradition: China

ImpedimentsEurope had little land to conquer, had to seek elsewhereAfricans, Asians often lacked state structures to conquerAll had to deal with other state structures in Afro‐Eurasia

AdvantagesEuropean weaponry and maritime technologiesChinese could offer protection, stability to neighboring elites

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DYNASTIC POLITICSDynastic Rule

Predominant form of almost all statesInheritance of head of state passed within one familyIn Europe, Asia male primogeniture typicalIn Africa matrilineal male inheritance common 

RivalriesMarriage important to maintain image, retain land/property in familyMarriages to increase prestigeSeek to marry up, never downWomen become pawns in marriage game = produce heir

Dynastic Wars especially in Europe

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EUROPEAN STATE STRUCTURESDivine Right Monarchies

Most use religion to justify their rule Divine Right Monarchy is not the same as Absolute Monarchies

Constant struggle between monarchs and aristocracy for powerNobles, Church did not easily surrender their rights to monarchs

Many checks, balances on most European monarchsUse of a bureaucracy 

Bureaucrats loyal to the rulerProfessionally trained as opposed to nobility

Use of the new power of gunsUse of new powers of taxation

Often associated with the rise of new cities, new classesUse of proto‐nationalism to rally nation

Constitutional MonarchiesParliaments represent different classes in society, check each otherConstitutions passed by Parliaments restrict powers of rulers

Colonial EmpiresDistance from mother country created defacto decentralization, feudalism

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ASIAN STATE STRUCTURESAbsolutism

Often called Oriental MonarchiesFew real checks on a rulers’ power Assisted by bureaucracies, elite military units, elaborate ceremonies, hierarchies

FeudalismDecentralized

Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, Pre‐Columbian AmericasNotable Examples

Old Shang, Zhou China were decentralized feudal monarchiesIn Western Europe – dying out due to monarchs (France, Germany)In Eastern Europe – newly introduced by monarchs (Poland, Russia)

Vassals owed allegiance but autonomous in their own lands; nobles helped run stateSouth Asia: Muslim landed elite, Hindu land owners controlled their own landsSoutheast Asia: at center was monarch, vassals on periphery owed allegiance, tribute

Centralized = East AsiaCentralized state controlled distribution, inheritance of landAristocracy was not used as bureaucracy – bureaucrats often from a different classLand owned by emperor, shogun: distributed to nobles, land is not hereditary

All varieties threatened by commerce, monetary economy, towns, middle classes

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NEO‐CONFUCIANISMOrigins

Blends Confucianism, Daoism, BuddhismMen are good, but need education to improve themselvesEven rulers need advice of well‐educated advisors

Led to class division in ChinaSocial hierarchy critical – elites are always ConfuciansHardening of the Five Relationships: Rank and Gender Distinctions 

Originated during Song, out of favor during Yuan Dynasty, revived by MingMing Dynasty

Re‐emergence of Scholar‐Gentry as important in governmentInstitutionalizing of the exam system, civil service examination, large/idle bureaucracyMilitary weakened at expense of scholar‐gentry

Restrictions on merchants and commerceInsistence on Tradition

Anti‐Western AttitudesResented West – saw them as barbarians or infidelsCut themselves off from modern science, technological advances

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MUSLIM STATESAll were examples of gunpowder empiresMulti‐National States 

With large non‐Muslim populationsMuslim elites ruling non‐Muslim populationsGenerally – initially – tolerant to non‐Muslim peoples

Ottoman EmpireRise nearly ended by TamerlaneTurks, Sunni Muslim ruling Sunni, Shia Arabs, Christian EuropeansOverruns SW Asia, battles Mameluk Egyptians, Safavid PersiansPushed to gates of Vienna, threatened Mediterranean 

Safavid PersiansPersian, ShiaTurkish Shia conquer Persia, begin conversions to Shia Islam

Mughal India Originally Mongolic peoples from Central AsiaUsed gunpowder and elite troops to overcome large Hindu armiesCame to embrace whole peninsula

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EUROPEAN NATION‐STATESNation‐State

