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The Hidden Structure of Architecture

International Plumbing Code International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Property Maintenance Code International Residential Code International Swimming Pool and Spa Code International Wildland Urban Interface Code International Zoning Code International Building Code International Energy Conservation Code International Existing Building Code International Fire Code International Fuel Gas Code International Green Construction Code International Mechanical Code ICC Performance Code NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NFPA 3 Recommended Practice for Commissioning and Integrated Testing of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems NFPA 4 Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam NFPA 11A Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents NFPA 18A Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages NFPA 30B Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment NFPA 32 Standard for Dry cleaning Plants NFPA 33 Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials NFPA 34 Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids NFPA 35 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film NFPA 42 Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 46 Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50A Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50B Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51 Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes NFPA 51A Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code NFPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code NFPA 56 Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code NFPA 59 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70 National Electrical Code® NFPA 70A National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and Two-Family Dwellings NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code NFPA 73 Standard for Electrical Inspections for Existing Dwellings NFPA 75 Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment NFPA 76 Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures NFPA 82 Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment NFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces NFPA 86C Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere NFPA 86D Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere NFPA 87 Recommended Practice for Fluid Heaters NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures NFPA 88B Standard for Repair Garages NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 90B Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations NFPA 97 Standard Glossary of Terms Relating to Chimneys, Vents, and Heat-Producing Appliances NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code NFPA 99B Standard for Hypobaric Facilities NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® Accessibility Massachusetts Architectural Access Board’s Rules and Regulations, CMR 521 Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Elevators Massachusetts Elevator Code, CMR 524 Environmental Protection Environnemental Protection Code, CMR 310 Water Pollution Control Code, CMR 314 Property Maintenance Massachusetts Sanitary Code, CMR 105 Energy International Energy Efficiency Code (2006) with 2007 Supplement or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 International Plumbing Code

The Pervasiveness of Code in Architecture

Code = Standardization Generic Solutions Off-The-Shelf Proprietary Systems

Code = Innovation Concept Abstraction Theory

DESIGN

Like genes – obscure, difficult to trace and often misunderstood as to their impact on bio-organisms, so too are the influence of codes on the built environment opaque. - Eran Ben-Joseph

Code A systematic collection of laws or regulations. ‘the criminal code’

A set of conventions governing behavior or activity in a particular sphere. ‘a dress code’

A set of rules and standards adhered to by a society, class, or individual. ‘a stern code of honor’

Code A systematic collection of laws or regulations. ‘the criminal code’

A set of conventions governing behavior or activity in a particular sphere. ‘a dress code’

A set of rules and standards adhered to by a society, class, or individual. ‘a stern code of honor’

Computing Programming Instructions ‘hundreds of lines of code’

A system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituted for other words, letters, etc., especially for the purposes of secrecy. ‘the Americans cracked their diplomatic code’

Caudex The term “code” derives from “caudex” which was simultaneously the trunk of a tree and a set of laws. It is one of several terms clustering around the idea of power being resident in a sacred tree; the Roland at the center of a village. A code, then, is etymologically and functionally the trunk around which a settlement arranges itself. - Patrick Pinnell

Types of Code Codes reflecting an individual or group’s attitude

Types of Code Codes purposefully established to govern aesthetic outcomes

Zoning (by-laws, ordinances, resolutions) Historical Preservation Sign and Billboard Satellite Dish and Cell Tower View Protection Open Space

Codes premised on protecting health and safety and welfare

Building Mechanical, Electrical Plumbing and Fire Protection Accessibility Sustainability

Impact on aesthetics are a by-product of regulating non-aesthetic concerns.

Types of Code Codes purposefully established to govern aesthetic outcomes

Types of Code Codes premised on protecting health and safety and welfare

Impact on aesthetics are a by-product of regulating non-aesthetic concerns.

Building Code A system of regulations, adopted into law by governing body, which mandates minimum levels of general health, safety and welfare that will be acceptable by society in the built environment.

International Plumbing Code International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Property Maintenance Code International Residential Code International Swimming Pool and Spa Code International Wildland Urban Interface Code International Zoning Code International Building Code International Energy Conservation Code International Existing Building Code International Fire Code International Fuel Gas Code International Green Construction Code International Mechanical Code ICC Performance Code NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NFPA 3 Recommended Practice for Commissioning and Integrated Testing of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems NFPA 4 Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam NFPA 11A Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents NFPA 18A Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages NFPA 30B Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment NFPA 32 Standard for Dry cleaning Plants NFPA 33 Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials NFPA 34 Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids NFPA 35 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film NFPA 42 Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 46 Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50A Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50B Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51 Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes NFPA 51A Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code NFPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code NFPA 56 Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code NFPA 59 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70 National Electrical Code® NFPA 70A National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and Two-Family Dwellings NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code NFPA 73 Standard for Electrical Inspections for Existing Dwellings NFPA 75 Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment NFPA 76 Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures NFPA 82 Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment NFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces NFPA 86C Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere NFPA 86D Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere NFPA 87 Recommended Practice for Fluid Heaters NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures NFPA 88B Standard for Repair Garages NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 90B Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations NFPA 97 Standard Glossary of Terms Relating to Chimneys, Vents, and Heat-Producing Appliances NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code NFPA 99B Standard for Hypobaric Facilities NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® Accessibility Massachusetts Architectural Access Board’s Rules and Regulations, CMR 521 Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Elevators Massachusetts Elevator Code, CMR 524 Environmental Protection Environnemental Protection Code, CMR 310 Water Pollution Control Code, CMR 314 Property Maintenance Massachusetts Sanitary Code, CMR 105 Energy International Energy Efficiency Code (2006) with 2007 Supplement or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 International Plumbing Code

Why do Architects Generally Dismiss Code?

