The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life

The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life

The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life

Blending Inheritance A great idea if you IGNORE the data.

Blending Inheritance A great idea if you IGNORE the data.

The Basic Idea of Blending InheritanceThe Basic Idea of Blending Inheritance 1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of 1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of

the parents". the parents". 2) Offspring represent a mixture of the 2) Offspring represent a mixture of the

"essence"of each parent Example: "essence"of each parent Example: Cross pollinate a red flower with a white Cross pollinate a red flower with a white

flower and you get a pink flower Example: flower and you get a pink flower Example: Cross pollinate a human female with a Cross pollinate a human female with a

human male …….and you get? human male …….and you get?

Ru PaulRu PaulSo much for So much for the brilliant the brilliant idea of idea of blending blending inheritance!inheritance!

Gregor Mendel 1856A monk with no social life but a good scientific

mind.

Gregor Mendel 1856A monk with no social life but a good scientific

mind.

Mendel's improved approach to Mendel's improved approach to understanding inheritance: understanding inheritance:

1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) 1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) traits in pea plants, traits in pea plants, e.g. e.g. seed color, seed color, seed shape, stem height seed shape, stem height etc.etc.

2) Studied traits in pea plants that 2) Studied traits in pea plants that were"true breeding", were"true breeding", i.e.i.e. after after extensive self-pollination, offspring extensive self-pollination, offspring have the same traitsas the parents. have the same traitsas the parents.

3) He3) He COUNTEDCOUNTED the results of his the results of his crosses with different pea plants.crosses with different pea plants.

Mendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentCross plants that breed true for tall stems with

plants that breed true for dwarf stems

XXParent Parent PlantsPlants

F 1F 1GenerationGeneration

Mendel's Next ExperimentMendel's Next Experiment

Cross the F 1 generation plants with each other (Note: With humans, this is illegal in most states)

X

F1F1GenerationGeneration

F2F2GenerationGeneration

Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants.

(Remember he had no social life.)

Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants.

(Remember he had no social life.)

Blending inheritance was a bogus idea Blending inheritance was a bogus idea

Heredity, therefore, was "particulate". Heredity, therefore, was "particulate".

Each plant had two of these hereditary Each plant had two of these hereditary "particles", "alleles" or "genes". "particles", "alleles" or "genes".

Sex cells contain only one of the two Sex cells contain only one of the two hereditary "particles". The selection of hereditary "particles". The selection of which hereditary particle makes it into which hereditary particle makes it into each sex cell is random.each sex cell is random.

.

Mendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment

True breeding True breeding plantsplants

DDDD ddddGenotypeGenotype

PhenotypePhenotypeTallTall DwarfDwarf

D Ddd

dd

Mendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment

F1 Generation F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Genotype = Dd

Phenotype = TallPhenotype = Tall

DD dd

Mendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment

D

D

d

d

50/50

50/50

F1 Generation F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Genotype = Dd

Phenotype = TallPhenotype = Tall

F1 Generation CrossF1 Generation Cross

D d

D D

d D

d d

Dd

dd

DD

Dd

Dd X Dd

When the Data Don't Quite Fit, When the Data Don't Quite Fit,

Ignore Them! Ignore Them!

When the Data Don't Quite Fit, When the Data Don't Quite Fit,

Ignore Them! Ignore Them! The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance

that Follows Mendelian Ratiosthat Follows Mendelian Ratios

Parent #1 Breeds True Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowersfor Red Flowers

Parent #2 Breeds True Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowersfor White FlowersXX

F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).)dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).)

F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio of Dominant to Recessive Phenotypeof Dominant to Recessive Phenotype

You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When...When...

You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When...When...

Parent #1 Breeds TrueParent #1 Breeds Truefor Red Flowersfor Red Flowers

Parent #2 Breeds TrueParent #2 Breeds Truefor White Flowersfor White FlowersXX

FF11 Generation were all PinkGeneration were all Pink

FF22 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratioGeneration showed a 1:2:1 ratio

of Red to Pink to White!of Red to Pink to White!