A specific ethnic group (nation or people)Is the majority group within a state (it has boundaries)Dominates the government (state apparatus)Puts an ethnic stamp on state institutionsIncreasingly elite, common people shared a common culture, outlook

Outgrowth of 14th century and 100 Years WarEnglish, French rivalry became increasingly nationalistSpain, Portugal arose as a result of Reconquista against MuslimsScotland defined itself in wars against EnglandDutch defined themselves religious, culturally against Spanish

Reformation, Christian Sects strengthened nationalismNation, State began to replace faith, God as center of allegiance

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WESTERN EUROPEIberia: Portugal and Spain

Dynastic States, Divine Right MonarchyFeudal structures still strong, nobles quite influentialManorialism strong, mercantilism minimal, no middle class 

FranceCentralized government, Divine Right MonarchyLegislative Body marginalized, nobles weakenedMonarch surrounded by bureaucrats from middle classEconomic System tended towards mercantilism

EnglandConstitutional monarch limited by law, advised by cabinetStrong Parliament, majority party ruleMercantilism and capitalism alternate, strong middle class

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EASTERN EUROPEAll States were multi‐national dominated by one ethnic groupSoutheastern Europe

1453: Constantinople falls to OttomansOttomans conquer Balkans, region up to Austrian borderDevelopment retarded by Ottoman controls

Eastern EuropePoland

Aristocratic Republic with Elected King: king absolutely weakNobles control land, serfdom increased as agriculture rose in value

RussiaMoscovy was most powerful principality in beginningHad to shake off Mongol rule first, then devoured rivalsStruggle between Tsar, boyars for control; 1618 – New Dynasty

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THE INDIAN OCEANIndia

NorthMuslim Sultanate of Delhi Collapsed; Rise of Mughal Empire on Indus‐GangesGradually pushed south conquering Hindu statesMuslim minority had to learn to live with Hindu majority

SouthHindu Brahmin, Kshatriyan commercial states

Southeast AsiaVietnam: Rise of Sinified State pushing down coastKhmer Empire replaced by rising Tai‐Shan (Siamese, Thai) stateSrivijayan Empire replaced by Majapahit, MalaccaStrong switch of religions 

Theravada replaces Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand, Indo‐ChinaIslam replaces Buddhism, Hinduism in Malaysia, Indonesia

EuropeansPortuguese, English, French, Dutch establish control over trade after 1500

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SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICASahel States

Tributary State and Islamic Jihad cooperate to create statesMali replaced by Songhai by Kanem‐BornuGuns of Morocco disrupt region

West African Forest StatesArose based on commerce, slave tradeGreatly strengthened by arrival of Portugal, weaponsRose, eventually destroyed by increase of slave trade

Zimbabwe and Swahili StatesTribute states, commercial states destroyed by Portuguese

Ethiopia saved by arrival of Portuguese

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ASIAChina

Ming, Qing DynastyEmperor isolated in Imperial (Forbidden) City Assisted by Confucian bureaucracy, isolated by eunuchsRigid hierarchy, civil service different from landed eliteOutlying regions, rival warlords, peasants dispute centerRestricts western trade to Canton to limit influence

Tokugawa Shogunate of JapanKamakura Shogunate gives way to civil war between daimyoTokugawa clan emerges victorious, establishes new shogunateBreaks power of clergy including Catholic priestsIsolates country from western influence

Hermit Kingdom of Korea: Independent, tributary to China

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THE AGE OF RECONNAISANCE

Crusades and wealth of Muslims, East influenced ageCrusading spirit strong in IberiaMerchants of Italy, Hansa want new trade routes

Knowledge learned during Renaissance influenced ageAstrolabe, compassNew geographic knowledgeNew Ship DesignsRise of Nation‐States encouraged competitionRenaissance created curiosity, adventure

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IMPACT OF EXPLORATIONSIn China, India; West Africa, SW Asia 

European influence limited by large populations, statesIn Africa, diseases made European colonization impossibleEuropeans able to earn trade concessionsEstablished regular trade routes

In AmericasEuropeans established colonial empiresSubjugated local states, peoplesLooted their wealth, exploited their land and labor

