THE
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICAELEVENTH EDITION
FIRST
edition, published in three
volumes,
1768 1788 1801 1815 1823 1830 1853 18751902 1910
1771.1797. 1810. 1817. 1824. 1842. 1860.
SECOND THIRD
ten
17771784.
eighteen
FOURTHFIFTH SIXTH
twenty
twenty twentytwenty-one
SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH
twenty-twotwenty-five ninth edition and eleven
TENTHELEVENTH
1889.1903.
supplementary volumes, published in twenty-nine volumes,
1911.
COPYRIGHTin all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARSof the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
All
rights reserved
THE
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICADICTIONARYOF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
AND GENERAL
INFORMATIONELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUMEAUSTRIA LOWERto
BISECTRIX
Cambridge, England:at the University Press
New
York, 35 West 32nd Street
1910
Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company
INITIALS USED IN
VOLUME III. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE
HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.14;
A. C. P.
ANNA
C. PAUES, PH.D. [ Lecturer in Germanic Philology at Newnham
College, Cambridge. Formerly H Bible, English. Fellow of Newnham
College. Author of A Fourteenth Century Biblical Version &c.
I
A. C.
S.
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.See biographical article:
SWINBURNE,
ALGERNON
/ Beaumont andC.f
Fletcher
A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HisT.Soc.
Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
of All Souls' J Balnaves; College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the
Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- "\ Barnes, Robert; Lothian
prizeman (Oxford), 1892; Arnold prizeman, 1898. Author of Bilney.
1901. England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of
Thomas Cranmer; &c.
A. Go.*A. G. G.
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the
University
J"
of Manchester.
g eza>
L
f SIR ALFRED GEORGE GREENHILL, M.A., F.R.S. Formerly Professor
of Mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author J
Ballistics of Differential and Integral Calculus with Applications;
Hydrostatics; Notes on\ Dynamics; &c.
A.
HL
ARTHUR HASSALL, M.
A. f Austria-Hunirarv rr;__ij_i c . t Ba P ll >ls - American.
Author of The Baptist Churches in the United] University, Toronto,
1881-1901. I States; Manual of Church History; A Century of Baptist
Achievement.
A. H.-S.
SIR A. HouruM-ScHiNDLER, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army.
Author of Eastern Persian Irak.
f
\ Banderf
Azerbaijan; Bakhtiari; Abbasi; Barf urush.
A. H.
S.
REV. ARCHIBALD
HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., LL.D. See the biographical article: SAYCE,
A. H.Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. (Rio de
Janeiro), 1879-1901.
Baby lon
5
Babylonia and
Assyria; Belshazzar; Berossus.r
A.
J. L.
ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.
Editor of the Rio News J Bahia: Slate;[
Bahia: City.
A. L.A. N.
ANDREW LANG.See the biographical article: LANG,
ANDREW.f
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.NEWTON, ALFRED. ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D.,
M.P.See the biographical article:;
\[
B :_,. s
nf OI
A. P. H.
&c.
President, South African Medical Congress, 1893. Author of South
African Studies Rautnlnnri> fTitinrv (i* Served in Kaffir War,
1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical J ,
Becnuanaiand (in part). practice in South Africa till 1 896. Member
of Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at
Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P. for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910.f
A. Sp.
ARCHIBALD SHARP.Consulting Engineer and Chartered Patent
Agent.
\f
A. St H. G.
ALFRED ST HILL GIBBONS.Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer
in South Central Africa. Africa from South to North through
Marotseland.
Author
of
Barotseland. \ Barotse,\_
A.W.*A.
AwHURWiLLEYF.RSD.se.Director of
Colombo Museum, Ceylon.
JBalanoglossus. L
W.
H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.Formerly Scholarof St John's College,
Oxford.all
(Austria-Hungary: History (in
Bacon Scholar
part) ; of Gray's Inn, 1900. L Bavaria:
History (in part).
