THE FIRST WORLD THE FIRST WORLD WARWAR

Chapter 11Chapter 11

World War I BeginsWorld War I BeginsAmerican Power Tips the BalanceAmerican Power Tips the BalanceThe War at HomeThe War at HomeWilson Fights for PeaceWilson Fights for Peace

http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index.html

World War I BeginsWorld War I BeginsSection 1Section 1

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I– NationalismNationalism– ImperialismImperialism– MilitarismMilitarism– Alliance SystemsAlliance Systems– Assassination of Archduke Franz Assassination of Archduke Franz

FerdinandFerdinand

NationalismNationalism

Devotion to the interests and Devotion to the interests and culture of oneculture of one’’s nations nation

Atmosphere of competition Atmosphere of competition between countriesbetween countries

Various ethnic groups wanted Various ethnic groups wanted independence for their nationality independence for their nationality or peoplesor peoples– Serbia wanted to unite all Serbian Serbia wanted to unite all Serbian

peoples in the Balticspeoples in the Baltics

ImperialismImperialism

Competition for EmpireCompetition for Empire– ColoniesColonies– Raw MaterialsRaw Materials

German competing against German competing against Britain and FranceBritain and France

MilitarismMilitarism

The development of armed forces The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacyand their use as a tool of diplomacy

Arms Race to build the strongest Arms Race to build the strongest Armies and NaviesArmies and Navies

Compare to the Cold War after WWIICompare to the Cold War after WWII– Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons– Space RaceSpace Race

Alliance SystemsAlliance Systems

Triple EntenteTriple Entente - France- France - Great Britain- Great Britain - Russia- Russia Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - Germany- Germany - Austria-Hungary- Austria-Hungary - Italy- Italy

Assassination of Assassination of ArchdukeArchduke

Who: Who: Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand, heir to , heir to Austria/Hungarian throneAustria/Hungarian throne

What: AssassinatedWhat: Assassinated Where: Sarajevo, BosniaWhere: Sarajevo, Bosnia When: June 1914When: June 1914 Why: Black Hand group wanted to Why: Black Hand group wanted to

unite Serbian peoples in Bosnia. unite Serbian peoples in Bosnia. Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip shot Archduke shot Archduke and wife at point blank range.and wife at point blank range.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria

The 1911 The 1911 Gräf & Stift Bois de BoulogneBois de Boulogne tourer tourer in which Archduke Franz in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Ferdinand and his wife were riding at the time were riding at the time of their assassination. of their assassination.

Franz Ferdinand's blood-Franz Ferdinand's blood-stained uniformstained uniform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria

The Archduke and wife, The Archduke and wife, SophieSophie

Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip Archduke and wife in SarajevoArchduke and wife in Sarajevo

Alliance Systems Kick Alliance Systems Kick InIn Central PowersCentral Powers

– Austria/HungaryAustria/Hungary declare war on declare war on SerbiaSerbia

– Germany Germany backs backs A/HA/H

– Germany invades Germany invades France w/ the France w/ the Schliffen Plan Schliffen Plan (going through (going through Belgium) a Belgium) a neutral countryneutral country

Allied PowersAllied Powers– SerbiaSerbia – RussiaRussia goes to the goes to the

aid of Serbiaaid of Serbia– FranceFrance backs backs

RussiaRussia– BritainBritain backs backs

France after France after German invasionGerman invasion

– BelgiumBelgium is forced is forced into war due to into war due to invasioninvasion

– ItalyItaly is bribed to is bribed to join the Alliesjoin the Allies

Fighting Starts-Trench Fighting Starts-Trench WarfareWarfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare– See page 376See page 376– http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htm