On EuropeansPrice Revolution, e.g. InflationShifted Economic Power from Iberia, Mediterranean to North Sea statesRise of Capitalism and bourgeoisieLoss of power of feudalism, feudal aristocracy; rise of absolute monarchsIntroduction of new food stuffs, spread of diseases

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EUROPEAN COLONIAL EMPIRESSettler Colonies

Europeans immigrate, settle lands, try to recreate “mini‐Europes”European immigrants, Europeans born in Americas dominate hierarchyLarge Indian populations in much of Latin America

EmpiresPortugal: BrazilSpain: Mexico, Central America, Andean America, American West, Florida, CubaFrance: St. Lawrence River Valley, Mississippi River Valley, Caribbean islands (Haiti)England: Hudson Bay, Atlantic Seaboard, Jamaica, Caribbean islands 

New Social StructuresClass system peculiar to coloniesEuropeans (peninsulares) dominate colonial governmentLocal Born Europeans (creoles) dominate commerce, landLatin America: Mixed Populations (Indian, European)Latin America: Mulatto (Indian/Black, European/Black)Both Americas: Native Americans but marginalizedBoth Americas: Slaves but marginalized

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CHANGE & CONTINUITYTrade and Commerce

Europeans entered trade as major players for first timeBut China, India, Muslims did not lose control to Europe

AmericasSpain destroyed states, societies of Amerindian civilizationsSpain created a new casted society with different elitesBut Spain transplanted its feudal institutions to run empire

SocialPatriarchy continues, European women accorded some gainsAristocracy still around but weakened by rising bourgeoisieFeudal nobles weakened as centralized monarchy emerges

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WESTERNIZATION OR MODERNIZATION

WesternizationImitating the west, its institutionsUsually meant Europeanizing your culture

ModernizationModernizing your state, its institutions to competeTechnological improvement, militaryAvoid culturally copying, mimicking the EuropeansEuropean culture conflicted with local traditions

The two are not the same and should not be confused!

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PETER THE GREAT’S RUSSIARussia

Isolated due to Mongols, Ottomans, Poland, SwedenCut off from contacts with the westTsar’s powers limited by Church, boyars (nobles)

Modernization meant WesternizationEuropean your culture, calendar, societyMake nobles dress, act, speak like European noblesModel your state apparatus after EuropeansMove capital from Moscow to St. PetersburgLimit power of boyars, church: absolute monarchy

Build Western Industry, Western‐like militaryCreate navy (Dutch, English); create army (Germans)Attract trade from western nations: Dutch, English

Create an Empire by attacking Poland, Turks, Swedes

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OTTOMAN EMPIRE: TURKEYCreate an empire through the military

Modern weaponsElite military units: Janissaries

Recruited through the boy tax (devishirme) on ChristiansBoys raised as Muslims for military, bureaucracy

Army supported by feudal cavalry leviesBuilt fleet manned by Europeans (Greeks)

Conquered diverse landsSoutheastern Europe up to ViennaSouthwest Asia and North Africa

No urgency to Westernize or ModernizeIgnored trade, commerce, elites, tax structuresAllowed minorities (Greeks, Armenians, Jews) great influence

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MUGHAL INDIASemi‐Nomadic Conquerors of India

Related to the Mongols, hence the nameSunni Muslims from Central Asia

Tribute EmpireLeft local decisions in hands of local elites

Muslim elite in the northHindu elites throughout the empire but middle, southSimply wanted their taxes paid on time, prestige

Welcomed foreign merchants ideasAllowed Europeans to trade throughout landEuropeans meddled, seized control of trade

Never saw Europeans as threat until too late

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MING/QING CHINANeo‐Confucianism

Air of False SuperiorityXenophobia about contacts with, foreign items, ideasMindset made it difficult to reform, change

Treaty PortsLimited Europeans to trade at one port: Canton

SeclusionLimited contacts between Chinese, WesternersTheir military made it too difficult for Europeans to control

Japan similar under Tokugawa ShogunsJapan limited contacts to one ship, one port (Nagasaki)

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ECONOMIC SYSTEMSTraditional

Favors agriculture, little to no innovation, use of old labor intensive formatsProfit was small to non‐existent, traditional elites did it the way they had always done itVery little to no trade, subsistence production, low on capital, technologyAutarky was goal, self‐sufficiency