'A complete
list,
showing
individual contributors, with the articles so signed, appears in
the final volume.
v
1972
viA.
INITIALSW.Po.
AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLESf
ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A.
Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of
King s College, London. Hon. Secretary Bibliographical Society.
Editor of Books about Books; H Bibliography " " Globe and
Bibliographica. Joint-editor of the Library. Chief Editor of the
Chaucer.(d. 1908).
and
Bibliology.
B. K.
PRINCE BOJIDAR KARAGEORGEVITCHArtist, art critic, designer
CI
Magazine of Art, and Jokai, &c.C.
and goldsmith. Contributor to the Paris Figaro, the &c.
Author of Enchanted India. Translator of the works of Tolstoi
Bas i,kirtseff
|
THE EARL OF CREWE,A. C.
K.G., F.S.A. See the biographical article: CREWE, IST
EARL
OF.
\(~
-fnanville **
C.
CHARLES ARTHUR CONANT. Member of Commission onMorton Trust
International
York, 1902-1906. Author of History of Modern Banks Co., of
Issue; The Principles of Money and Banking; &c.
New
Exchange
of U.S.,
19x13.
Treasurer,
I
Banks ana Banking :American.
|
I-fI.
C. B.*
CHARLES BEMONT, D. is
L., Lrrr.D. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: BEMONT, C.l
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour.
Baluze
BeamWar:
C. F.
A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.-
f Austrian SuccessionIfI
-\
C. F. B.
CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.Regius Professor of Laws
and Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin.
Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations; Theory of
International Trade; &c.
Bimetallism
j
C.
H. T.
CUTHBERT HAMILTON TURNER, M.A.;
,
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford Fellow of the British
Academy. Speaker's nivi. . \r T al Lecturer in Biblical Studies in
the University of Oxford, 1906-1909. First Editor " of the 1 Author
of Chronology. of the Journal of Theological Studies, 1899-1902.
Chronology New Testament," and " Greek Patristic Commentaries on
the Pauline Epistles " in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible,
&c.I
i
i
C.
H.
W.
J.
REV. CLAUDE HERMANN WALTER JOHNS, M.A., LITT.D.
r
Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in
Assyriology, Queens' College, Cambridge, and King's College,
London. Author of Assyrian Deeds and\ Babylonian Law. Documents of
the 7th Century B.C.; The Oldest Code of Laws; Babylonian and
Assyrian I Laws; Contracts and Letters; &c.C. J. L.
SIR CHARLES JAMES LYALL, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.). Fellow
of King's Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office.
College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home
Department, 1889-^ Bihar! Lai. Chief Commissioner, Central
Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of 1894.I
Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c,C. Mi.
CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH. Senator of the Kingdom
r
of Servia.
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
potentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's,
1895-1900, and 1902-]C.
Pleni-JI r
PL
I93REV. CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. Fellow and Chaplain of
CorpusAuthorof Life
and
Christ! College, Oxford. Times of Alfred the Great; &c.
Ford's Lecturer, 1901. \ Bede.
C.
R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HiST.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellowof
r
College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of
Geography. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1889. Lowell Lecturer,
Boston, 1908. Author of Henry the Navigator The Dawn of Modern
Geography &c.; ;
Merton
Beatus*\ f,L
Benaim.
C.
W. W.
SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.
(1836-1907). r Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the
North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner
on the Servian Boundary Comn.i,,,* mission. Director-General of the
Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General 1 Belrul of Military
Education, 1895-1898. Author of From Korti to Khartoum; Life of
Lord Clive; &c. I
Wf w(
A art \
>-
D. B. Ma.
DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, D.D.Professor of Semitic Languages,
Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A.
r
D. C. B.
DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOULGER.Author of England and Russia in
Central Asia; History of China; Life of Gordon India in the iQlh
Century History of Belgium Belgian Life in Town and Country
&c.; ;
\ fn>ii,^. l*eo rJ [r
Bairam -
Statistics.