Virtual TourVirtual Tour– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dugout_ext.s

html– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_frontline.sht

ml– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_trench_life.s

html– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dogfight.sht

ml

World War I GameWorld War I Game

– http://farmfive.com/flash/warfare1917.html

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=97757507

Medical Care During the Medical Care During the WarWar

ConditionsConditions– Filth, Lice, Rats, Polluted WaterFilth, Lice, Rats, Polluted Water– Wet and flooded trenchesWet and flooded trenches– Smell of gas and decayed bodiesSmell of gas and decayed bodies– Lack of SleepLack of Sleep– Constant bombardmentConstant bombardment

DiseasesDiseases– Trench FootTrench Foot– Trench MouthTrench Mouth– Shell ShockShell Shock

Weapons & Mechanized Weapons & Mechanized WarfareWarfare

Mechanized Warfare – warfare that Mechanized Warfare – warfare that relies on machines powered by relies on machines powered by gasoline and diesel enginesgasoline and diesel engines

WeaponsWeapons– Big BerthaBig Bertha– ZeppelinsZeppelins– Poison GasPoison Gas– TankTank– AirplaneAirplane– Machine GunsMachine Guns– Trench MortarsTrench Mortars

Americans Question Americans Question NeutralityNeutrality

Pres. Wilson wanted NeutralityPres. Wilson wanted Neutrality– ““Peace without VictoryPeace without Victory””– ““U.S. must be neutral in fact as well as in U.S. must be neutral in fact as well as in

name during these days that are to try name during these days that are to try menmen’’s souls.s souls.””

View U.S. Neutrality under World War I View U.S. Neutrality under World War I http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

Problems with NeutralityProblems with Neutrality– Nation of ImmigrantsNation of Immigrants– Use of PropagandaUse of Propaganda– Economic ConsiderationsEconomic Considerations

Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality Nation of ImmigrantsNation of Immigrants

– For Allied PowersFor Allied Powers Culturally tied to EnglandCulturally tied to England Helped by French in Revolutionary WarHelped by French in Revolutionary War We see the Central Powers as the We see the Central Powers as the

AggressorsAggressors

– For Central PowersFor Central Powers Many people of German / Austrian Many people of German / Austrian

DescentDescent Russians in U.S. hate Russian TzarRussians in U.S. hate Russian Tzar Irish in U.S. hate the British rule of IrelandIrish in U.S. hate the British rule of Ireland

Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality Propaganda – idea, facts, rumors Propaganda – idea, facts, rumors

or lies spread deliberately to help or lies spread deliberately to help or hurt a cause.or hurt a cause.– German PropagandaGerman Propaganda

““Hunger BlockadeHunger Blockade””– British PropagandaBritish Propaganda

Civilization vs. BarbarianismCivilization vs. Barbarianism Invasion of BelgiumInvasion of Belgium Compare Germans to the HunsCompare Germans to the Huns

Problems with Problems with NeutralityNeutrality U.S. Trade with Europe is U.S. Trade with Europe is

extensiveextensive

– Allies: 1914 - $825 million in tradeAllies: 1914 - $825 million in trade

1916 – $3.2 Billion in trade1916 – $3.2 Billion in trade

– Central: 1914 - $170 million in tradeCentral: 1914 - $170 million in trade

1916 - $2 million in trade1916 - $2 million in trade

U.S. also loaned Allies $2.3 billion U.S. also loaned Allies $2.3 billion compared to $27 million to Germanycompared to $27 million to Germany

Problems with BritainProblems with Britain

British warships started stopping British warships started stopping U.S. merchant ships with non-U.S. merchant ships with non-military goods bound for Central military goods bound for Central Powers Countries.Powers Countries.

U.S. protests but are not willing to U.S. protests but are not willing to go to war over it.go to war over it.

View Subs under World War I @View Subs under World War I @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

Problems with Problems with GermanyGermany Use of U-Boats (submarines) without Use of U-Boats (submarines) without

surfacing to give warning to neutral surfacing to give warning to neutral vessels. Against international law.vessels. Against international law.