Command EconomyCentralized system dictates production, sets prices, regulates all aspects of economy

Feudalism is a blend of traditional and command economyMaintain status quo, role, rights of aristocracy, nobilitySerfdom, slavery, encomiendas, mita all parts of traditionCompetition restricted, middle classes discouragedVery decentralized functions, state had little influence over most local economic decisions

Free Market EconomyAn Example ‐ Capitalism: States which developed great trade, industryNew development during period: in England, NetherlandsState’s sole roles were to make market safe, protect individuals earningsState had limited, restricted role in interfering in marketsMiddle classes, successful individuals rewarded under system

Most states were a mixed variation

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MERCANTILISMMercantilism: Most Major States Supported This Form

State regulates trade with taxes, tariffsState supports enterprises which benefit nationRegulates trade to maintain monopolies, avoid competitionState active participant in commerceMake profits, maintain positive balance of trade: Gold, Silver, luxuries most importantWant to produce finished goods and sell them to less developed nationsAll European colonies functioned under this system

Limited Liability Companies, Charter CompaniesThe East India Companies of the English, Dutch, FrenchChartered by state who took a percentage of the profitsMost profits went to those who bought stock, took risks, invested

China: Looks down upon merchants, regulates trade, trade through Canton onlyJapan: Ditto through NagasakiIndia: trade regulated under licenses  but great competition, rivalryWestern Europe, Eastern Europe, Americas: Dominated by mercantilismSoutheast Asia: trade regulated under licenses but great competition, rivalryMuslim lands: trade often in a minorities’ hands, few native merchants

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ROLES OF WOMENStatus of Women

Higher up the Social Status of WomenMore freedom to engage in arts, educationServants did work for elite womenMore social mores and restrictions common: women protectedMore likely to be secluded in many cultures

Lower the Social Status of WomenWomen had to work in fields AND house raising familyLower class women more valued, freer as their contribution critical to life

Cities and Commerce Change StatusBoth opened up opportunities to learn crafts, run a businessEspecially true in England, France, Netherlands, Germany

North American English, French, Dutch coloniesWomen had great freedom as old country society did not transplant

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ROLES OF WOMENIn China, Korea, Japan

Confucianism governed family relationshipNeo‐Confucianism very misogynistic: Obey fathers, husbands, sons: always subservienceChinese employed foot‐binding to restrict freedom

Japanese women painted faces

In Arab and Persian Muslim SocietiesHarem ‐women separated from rest of house, worldVeiling ‐ to cover face when in public; later had to cover all exposed flesh  

In South AsiaMuslim restrictions learned from South AsiaChild Marriage: young girls married to older menWidow Burning: suttee

European WomenSubject to Change Due to Commercial Revolution, Renaissance, EnlightenmentReformation both helped and hindered women’s progress

African WomenSub‐Saharan women often ignored Muslim restrictionsWomen had to assume new roles in societies once slaving occurs (“take over from men”)

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EARLY SLAVERYSlavery

Not a new concept: all societies had had itOften prisoners of war, payment for debts, criminalsRace was not part of the original conditions

African Slave Trade To Mediterranean from West AfricaTo SW Asia from East Africa

Originally controlled by the Swahili until Portuguese took controlAfter fall of the Portuguese, Swahili and Sultan of Oman controlled trade

Mameluks (Turks, Mongols) used slaves as soldiersTwo most common uses for slaves

Domestic Slaves: in houseField or Mine Slaves: laborers, workers in the fields, mines

Arrival of PortugueseRedirected trade to Atlantic islands, EuropeControlled trade on the seas for profit

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TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Trans‐Atlantic Slave Trade originated in 16th centurySpanish, Portuguese grew sugar in Canaries, Azores: used African slavesSugar eventually transplanted to Caribbean along with need for slavesSpanish originally used Indians until supply ran out; tapped African supplyNeed for slaves to do Labor‐Intensive work

