Hulk (comics) 1

Hulk (comics)

Hulk

Promotional art for The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #92 (April 2006)by Bryan Hitch.

Publication information

Publisher Marvel Comics

First appearance The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962)

Created by Stan LeeJack Kirby

In-story information

Alter ego Bruce Banner

Species Human

Place of origin Earth

Team affiliations • The Worthye•• Warbound•• Avengers•• Defenders•• Pantheon•• Hulkbusters•• Heroes for Hire•• Horsemen of Apocalypse•• The Order•• New Fantastic Four

Notable aliases War, Joe Fixit, Green Scar, World-Breaker, Sakaarson,

Abilities • Banner: Genius-level intellect• Hulk: Superhuman strength, speed, stamina, endurance & durability• Immunity to diseases & viruses•• Regenerative healing factor•• Resistance to mind control

The Hulk is a fictional character, a superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created byStan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). He is a gigantic, green,irradiated, mutated humanoid monster with incredible strength and an inability to control his rage. The Hulk issometimes characterized as hyper-aggressive and brutal, other times as cunning, brilliant, and scheming. He is oftenportrayed as an antihero. The Hulk is cast as the emotional and impulsive alter ego of the withdrawn and reservedphysicist Dr. Bruce Banner; Banner first transforms into the Hulk shortly after he is accidentally exposed to theblast of a test detonation of a gamma bomb he invented. Subsequently, Banner will involuntarily transform into theHulk whenever he gets too angry or if his life is in danger, leading to extreme complications in Banner's life. Leesaid the Hulk's creation was inspired by a combination of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein.[1]

Although the Hulk's coloration has varied throughout the character's publication history, the most consistent shade is green. As the Hulk, Banner is capable of significant feats of strength, the magnitude of which increase in direct proportion to the character's anger. As the character himself puts it, "The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets!" Strong emotions such as anger, terror and grief are also triggers for forcing Banner's transformation into the Hulk. As a child, Banner's father Brian Banner often got mad and physically abused his mother, creating the psychological complex of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. A common

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storyline is the pursuit of both Banner and the Hulk by the U.S. armed forces, because of all the destruction that hecauses. He has two main catchphrases: "Hulk is strongest there is!" and the better-known "HULK SMASH!", whichhas founded the basis for a number of pop culture memes.The Hulk has been depicted in various other media, most notably by Bill Bixby as Dr. David Banner and LouFerrigno as the Hulk in the live-action television series and five made-for-television movies, and by Eric Bana,Edward Norton and later Mark Ruffalo in the most recent Marvel film adaptations. Other depictions include multipleanimated series, through the use of CGI in Hulk (2003) and The Incredible Hulk (2008), and various video games.The most recent CGI portrayal is in the 2012 film The Avengers.

Publication history

Concept and creationThe Hulk first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962), written by writer-editor Stan Lee, and penciller andco-plotter Jack Kirby, and inked by Paul Reinman. Lee cites influence from Frankenstein[2] and Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde in the Hulk's creation:

"I combined Jekyll and Hyde with Frankenstein," he explains, "and I got myself the monster I wanted, whowas really good, but nobody knew it. He was also somebody who could change from a normal man into amonster, and lo, a legend was born."[3] Lee remembers, "I had always loved the old movie Frankenstein. Andit seemed to me that the monster, played by Boris Karloff, wasn't really a bad guy. He was the good guy. Hedidn't want to hurt anybody. It's just those idiots with torches kept running up and down the mountains,chasing him and getting him angry. And I thought, 'Wouldn't it be fun to create a monster and make him thegood guy?'[3]

Lee also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish myth.[2] In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see theHulk as a reaction to the Cold War[4] and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up,Up and Oy Vey.[2] This interpretation corresponds well when taken into account alongside other popularized fictionalmedia created during this time period, which took advantage of the prevailing sense among Americans that nuclearpower could produce monsters and mutants.[5] Kaplan calls Hulk "schizophrenic."[6] Jack Kirby has also commentedupon his influences in drawing the character, recalling as inspiration the tale of a mother who rescues her child whois trapped beneath a car.[7]