Code (Public)

Collective Unity Individual Articulation (Architect)

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Milstein Hall, Cornell University

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Milstein Hall, Cornell University

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

1028.13.2 Intermediate handrails. Where handrails are provided in the middle of aisle stairs, there shall be an additional intermediate handrail located approximately 12 inches (305 mm) below the main handrail. 524.1 Every part of a required yard shall be open to the sky and unobstructed. Awnings, arbors, fences, flagpoles, recreational and laundry drying equipment and similar objects shall not be considered obstructions when located within a required yard. 29.1 Ground and floor surfaces including floors, walks, ramps, and curb cuts shall be stable, firm, slip resistant, and maintained with materials that ensure continued slip resistance. 1308.6.2 Interior Lighting Power Allowance: The interior lighting power allowance for a building or a separately metered or permitted portion of a building shall be determined by either the building area method described in 1308.6.2.1 or the Space-by-Space method described in 1308.6.2.2.

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Code requirements from the 2003 IBC

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

International Plumbing Code International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Property Maintenance Code International Residential Code International Swimming Pool and Spa Code International Wildland Urban Interface Code International Zoning Code International Building Code International Energy Conservation Code International Existing Building Code International Fire Code International Fuel Gas Code International Green Construction Code International Mechanical Code ICC Performance Code NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NFPA 3 Recommended Practice for Commissioning and Integrated Testing of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems NFPA 4 Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam NFPA 11A Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents NFPA 18A Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages NFPA 30B Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment NFPA 32 Standard for Dry cleaning Plants NFPA 33 Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials NFPA 34 Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids NFPA 35 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film NFPA 42 Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 46 Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50A Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50B Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51 Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes NFPA 51A Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code NFPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code NFPA 56 Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code NFPA 59 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70 National Electrical Code® NFPA 70A National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and Two-Family Dwellings NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code NFPA 73 Standard for Electrical Inspections for Existing Dwellings NFPA 75 Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment NFPA 76 Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures NFPA 82 Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment NFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces NFPA 86C Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere NFPA 86D Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere NFPA 87 Recommended Practice for Fluid Heaters NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures NFPA 88B Standard for Repair Garages NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 90B Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations NFPA 97 Standard Glossary of Terms Relating to Chimneys, Vents, and Heat-Producing Appliances NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code NFPA 99B Standard for Hypobaric Facilities NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® Accessibility Massachusetts Architectural Access Board’s Rules and Regulations, CMR 521 Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Elevators Massachusetts Elevator Code, CMR 524 Environmental Protection Environnemental Protection Code, CMR 310 Water Pollution Control Code, CMR 314 Property Maintenance Massachusetts Sanitary Code, CMR 105 Energy International Energy Efficiency Code (2006) with 2007 Supplement or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 International Plumbing Code

Why Building Codes?

1,800 BC The Code of Hammurabi 229 If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. 230 If it kill the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death. 231 If it kill a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the owner of the house. 232 If it ruin goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been ruined, and inasmuch as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means. 233 If a builder build a house for some one, even though he has not yet completed it; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the walls solid from his own means.

64 AD The Great Fire of Rome Common walls constructed of fire-resistant materials

1630 Boston outlaws chimneys made with wood and thatched roof coverings.

1666 The Great Fire of London London Rebuilding Act

1770 George Washington recommends that height and area

limitations be imposed on wood frame buildings in his plans for the District of Columbia. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson encouraged the development of building regulations to provide for minimum standards that would ensure health and safety.

1788 First known formal building code written in Old

Salem, North Carolina.

1865 New Orleans is the first city to enact a law requiring inspections of public places.

1871 The Great Chicago Fire

Lead to fire and building codes for spacing and construction

1903 Iroquois Theater Fire

Created standards for exiting pathways, exit doors, exit signs and markings, maximum seating

1905 The National Board of Fire Underwriters publishes its

Recommended National Building Codes 1909 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

Fire proofing, sprinkler systems, improved exiting from high-rises, and development of the NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code)

1915 The Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA) is Established.

1927 The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) is

established. This organization developed what is now known as the Uniform Building Code (UBC).

1929 Cleveland Clinic Hospital Fire

Safety film required for all x-ray film

1940 The Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) is founded. This organization developed what is now known as the Standard Building Code (SBC).