War Zone Around British IslesWar Zone Around British Isles Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

– May 7, 1915 hit by German torpedoesMay 7, 1915 hit by German torpedoes– Sunk in 15 to 30 minutesSunk in 15 to 30 minutes– 1198 Passengers and Crew killed1198 Passengers and Crew killed– 128 Americans in total128 Americans in total– U.S. outraged, but do not declare warU.S. outraged, but do not declare war– Germans claim ship carried munitions for Germans claim ship carried munitions for

AlliesAllies

Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge

After several incidents of sinkings After several incidents of sinkings the Germans agree to suspend the Germans agree to suspend surprise attacks when the U.S. surprise attacks when the U.S. threatens to sever diplomatic threatens to sever diplomatic relations.relations.

Election of 1916Election of 1916

Wilson – Incumbent DemocratWilson – Incumbent Democrat– Slogan Slogan ““He Kept Us Out Of WarHe Kept Us Out Of War””– ““Peace with HonorPeace with Honor””

Charles Evans Hughes – RepublicanCharles Evans Hughes – Republican– Military Preparedness (Teddy Roosevelt)Military Preparedness (Teddy Roosevelt)– Freedom of the Seas / Be easy on Freedom of the Seas / Be easy on

GermanyGermany

Pacifists –people opposed to war –Pacifists –people opposed to war –Henry FordHenry Ford

Close Election – Wilson winsClose Election – Wilson wins

U.S. Declares War –U.S. Declares War –Reasons for Reasons for DeclarationDeclaration Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine

WarfareWarfare Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note Overthrow of Czar (Tsar) Overthrow of Czar (Tsar)

Nicolas II of RussiaNicolas II of Russia

American Power Tips the American Power Tips the BalanceBalanceSection 2Section 2

America MobilizesAmerica Mobilizes– US unprepared for warUS unprepared for war– Small armed force (200,000) with Small armed force (200,000) with

few experienced officersfew experienced officers Raising an ArmyRaising an Army

– Selective Service Act Selective Service Act May 1917 it required men 21-30 to May 1917 it required men 21-30 to

register for the draft. register for the draft. August age limit expanded to 18-45.August age limit expanded to 18-45. July the 1July the 1stst names were drawn from a names were drawn from a

fish bowl in lottery stylefish bowl in lottery style

Draft StatisticsDraft Statistics

24 million registered24 million registered 3 million were called up3 million were called up 2 million served in the Great War2 million served in the Great War ¾ saw actual combat¾ saw actual combat Most servicemen did NOT have a Most servicemen did NOT have a

high school educationhigh school education 20% were foreign born20% were foreign born

Discrimination in the Discrimination in the ServiceService

African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers– 400,000 African American served in 400,000 African American served in

segregated unitssegregated units– They were excluded from Navy and They were excluded from Navy and

MarinesMarines– Made to do non-combat dutiesMade to do non-combat duties

WomenWomen– Excluded from enlisting in ArmyExcluded from enlisting in Army

Army Corps of Nurses, but no rank, pay or Army Corps of Nurses, but no rank, pay or benefitsbenefits

– Non-combat duties in Navy and Marines Non-combat duties in Navy and Marines with full rankwith full rank

TrainingTraining

No problem with man powerNo problem with man power– DraftDraft– VolunteersVolunteers

Problem with feeding, clothing, housing, Problem with feeding, clothing, housing, transportation, and trainingtransportation, and training– Lack of bases to train and accommodate soldersLack of bases to train and accommodate solders– Lack of supplies, like weapons, grenades, etc.Lack of supplies, like weapons, grenades, etc.– Had to use fake weapons like broom sticks and Had to use fake weapons like broom sticks and

rocksrocks– Drill in civilian clothing due to lack of uniformsDrill in civilian clothing due to lack of uniforms

Lack of Planes and TanksLack of Planes and Tanks

Mass Production of Mass Production of ShipsShips Exempted or deferred shipyard Exempted or deferred shipyard

workers from the draftworkers from the draft Public Relations Campaign Public Relations Campaign Use of Fabrication TechniquesUse of Fabrication Techniques Government took over commercial Government took over commercial

and private ships to be converted and private ships to be converted for transatlantic war usefor transatlantic war use

What is the message this What is the message this graphic is trying to graphic is trying to convey?convey?

http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/6_2.html

Check out: On the Water- Building Ships for Victory at the link below.