Debut and first seriesIn the debut, Lee chose gray for the Hulk because he wanted a color that did not suggest any particular ethnicgroup.[8] Colorist Stan Goldberg, however, had problems with the gray coloring, resulting in different shades ofgray, and even green, in the issue. After seeing the first published issue, Lee chose to change the skin color togreen.[9] Green was used in retellings of the origin, with even reprints of the original story being recolored for thenext two decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302 (December 1984) reintroduced the gray Hulk in flashbacksset close to the origin story. Since then, reprints of the first issue have displayed the original gray coloring, with thefictional canon specifying that the Hulk's skin had initially been gray. [An exception is the early trade paperback,Origins of Marvel Comics, from 1974, which explains the difficulties in keeping the gray color consistent in a StanLee written prologue, and reprints the origin story keeping the gray coloration.]The original series was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963). Lee had written each story, with Kirby penciling the first five issues and Steve Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. The character immediately guest-starred in The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and months later became a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers, appearing in the first two issues of the team's eponymous series (September & November 1963), and returning as an antagonist in issue #3 and as an ally in #5 (January–May 1964). He then guest-starred in Fantastic Four #25–26 (April–May 1964), which revealed Banner's full name as "Robert Bruce Banner," and The Amazing Spider-Man #14

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(July 1964).Around this time, co-creator Kirby received a letter from a college dormitory stating the Hulk had been chosen as itsofficial mascot.[2] Kirby and Lee realized their character had found an audience in college-age readers.

Tales to Astonish

A year and a half after the series was canceled, the Hulk became one of two features in Tales to Astonish, beginningin issue #60 (October 1964). In the previous issue, he had appeared as an antagonist for Giant-Man, whose featureunder various superhero guises had run in the title since issue #35. This phase also introduced the concept ofBanner's transformations being caused by extreme emotional stress, which would become central to the character'sstatus as an iconic figure of runaway emotion. It was also during this time that the Hulk developed a more savageand childlike personality, shifting from the brutish figure who spoke in complete sentences.This new Hulk feature was initially scripted by writer-editor Lee and illustrated by the team of penciller Steve Ditkoand inker George Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby from #68–87 (June 1965 – October1966), doing full pencils or, more often, layouts for other artists; Gil Kane, credited as "Scott Edwards", in #76(February 1966), his first Marvel Comics work; Bill Everett inking Kirby in #78–84 (April–October 1966); and JohnBuscema penciling Kirby's layouts in #85-87. The Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains the Leader,[1]

who would become the Hulk's archnemesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being.[1] In issue #77(March 1966), Bruce Banner's and the Hulk's dual identity became publicly known, thus making Banner often awanted fugitive from the authorities. Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tales to Astonish. Beginning withissue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, and ran until March 1999, when Marvelcanceled the series and restarted the title with a new issue #1.

1970sThe Incredible Hulk vol. 2 was published through the 1970s, and the character also made guest appearances in othertitles. Writers introduced Banner’s cousin Jennifer Walters, the She-Hulk, in a title of her own. In the first issue ofthe She-Hulk comic, Banner gave some of his blood to Walters in a transfusion. She seemed fine at first, but whenshe later suffered stress it caused a transformation into the She-Hulk. Unlike her cousin, she maintained her intellectand personality, although her inhibitions were noticeably lowered. She later appeared in the Hulk comic proper, aswell as other Marvel titles. Banner’s guilt about causing her change became another part of his character, althoughJennifer grew to prefer her She-Hulk state.Writers changed numerous times during the decade. At times, the creative staff included Archie Goodwin, ChrisClaremont, and Tony Isabella, Len Wein handled many of the stories through the 1970s, working first with HerbTrimpe, then, in 1975, with Sal Buscema, who was the regular artist for ten years. Harlan Ellison plotted a story,scripted by Roy Thomas, for issue #140 (June 1971), "The Brute that Shouted Love at the Heart of the Atom". Issues#180–181 (October–November 1974) introduced the character Wolverine, who would go on to become one ofMarvel Comics' most popular.In 1977, Marvel (under its Curtis Magazines imprint) launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk, ablack-and-white comics magazine.[1] Originally, the series was conceived as a flashback series, set between the endof his original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales to Astonish.[10] After nine issues, themagazine was retitled The Hulk! and printed in full color. Near the end of the magazine's run, it went back toblack-and-white.[11] Back-up features included Bloodstone, Man-Thing, and Shanna the She-Devil during theRampaging Hulk issues, and later Moon Knight and Dominic Fortune.