PlantationsMining

Locations of PlantationsGrew Cash‐Crops for export in hot, low‐land areas of CaribbeanCaribbean: Grew SugarNorth American (Southern Colonies) Colonies: Rice, Sugar, Indigo, Tobacco

First slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619 CETreated as indentured servants at first but need for slaves changed system

Brazil: First Sugar, cocoa, coffee

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TRIANGULAR TRADESTriangular Trade

Europe produced finished goods for trade, profitEuropean colonies produced cash crops, materials for export, but needed slavesWest Africa had a surplus of slaves but wanted finished goods

The Passage of Slaves Across the Atlantic called “Middle Passage ”African kings, states caught, collected slaves to sell to EuropeansEuropeans (Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English) transport Africans to Americas20 million Africans transported to Americas but up to 50% died from port to port

Institutionalized SlaveryEuropeans needed cheap supply of labor of male laborersThey came to view Africans as uncivilized, less than EuropeansMortality of Africans in Caribbean, Brazil was extremely highOnly North America had a self‐perpetuating African population

Slavery on plantations not as dangerousAmerican colonies also included women in slave trade for domestic help

American Slaves and “Rights”Slaves had no rights, privileges; could be sold away at will of owner; could not teach to read, to writeMarriages were not recognized, children born of slaves were slavesSlaves could not own property, they were property (Chattel slavery); no protections from owners

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CONSEQUENCES OF TRADEConsequences of Trade for Africa

Some areas were depopulated in effort to acquire slavesHealthiest Africans captured leaving old, infirm to care for selfSlave raids captured whole cross‐sections of society including leadersFailure of Arts, Technology to develop as best, brightest included in trade

Other types of trade declined as slaves became most lucrative trade commoditySudanic States lost importance as commerce shifted to African forest statesGrowth of African forest states in power 

Spread of guns in exchange for slavesNeed for guns perpetuated slave trade, slave raiding, warfare

Racism developed to justify tradeOther forms of unfree labor in Americas

Common in Latin AmericaEncomienda, Mita: Forced labor like European corveePeonage: Service until debt is paid off

Common in Southern United States after Slavery abolishedTenant Farming, Sharecropping: farm other peoples’ lands, pay in produce

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ABOLITIONConnections to 1750 ‐ 1914

Enlightenment included abolition of slaveryMethodism founded in early 18th century strongly opposed to Slavery

A Product of RevolutionsDanes, Dutch, French abolish slavery between 1790s and 1810sBritish abolish slave trade in 1807 and slavery in 1833US abolishes external slave trade in 1808Haitian Revolution (1794 ‐ 1804) abolishes slaveryLatin American independence revolutions usually ended by abolishing slaveryUS Civil War ends slavery 

In 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation)In 13th ‐ 15th Amendments to Constitution

Brazil ends slavery in 1888 and slave owners abolish empire in 1889UN Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 condemns slaveryOnly a few Muslim lands still tolerate slavery (Quran permits) today

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EXCHANGES, MOVEMENTSColumbian Exchanges

Peoples, plants, animals, microbes, ideas, technologiesBegan with discovery of Americas, trade with Africa, AsiaExchanges as part of movement, commerceExchanges both global and reciprocal: no region not involved

Urbanization is a rural to urban movementTrade or Commerce is always an example of exchange

This era is the first global age especially of tradeAfrican Slave Trades are examples of exchanges, movementsEuropean colonization of Americas is an exchange, movementRussian colonization of Siberia by Cossacks, farmers, criminalsChinese settlement, opening of marginal lands

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DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGESA Result of Columbian Exchanges, Empire Building in AmericasChina ‐ population doubled from 1400 to 1800 (80 to 160 million)

Brought more land under cultivationIntroduced new crops (rice), new world cropsJapan: improved farming techniques, increased yields

Western Europe1700: 100 million to 1800: 190 millionIntroduction of new techniques, new crops including potatoes

Africa had a demographic stagnation due to Slave Trade: no natural increaseUrbanization: Especially in Western Europe, China, Japan

Drew ambitious people from countrysideCenter of commerce, tradeInternal movement to cities during famines, enclosures

Demographic ShiftA massive change in structure, nature of population (first since Neolithic Revolutions)In Americas due to disease: dropped from 250 million in 1500 to 10 million in 