America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the Tide

German U-Boat Attacks threaten German U-Boat Attacks threaten shipping lanes around the British Islesshipping lanes around the British Isles

Solution: Solution: Convoy SystemConvoy System developed developed by Admiral William Sims.by Admiral William Sims.– Group several merchant ships together Group several merchant ships together

and surround them with cruisers and and surround them with cruisers and battleships on the high seas. Once in the battleships on the high seas. Once in the U-Boat zone Destroyers would be added U-Boat zone Destroyers would be added for extra protection.for extra protection.

– Sail in a zigzag, irregular pattern to make Sail in a zigzag, irregular pattern to make it harder to trackit harder to trackhttp://www.cityofart.net/bship/destroyers.htmlhttp://www.cityofart.net/bship/u_boat.html

Check out the following information about the role of the submarine and destroyer in World War I:

Convoy System Huge Convoy System Huge SuccessSuccess

By end of War 90% of ships sailed By end of War 90% of ships sailed in systemin system

Less than 1% of protected ships Less than 1% of protected ships were lost to the enemy.were lost to the enemy.

Fighting in EuropeFighting in Europe

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing – Lt. George S. Patton, Jr.Lt. George S. Patton, Jr.– Eddie Rickenbacker, a famous Eddie Rickenbacker, a famous

racecar driverracecar driver American Expeditionary ForceAmerican Expeditionary Force

– Limited role at first as replacements Limited role at first as replacements for depleted British and French for depleted British and French troopstroops

– Eventually fought as American UnitsEventually fought as American Units– Nickname Nickname ““DoughboysDoughboys””

http://www.thewarpage.com/ww1us.html

The U.S. Turns the The U.S. Turns the TideTide Major BattlesMajor Battles

– CantignyCantigny– 22ndnd Battle of Marne Battle of Marne– Saint-MihielSaint-Mihiel– Meuse-ArgonneMeuse-Argonne

U.S. LossesU.S. Losses

48,000 battle deaths48,000 battle deaths 62,000 disease and other causes62,000 disease and other causes 200,000 + wounded200,000 + wounded

Heroes of the WarHeroes of the War

Alvin YorkAlvin York– Began as a Began as a conscientious objectorconscientious objector

A person who opposes warfare on moral A person who opposes warfare on moral grounds or religious convictiongrounds or religious conviction

– Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he killed 25 Germans killed 25 Germans

– With 6 other soldiers he captured 132 With 6 other soldiers he captured 132 German PrisonersGerman Prisoners

– Promoted to Sergeant and awarded many Promoted to Sergeant and awarded many medalsmedals

– Returned home to become a huge Returned home to become a huge celebritycelebrity

http://www.sgtyork.org/index.html

Heroes of the WarHeroes of the War

Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker– Famous Racecar DriverFamous Racecar Driver– Began as a driver for General Began as a driver for General

PershingPershing’’s Staffs Staff– Pilot with the 94Pilot with the 94thth Aero Pursuit Aero Pursuit

SquadronSquadron– Ace of AcesAce of Aces

130 Air Battles130 Air Battles Downed 26 Enemy PlanesDowned 26 Enemy Planes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker

The Collapse of The Collapse of GermanyGermany Austria/Hungary surrenders Nov. 3, 1918Austria/Hungary surrenders Nov. 3, 1918 Nov. 3 German sailors mutiny and the Nov. 3 German sailors mutiny and the

mutiny spreads to the Army and workersmutiny spreads to the Army and workers Nov. 9 a Provisional Government is Nov. 9 a Provisional Government is

established and the established and the Kaiser WilhelmKaiser Wilhelm abdicates his throne and flees to the abdicates his throne and flees to the NetherlandsNetherlands

Armistice Armistice (truce) is signed 11(truce) is signed 11thth hour, of hour, of the 11the 11thth day, of the 11 day, of the 11thth month, 1918. month, 1918.

