The History of Pavement Noise and New Directions in Arizona

Noise Issues Are Not New

8000 BC Worlds First Major Town-Jericho 5000 BC Wheel Invented 4000 BC Mesopotamia 800 BC Iron Tires Introduced 44 BC First Noise Regulation 1869 London Report 1870s Use of Wood Blocks 1888 Pneumatic Tire Invented

Roman Wagon Circa 100AD

Noise Issues Are Not New

1897 Survey of 122 Cities with Paved Streets and Pop. > 10,000Paving Type Paved Length (km)

Asphalt 230

Granite Setts 1,920

Wood Block 1,220

Brick Block 1,160

Rock (Macadam?) 910

Total 5,440

AdditionalSurface Types

Hot Mix

Sheet Asphalt

Tire

Engine

6,000 Yrs 100 Yrs

What is Noise, How is it Controlled, and How Does it Affect Our Lives

Doubling Traffic adds 3dBA

How Is It Controlled

At the Source– Vehicle & Tire Emissions

Through Distance– 3 dBA Reduction for Each Doubling of

Distance– 25ft=70dBA, 50ft=67dBA, 100 ft=64

Through Obstructions– Berms, Walls, And Combination of both

Controlled At the Source

Controlled Through Obstructions1 dBA for each 2 ft of Wall Above

Ways of Measuring Sound

Wayside (Far Field)

Close Proximity (Near Field)

Noise Intensity (Near Field)

ADOT ISO CPX Trailer

1995 Spg 2000 Spg 2001 Spg 2002 Spg 2003 2004

Noise Intensity

The Arizona Noise Thing

ADOT Uses ARFC to Provide Quiet Pavements ADOT is Spending $34M to Overlay

PCCP in the Phoenix Metropolitan The ARFC is Minus 9.5mm & 9-9.5%

Binder 12.5 mm Thick When Used on Flexible

Pavement 25 mm Thick When Used on PCCP ADOT Uses Pavement Type (ARFC) as a

Noise Mitigation Strategy (4 dBA)

How Did We Get Here? The Technical Journey Begins!

OGFC

Gradat

ion

The Technical Journey?

Development of Improved OGFC for Use in Snow Country (1970s-80s)

Improved OGFC Used to Resist Reflective Cracking (1980s-90s)

Improved OGFC Used as PCCP Overlay (1980s-2000s)

Benefit For Smoothness (1990s) Benefit for Noise (1990s-2000s)

The Social Journey Begins 1990 Industry Study 1995 ADOT initiates first formal research 2002 ISO Noise Trailer Constructed 2002 Collaborative Research with Caltran’s &

NCAT 2002 Network Level Evaluation of ARFC 2002 PCCP Surface Texture Experiments 2002 ADOT Elects to Use ARFC for Noise 2003 ADOT’s Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

Population Growth of Arizona

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1840 1890 1940 1990 2040

Popu

lation

(Milli

on)

The Social Journey Continues

The March to the Arizona Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

(1) Network Level Evaluation of ARFC Surfaces

AR_ACFC Noise Levels Versus Pavement Age

y = 0.5453x + 93.279

R2 = 0.5805

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Pavement Age

CP

X N

ois

e L

evels

dB

A

(2) Evaluation of PCCP Tining Methods

Longitudinal Uniform Transverse

Random Transverse

(3) Comparison of Different Mixes

Wearing Course Surface Type

CPX Noise Level (dBA)

SMA 95.9

AR-ACFC 95.0

PEM 96.0

Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

Lessons Learned To Date

Comparison of Various Surface Types Comparison of Measurement Systems Environmental Effects We Have Only Just Begun the JOURNEY!

Noise Levels By Surface Type

104.9 Random Transverse (Wisconsin)

102.5 Uniform Transverse (ADOT-3/4”)

99.1 Longitudinal (ADOT-3/4”)

95.5 Whisper Grind

91.8 ARFC

Mix Design Procedures

Laboratory Tests

Impedance Tube (Mobile) Complex Modulus Test-Loss Function Permeability/Infiltration Air Flow

In Summary

Surface Type Does Matter-Noise Should be Controlled at the Source

Noise Should be Managed Just Like Friction, Roughness, Rutting, and Cracking

People Do Care How They Live-It’s a Quality of Life Issue!!!

Thank You

6,000 Yrs

Tire

100 Yrs

Engine

Future

Tire/Pavement