Mendel's Solution to this Problem?Mendel's Solution to this Problem?"I just won't think about this now."I just won't think about this now.I'll think about this tomorrow.I'll think about this tomorrow.After all, tomorrow is another day. "After all, tomorrow is another day. "

XX

XX

Partial DominancePartial DominancePartial DominancePartial DominanceParent #1 Breeds True Parent #1 Breeds True

for Red Flowersfor Red FlowersParent #2 Breeds True Parent #2 Breeds True

for White Flowersfor White FlowersXX

FF11 Generation were all PinkGeneration were all Pink

FF22 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratioGeneration showed a 1:2:1 ratio

of Red to Pink to White!of Red to Pink to White!

RRRR R'R'R'R'

RR'RR'

RR : RR' : R'R'RR : RR' : R'R'

XX

XX

Customized PhenotypeCustomized Phenotype

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering - NOT!Genetic Engineering - NOT!

5' CCGC3' GG

OH

P

5' CCGCOH P

GG 3'3' GGP OH

CGCC 5'

Shark DNA

What is the result of ligating DNA from two different species?

5' CCGCOH P

GG 3'3' GGP OH

CGCC 5'

Tomato DNA

OHCGCC 5'

GG 3' P

Food for the Planet(Beyond The Joy of Chemistry)Food for the Planet

(Beyond The Joy of Chemistry)

The Biotech Revolution The Biotech Revolution Gains in agricultural production Gains in agricultural production

thanks to the introduction of:thanks to the introduction of: Genetically Engineered Life.Genetically Engineered Life. Pest and Herbicide ResistancePest and Herbicide Resistance Increased Yield and Longer Shelf LifeIncreased Yield and Longer Shelf Life Drought and Cold ResistanceDrought and Cold Resistance Flavor and Nutritional ContentFlavor and Nutritional Content Vaccine ProductionVaccine Production

Less Pesticides for Safer Agriculture

The Cotton Boll Worm is just one of the reasons cotton production consumes more agrochemicals than any crop on Earth.

Natural CottonGenetically Engineered Cotton

Genetically engineered cotton reduces insecticide use.

Transgenic BT Cotton Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis

Wild Type “Natural” CottonWild Type “Natural” Cotton BT “Engineered” CottonBT “Engineered” Cotton

Transgenic BT Corn Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis

Wild Type “Natural” CornWild Type “Natural” CornBT “Engineered” CornBT “Engineered” Corn

ACC Oxidase Gene Knockout

Slower Ripening with Higher Nutritional Content

Natural Cantaloupe60 days old

Engineered Cantaloupe60 days old

Ethylene Receptor Knockout Plants do not Ripen (vegetables) or wilt (flowers)

Genetically Engineered

Tomato

Natural Tomato

Genetically Engineered

Flower

NaturalFlower

100 Days 8 Days

Potatoes genetically engineered to produce Potatoes genetically engineered to produce human vaccines enable third world farmers human vaccines enable third world farmers to immunize people even where health care to immunize people even where health care is otherwise nonexistent.is otherwise nonexistent.

The Biotech The Biotech Revolution Revolution Doesn't Stop Doesn't Stop With the With the Green GiantGreen Giant

Dangerous Dangerous bacteria can bacteria can be genetically be genetically programmed programmed to target and to target and kill cancer kill cancer cells. cells.

Genetically Engineered Cancer Drugs (Endostatin)

Blood Vessels in Healthy Tissue

Blood Vessels in Cancerous Tissue

Endostatin starves cancers by preventing the growth of new blood vessels.

EndostatinTreated Untreated

Cloning

Cloned Goats Produce Human Anti-thrombin III in their Milk (To Treat Coagulation Disease)

Transgenic Goat Chromosomes

Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Genes on Goat ChromosomesGenes on Goat Chromosomes

When will WE be Cloned?When will WE be Cloned?

Clones Already

Walk Among Us

Clones Already

Walk Among Us

We have the

Technology

We have the

Technology

Embryo ScreeningEmbryo

Screening

The Leading Edge of Genetic TechnologyThe Leading Edge of Genetic Technology

Contact InformationContact InformationPhillip B. DanielsonPhillip B. DanielsonUniversity of DenverUniversity of DenverDepartment of Biological SciencesDepartment of Biological Sciences2101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 2112101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 211Denver, CO 80210Denver, CO 80210Email: pdaniels@du.eduEmail: pdaniels@du.eduTel: (303) 871-3561Tel: (303) 871-3561

Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.Any questions?Any questions?

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