The Final TollThe Final Toll

Deaths = 22 million (more then half civilian Deaths = 22 million (more then half civilian deaths)deaths)– England = 900,000England = 900,000– France = 1.35 millionFrance = 1.35 million– Russia = 1.7 millionRussia = 1.7 million– Germany = 2 millionGermany = 2 million– Austria/Hungary = 1.25 millionAustria/Hungary = 1.25 million– U.S. = 110,000U.S. = 110,000

Wounded = 20 millionWounded = 20 million Refugee = 10 millionRefugee = 10 million Direct Economic Cost = $338 BillionDirect Economic Cost = $338 Billion

Comparing Battle Comparing Battle DeathsDeaths

World War I World War I 1111 battle deaths per 1,000 battle deaths per 1,000 World War II World War II 1818 battle deaths per 1,000 battle deaths per 1,000 Vietnam __ battle deaths per 1,000Vietnam __ battle deaths per 1,000

1/3 the number of deaths in Civil War1/3 the number of deaths in Civil War

The War At HomeThe War At HomeSection 3Section 3

View: Mobilizing the Nation for War @View: Mobilizing the Nation for War @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course

%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

http://www.woodrowwilson.org/doc_img/321813.jpg

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Bernard M. BaruchBernard M. Baruch – – administratoradministrator

July 1917- Created to coordinate July 1917- Created to coordinate the manufacture and purchase of the manufacture and purchase of all supplies needed in the warall supplies needed in the war– Encourage companies to use mass-Encourage companies to use mass-

production techniques and use production techniques and use standardized production of goodsstandardized production of goods

– Set production quotasSet production quotas– Allocated raw materialsAllocated raw materials

Effects of the War Effects of the War on the Economy and on the Economy and

LifestylesLifestyles Retail prices double (food, Retail prices double (food,

clothing, necessities)clothing, necessities) Coal shortageCoal shortage RationingRationing Corporate profits soarCorporate profits soar Change in womenChange in women’’s clothings clothing

– Steel ribbed corsetsSteel ribbed corsets– Tall leather shoesTall leather shoes– Hemlines roseHemlines rose

Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration

Aug. 1917Aug. 1917 Encouraged the increased Encouraged the increased

production of fuel and reduced production of fuel and reduced consumption of fuelconsumption of fuel

Monitored coal supplies and Monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oilrationed gasoline and heating oil

Daylight Savings Time Daylight Savings Time ImplementedImplemented– Ben FranklinBen Franklin

Food AdministrationFood Administration

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover – administrator – administrator Promoted farmers to increase Promoted farmers to increase

productionproduction Promoted the public to eat lessPromoted the public to eat less

– Meatless DaysMeatless Days– Wheatless DaysWheatless Days– Sweetless DaysSweetless Days– Gospel of the Clean PlateGospel of the Clean Plate– Planting of Victory GardensPlanting of Victory Gardens

Financing the War Financing the War EffortEffort

War Revenue Act 1917War Revenue Act 1917– Raised Corporate Tax (War Profits Tax)Raised Corporate Tax (War Profits Tax)– Raised Individual Income TaxRaised Individual Income Tax– Excise tax on tobacco, liquor and luxury Excise tax on tobacco, liquor and luxury

itemsitems Sale of Liberty Bonds or Victory BondsSale of Liberty Bonds or Victory Bonds

– Movie Stars promotedMovie Stars promoted– Patriotic expressionPatriotic expression

Total Cost - $35.5 billionTotal Cost - $35.5 billion– 1 million an hour for 2 years1 million an hour for 2 years