1940 Rhythm Club Fire

Standards for number of fire exits required, additional standards for door swing requirement, Interior finish standards

1942 Cocoanut Grove Night Club Fire Outward swinging doors, fire suppression systems, collapsible revolving doors, number of exit doors

1992 Hurricane Andrew Required a complete retro fit of sprinklers within casinos throughout the city

1994 Northridge Earthquake Code upgrades for seismic

2000 The first comprehensive and coordinated set of the International Building Code was published. All three organizations (BOCA, ICBO, & SBCCI) agreed to adopt the IBC and cease development of their respective individual codes.

2003 The Station Night Club Fire

New standard requires sprinkler systems in new clubs w/ 50 or more occupants and existing clubs w/ 100 or more occupants.

Model Codes

Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA) BOCA National Building Code (BOCA/NBC)

International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Uniform Building Code (UBC)

Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) Standard Building Code (SBC)

Model Codes

Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA) BOCA National Building Code (BOCA/NBC)

International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Uniform Building Code (UBC)

Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) Standard Building Code (SBC)

Model Codes

Proposes and Develops

Adopts , Amends and Enforces

Prescriptive Specific and prescribed responses to problems which have been identified. Designers identify the problem to be addressed and then look up the prescribed

Performance Based Do not define, describe, or predetermine the solution. Defines the problem and allow the designer to devise the solution. Object: What is to be accomplished? Functional Statement: Why do we want to accomplish this? Performance Requirement: How is this to be accomplished?

Prescriptive Guardrail heights are prescribed to be 42” high and are required when adjacent changes in grade exceed 30”

Performance Based Smoke control systems which require detailed calculations and modeling

International Plumbing Code International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Property Maintenance Code International Residential Code International Swimming Pool and Spa Code International Wildland Urban Interface Code International Zoning Code International Building Code International Energy Conservation Code International Existing Building Code International Fire Code International Fuel Gas Code International Green Construction Code International Mechanical Code ICC Performance Code NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NFPA 3 Recommended Practice for Commissioning and Integrated Testing of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems NFPA 4 Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA 11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam NFPA 11A Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 18 Standard on Wetting Agents NFPA 18A Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA 30A Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages NFPA 30B Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment NFPA 32 Standard for Dry cleaning Plants NFPA 33 Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials NFPA 34 Standard for Dipping, Coating, and Printing Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids NFPA 35 Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film NFPA 42 Code for the Storage of Pyroxylin Plastic NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA 46 Recommended Safe Practice for Storage of Forest Products NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50A Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 50B Standard for Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites NFPA 51 Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes NFPA 51A Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work NFPA 52 Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code NFPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code NFPA 56 Standard for Fire and Explosion Prevention During Cleaning and Purging of Flammable Gas Piping Systems NFPA 57 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel Systems Code NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code NFPA 59 Utility LP-Gas Plant Code NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70 National Electrical Code® NFPA 70A National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and Two-Family Dwellings NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace® NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code NFPA 73 Standard for Electrical Inspections for Existing Dwellings NFPA 75 Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment NFPA 76 Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures NFPA 82 Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment NFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces NFPA 86C Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere NFPA 86D Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere NFPA 87 Recommended Practice for Fluid Heaters NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures NFPA 88B Standard for Repair Garages NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems NFPA 90B Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations NFPA 97 Standard Glossary of Terms Relating to Chimneys, Vents, and Heat-Producing Appliances NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code NFPA 99B Standard for Hypobaric Facilities NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® Accessibility Massachusetts Architectural Access Board’s Rules and Regulations, CMR 521 Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Elevators Massachusetts Elevator Code, CMR 524 Environmental Protection Environnemental Protection Code, CMR 310 Water Pollution Control Code, CMR 314 Property Maintenance Massachusetts Sanitary Code, CMR 105 Energy International Energy Efficiency Code (2006) with 2007 Supplement or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 International Plumbing Code

How do Architects Typically Deal with Code During Design?

Concept SD DD CD CA

Prel

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Fina

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Insp

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Cert

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Use and Occupancy Classification

General Building Heights and Areas

Types of Construction

Fire-Resistive Construction

Interior Finishes

Means of Egress

Fire-Protection Systems

Accessibility

Interior Environment

Energy Efficiency

Exterior Walls

Roof Assemblies

Structural Tests and Inspections

Prel

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code

revi

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Fina

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view

Cert

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f Occ

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Insp

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AH

J Rev

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(Per

mit)

Design Process

Conc

ept

Design Process

Budget

Program

Constructability

Schedule

Code

Conc

ept

Design Process

Conc

ept

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Codes Limit the Self-Expression

Codes Limit the Self-Expression

Building Codes

Codes Limit the Self-Expression

Building Codes

Codes Limit the Self-Expression

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Understand code in a larger context of our society.

Design Process

Conc

ept

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Design Process

Conc

ept

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Understand code in a larger context of our society.

Integration into the design process. Understand Intent.

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes Limit Self-Expression

Codes Become Ingrained in Design

Codes are Incremental in Nature

Understand code in a larger context of our society.

Integration into the design process.

Always think critically about code and understand it’s intent.

Questions 1. Do we understand how pervasive codes are in shaping the

buildings we create?

2. Do we view codes as onerous and barriers to free undertaking of design?

3. Should we be more interested in the production of codes, or more engaged with their mandates?