1650Europeans, mixed populations, livestock replaced Indians

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REFORMATIONSReformations

Protestant ReformationDisputes were 

Secular (hierarchy, politics, marriage, land ownership)Religious (doctrines, celibacy, quality of priests, sacraments)

Major Players: Luther, Calvin, Knox, Henry VIIIThree Common Protestant principles

Bible is absolutely true as writtenPriesthood of all believers (do not need popes, priests)Salvation by faith alone (no part played by tradition, indulgences)

Catholic ReformationBegan earlier than Luther with Imperial reforms, people such as Erasmus of RotterdamGained strength during Protestant Reformation as need to counter their issuesCulminated in the Council of Trent Reforms

ResultsBible translated into vernacular helped spread literacySupported princes in many lands fueling nationalismDivided church, nations, caused many wars, civil warsChurch stripped of land, authority in many statesFueled anti‐clericalism in some statesStimulated rise of middle class, which supported many of the Protestants

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THINKING REVOLUTIONSRenaissance expanded from Italy: 1450 ‐ 1610

Northern Renaissance in England, France, GermaniesEmphasized science, math, Old Testament, Hebrew moreChristian Humanism was strongerImpacted arts too but art more religious than secularErasmus, King James Bible, Shakespeare, Rabelais

Scientific Revolution: 1500s to 1700sPart of the Renaissance but went beyond its foundations

Natural Science, Scientific Method of ObservationMoved away from Medieval understandingsRelied less on supernatural explanations of earthly phenomena

Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, NewtonBrought many into conflict with Catholic Church

Enlightenment: Science, Natural law, Human Reason govern human natureBegan in early 1700s with insistence on rationalism, human progressMore than a social, intellectual, political critique, reform of societyConcerned with applying science, learning to better societyCalled for an end to injustice, superstition, inequality, reform of institutions

Or Not?Asia, Muslims reject Western learning preferring own forms, traditionsSouth Asia, Russia, Eastern Europe only regions to adopt some European traditions

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AND THE ARTS?European Art

Medieval: Based on Faith, God with little attention to individualityRenaissance

Attention to secular, wealthy, mythology, everyday life, human figure, individuality became importantRealism, perspective as opposed to idealism, religion emphasized

Baroque, Rococo FollowedBoth dealt with embellishment, power, authority, wealth: Versailles, St. Petersburg represent this ideal

China and JapanBuilding of the Forbidden City: Ming Dynasty emphasized old styles, denied innovationKabuki (musical drama), Haiku (syllabary poetry), Bunraku (puppet plays) All represent non‐elite entertainments spread to all classes

IndiaMerger of Muslim, Persian, Indian styles; Taj Mahal, miniature painting

RussiaIntroduction of Italian, West European styles to Russia: fusion, synthesis

West AfricaLost‐wax casting method brought bronzes to height of perfectionContacts with Portuguese introduced European motives to African art

Latin America: Spanish tradition began to synthesize with Indian motifs

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Compare and contrast state structures of one European and one Afro-Asiatic empire;

FrancePortugal

SpainEnglandHollandRussiaAustria

Ottoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Ming Chinese EmpireWest African Forest StateWest African Sahel State

Japanese Shogunate

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Compare Russia’s interactions with the West with theinteraction of any one of these with the Europeans:Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, Ming/Ching China, andTokugawa Japan.

Compare and contrast systems of gender and socialinequalities n the Early Modern Age in any two countries,one European or European colonial empire and one non-European state.

Compare economic systems and commerce of any twonations, one European and one non-European during theEarly Modern Age.

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Compare the process of empire-building of one European and one Afro-Asiatic empire (gun-powder empire);

FrancePortugal

SpainEnglandHollandRussia

Austria or PrussiaOttoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Ming Chinese EmpireWest African Forest StateWest African Sahel State

Japanese Shogunate

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Compare and contrast any two coercive systems of labor

Caribbean SlaverySlavery in the English North American colonies

Slavery in BrazilSpanish Mita system in South America

West African slaveryMuslim slavery in S. W. Asia

India Hindu castesEast European serfdom