Committee on Public Committee on Public InfoInfo George CreelGeorge Creel – administrator – administrator 11stst full-blown propaganda agency in U.S. full-blown propaganda agency in U.S.

historyhistory Purpose is to Purpose is to ““Sell the WarSell the War”” to the American to the American

public and those around the worldpublic and those around the world Hired writers, lectures, artist, photographers, Hired writers, lectures, artist, photographers,

and filmmakers to promote the war in a and filmmakers to promote the war in a favorable lightfavorable light

““Four Minute MenFour Minute Men”” to deliver speeches to deliver speeches ““Red, White, and BlueRed, White, and Blue”” pamphlets distributed pamphlets distributed

Anti- Immigrant Anti- Immigrant HysteriaHysteria Anti-Immigrant attacks against those Anti-Immigrant attacks against those

of Germany ancestry or nationalityof Germany ancestry or nationality– Lost their jobsLost their jobs– Orchestras stopped playing German and Orchestras stopped playing German and

Austria composerAustria composer– Changed German named townsChanged German named towns– Stopped teaching German language Stopped teaching German language

classesclasses– Removal of German authors from librariesRemoval of German authors from libraries– Flogging and beating, tar and featheringFlogging and beating, tar and feathering

German Names German Names ChangeChange German Measles = Liberty German Measles = Liberty

MeaslesMeasles Hamburger = Salisbury Steak Hamburger = Salisbury Steak Hamburger = Liberty SandwichHamburger = Liberty Sandwich Sauerkraut = Liberty CabbageSauerkraut = Liberty Cabbage Dachshunds = Liberty PupsDachshunds = Liberty Pups

Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917

Against the Law to:Against the Law to:– Aid the enemyAid the enemy– Interfere with the draftInterfere with the draft– Encourage disloyaltyEncourage disloyalty– Refuse to serve in the Armed ForcesRefuse to serve in the Armed Forces

Penalty:Penalty:– Heavy fine up to $10,000Heavy fine up to $10,000– 20 years in prison20 years in prison

The Sedition Act of The Sedition Act of 19181918 Crime to write, print, publish, or Crime to write, print, publish, or

say anything negative against the say anything negative against the government, Constitution, flag, government, Constitution, flag, uniform of service, and war effort.uniform of service, and war effort.

Penalty:Penalty:– Same as Espionage ActSame as Espionage Act

Civil Liberties LostCivil Liberties Lost

Violation of First AmendmentViolation of First Amendment Loss of Mailing PrivilegesLoss of Mailing Privileges 6,000 Arrests and 1,500 Convictions6,000 Arrests and 1,500 Convictions FiringsFirings

– See Examples on page 392See Examples on page 392

See Supreme Court Decisions on the Espionage See Supreme Court Decisions on the Espionage and Sedition Acts @and Sedition Acts @

http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20IIhttp://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

African Americans and the African Americans and the WarWar

Most African Americans backed the Most African Americans backed the war effortwar effort

Greatest Effect on African Americans Greatest Effect on African Americans lives was the lives was the Great MigrationGreat Migration– Large scale movement of Southern blacks Large scale movement of Southern blacks

to cities in the North from 1910-1930to cities in the North from 1910-1930 Escape Jim Crowism (racism)Escape Jim Crowism (racism) Boll Weevil infestation-hurt farming of cottonBoll Weevil infestation-hurt farming of cotton Job opportunities in NorthJob opportunities in North

Problems in the NorthProblems in the North

Crowded GhettosCrowded Ghettos High rentsHigh rents Race Riots (see page 394)Race Riots (see page 394) White resentmentWhite resentment

http://patriciahysell.wordpress.com/tag/omaha-race-riots/

Women and the WarWomen and the War

Job market opened for Job market opened for women in non-women in non-traditional occupations traditional occupations left vacant by men in left vacant by men in the servicethe service

Volunteers Volunteers Service of women Service of women

prompted Wilson to ask prompted Wilson to ask congress for the congress for the passage of the 19passage of the 19thth AmendmentAmendment

Things to think about...... Do you think all of the women were happy about taking over jobs that the men usually did?Do you think this was the main trigger for allowing women to work like men did?Do you think some women would have rather fought for their country than filled in the gaps at home? 

Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic

Originated in FranceOriginated in France ¼ of U.S. population ill¼ of U.S. population ill Effects on Economy DevastatingEffects on Economy Devastating

– Mines shut downMines shut down– Telephone service cut in halfTelephone service cut in half– Factories and Offices Staggered working Factories and Offices Staggered working

hourshours– Coffin ShortageCoffin Shortage– Corpses lay unburied for a weekCorpses lay unburied for a week– Doctors over worked and helplessDoctors over worked and helpless

500,000 Americans died500,000 Americans died 30 million deaths worldwide30 million deaths worldwide

Wilson Fights for Wilson Fights for PeacePeace

Section 4Section 4 ““Peace without VictoryPeace without Victory”” Calls for 14 PointsCalls for 14 Points Travels to Europe to negotiate end Travels to Europe to negotiate end

of the war.of the war. Many obstacle will stand in his way.Many obstacle will stand in his way. View WilsonView Wilson’’s 14 Points @s 14 Points @

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20UShttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.htmllessonp_nroc_ap.html

WilsonWilson’’s 14 Pointss 14 Points

1.1. No secret treaties among nationsNo secret treaties among nations2.2. Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas3.3. Tariffs and other economic Tariffs and other economic

barriers should be lowered or barriers should be lowered or abolished to foster free tradeabolished to foster free trade

4.4. Arms reductionArms reduction5.5. Colonial Policy consider the Colonial Policy consider the

inhabitantsinhabitants

14 Points Continued14 Points Continued

8.-13. concern boundary issues8.-13. concern boundary issues

14. 14. League of NationsLeague of Nations– Wilson's most important pointWilson's most important point– International Organization to International Organization to

address diplomatic crisesaddress diplomatic crises

The Big FourThe Big Four

David Lloyd David Lloyd George -Great George -Great BritainBritain

Georges Georges Clemenceau -Clemenceau -FranceFrance

The Big FourThe Big Four

Vittorio Orlando Vittorio Orlando -Italy -Italy

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson -United States -United States

Pictures of Big Four from www.wikipedia.org

Obstacles to Peace Obstacles to Peace and the 14 Pointsand the 14 Points

Some powers, like Italy and France, Some powers, like Italy and France, were concerned with gaining territorywere concerned with gaining territory

Some powers were interested in Some powers were interested in punishing Germanypunishing Germany

France was very interested in France was very interested in protecting itself from Germanyprotecting itself from Germany

Wilson was interested in the 14 Wilson was interested in the 14 PointsPoints

Wilson Must SacrificeWilson Must Sacrifice

French Premier said, French Premier said, ““ God gave us God gave us the 10 Commandments and we broke the 10 Commandments and we broke them. Wilson gave us his 14 Points – them. Wilson gave us his 14 Points – We Shall See.We Shall See.””

In the End only 4 of WilsonIn the End only 4 of Wilson’’s 14 Points s 14 Points SurviveSurvive

Sacrifice most points to get the 14Sacrifice most points to get the 14thth PointPoint

View Treaty of Versailles @View Treaty of Versailles @http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course

%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Punishes GermanyPunishes Germany

Saar Basin (Industrial Area of Germany) turned Saar Basin (Industrial Area of Germany) turned over to the League of Nations for 15 years.over to the League of Nations for 15 years.

Rhineland to be Demilitarized ZoneRhineland to be Demilitarized Zone Alsace-Lorraine returned to FranceAlsace-Lorraine returned to France Creation of the Polish CorridorCreation of the Polish Corridor Disarmed Germany – Naval and Army RestrictionsDisarmed Germany – Naval and Army Restrictions Article 231 – War Guilt Clause – Germany takes Article 231 – War Guilt Clause – Germany takes

full responsibility or blame for warfull responsibility or blame for war Reparations to be determined later. Germany Reparations to be determined later. Germany

forced to sign forced to sign ““Blank CheckBlank Check””. Cost to be $33 . Cost to be $33 BillionBillion

League of Nations CreatedLeague of Nations CreatedSee HandoutSee Handout

Treaty WeaknessesTreaty Weaknesses

Humiliation of GermanyHumiliation of Germany Stripped Germany of Pacific Stripped Germany of Pacific

Colonies they could have used to Colonies they could have used to help pay reparationshelp pay reparations

Ignored Russia and made them Ignored Russia and made them determined to reclaim lost territorydetermined to reclaim lost territory

Ignored the claims of colonized Ignored the claims of colonized peoples. i.e. Vietnampeoples. i.e. Vietnam

Weaknesses lead to future conflictWeaknesses lead to future conflict

Opposition to the Opposition to the TreatyTreaty IrreconcilablesIrreconcilables

– DonDon’’t like anything about treatyt like anything about treaty– Opposed U.S. involvement in WWIOpposed U.S. involvement in WWI– Isolationist and XenophobesIsolationist and Xenophobes

Wilson DemocratsWilson Democrats– Will agree with anything Wilson wantsWill agree with anything Wilson wants

ReservationistsReservationists– Led by Sen. Henry Cabot LodgeLed by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge– Reservations about League of NationsReservations about League of Nations’’

Clause that gives unconditional support to Clause that gives unconditional support to member nations in distressmember nations in distress

Public Disapproval of Public Disapproval of TreatyTreaty German-Americans think it is too German-Americans think it is too

harshharsh Italian-Americans think Italy Italian-Americans think Italy

doesndoesn’’t get enough landt get enough land Irish-Americans are upset it doesIrish-Americans are upset it does

nn ’’t address Irish self-t address Irish self-determinationdetermination

Wilson Refuses to Wilson Refuses to CompromiseCompromise

Congress does not seem likely to Congress does not seem likely to ratifyratify

Wilson goes on a national tour to Wilson goes on a national tour to appeal to the American publicappeal to the American public

Politically the tour gains Wilson Politically the tour gains Wilson more enemiesmore enemies

Wilson suffers major strokeWilson suffers major stroke Who runs the country for the rest Who runs the country for the rest

of his term???of his term???

Edith Bolling Galt WilsonEdith Bolling Galt Wilson

"Secret President," "Secret President," "first woman to run "first woman to run the government" -- the government" -- so legend has so legend has labeled a First Lady labeled a First Lady whose role gained whose role gained unusual significance unusual significance when her husband when her husband suffered prolonged suffered prolonged and disabling and disabling illness.illness.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/images/ew28-2.gif

Treaty Treaty NOTNOT Ratified Ratified

November 1919 – Congress votes November 1919 – Congress votes against ratification of the Treaty of against ratification of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

The U.S. never joins the League of The U.S. never joins the League of NationsNations

View Defeat of the Treaty in the U.S. View Defeat of the Treaty in the U.S. @@

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/coursehttp://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html%20files/multimedia/lesson57/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

Legacy of World War ILegacy of World War I

Strengthened U.S. military and power of the Strengthened U.S. military and power of the governmentgovernment

Accelerated Social ChangeAccelerated Social Change– Role of WomenRole of Women– African AmericansAfrican Americans

Left behind fear and antagonism that would Left behind fear and antagonism that would emerge to cause unrest in the 1920semerge to cause unrest in the 1920s

Europe was left devastated, politically Europe was left devastated, politically unstable, ripe for more violenceunstable, ripe for more violence

Russia fell to communismRussia fell to communism Germany, Italy and Spain fell to fascismGermany, Italy and Spain fell to fascism The Treaty of Versailles would ultimately lead The Treaty of Versailles would ultimately lead

to the 2to the 2ndnd World War World War