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1980s and 1990sFollowing Roger Stern, Bill Mantlo took over the writing with issue #245 (March 1980). His "Crossroads ofEternity" stories, which ran through issues #300–313 (October 1984 – November 1985), explored the idea thatBanner had suffered child abuse. Greg Pak, a later writer on The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, called Mantlo's "Crossroads"stories one of his biggest influences on approaching the character.[12] After five years, Mantlo and artist MikeMignola left the title for Alpha Flight,[13] and Alpha Flight writer John Byrne took over the series and left it after sixissues, claiming, "I took on the Hulk after a discussion with editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, in which I mentioned someof the things I would like to do with that character, given the chance. He told me to do whatever was necessary to geton the book, he liked my ideas so much. I did, and once installed he immediately changed his mind - 'You can't dothis!' Six issues was as much as I could take."[14] Byrne was followed briefly by Al Milgrom, before new regularwriter Peter David took over.David became the writer of the series with issue #331 (May 1987), marking the start of a 12-year tenure. David's runaltered Banner's pre-Hulk characterization and the nature of the relationship between Banner and the Hulk. Davidreturned to the Stern and Mantlo abuse storyline, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as sufferingdissociative identity disorder (DID). David's stories showed that Banner had serious mental problems long before hebecame the Hulk. David revamped the personality significantly, giving the gray Hulk the alias "Joe Fixit," andsetting him up as a morally ambiguous Las Vegas enforcer and tough guy. David worked with numerous artists overhis run on the series, including Dale Keown, Todd McFarlane, Sam Kieth, Gary Frank, Liam Sharp, Terry Dodson,Mike Deodato, George Pérez, and Adam Kubert.[1]

In issue #377 (January 1991), David revamped the Hulk again, using a storyline involving hypnosis to have thesplintered personalities of Banner, Joe Fixit and the savage green Hulk synthesize into a new Hulk, who has the vastpower of the Savage Hulk, the cunning of the gray Hulk, and the intelligence of Bruce Banner.In the 1993 Future Imperfect miniseries, writer David and penciller George Pérez introduced readers to the Hulk of adystopian future. Calling himself the Maestro, the Hulk rules over a world where most of the heroes have beenkilled, and only Rick Jones and a small band of rebels fight against the Maestro’s rule. Although the Maestro seemedto be destroyed by the end, he returned in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #460 (January 1998), also written by David.In 1998, David followed editor Bobbie Chase's suggestion to kill Betty Ross. In the introduction to the Hulk tradepaperback Beauty and the Behemoth, David said that his wife had recently left him, providing inspiration for thestoryline. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportunity to push the idea of bringing back the Savage Hulk.David disagreed, leading to his parting ways with Marvel.[15] His last issue of Hulk was #467 (August 1998), his137th.Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging Hulk as a standard comic book rather than as a comicsmagazine.[1]

RelaunchFollowing David's departure, Joe Casey took over as writer until the series' relaunch after issue #474 (March 1999).Hulk vol. 1[16] began immediately the following month, scripted by John Byrne and penciled by Ron Garney. Inparticular, the 1999 Hulk Annual (which retconned the Skrulls as being responsible for the gamma bomb explosionthat turned Banner into Hulk) was mocked in the pages of Peter David's Captain Marvel series,[17] publishedconcurrently as Byrne's Hulk run.Erik Larsen and Jerry Ordway briefly took over scripting, and the title returned to The Incredible Hulk vol. 3[18] with the arrival of Paul Jenkins in issue #12 (March 2000). Jenkins wrote a story arc in which Banner and the three Hulks (Savage Hulk, gray Hulk, and the Merged Hulk, now considered a separate personality and referred to as the Professor) are able to mentally interact with one another, each personality taking over the shared body. During this, the four personalities (including Banner) confronted yet another submerged personality, a sadistic "Devil" intent on

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attacking the world for revenge.[19]

Bruce Jones followed as the series' writer, and his run features Banner using yoga to take control of the Hulk whilehe is pursued by a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-issue IncredibleHulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1–4 (November 2004 – February 2005), which Marvelpublished after putting the ongoing series on hiatus.Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writerwhen it was decided to make the story, now only five parts, part of the ongoing series instead.[20] David contracted tocomplete a year on the title. Tempest Fugit revealed that Nightmare has manipulated the Hulk for years, tormentinghim in various ways for "inconveniences" that the Hulk had caused him, including the sadistic Hulk Jenkins hadintroduced. It also implied that some or all of the recent storylines by Bruce Jones may have been just illusion.[21]

After a four-part tie-in to the House of M crossover and a one-issue epilogue, David left the series once more, citingthe need to do non-Hulk work for the sake of his career.[22]

Planet Hulk and World War HulkIn the 2006 crossover storyline Planet Hulk by writer Greg Pak, a secret group of superhero leaders, the Illuminati,consider the Hulk an unacceptable potential risk to Earth, and rocket him into space to live a peaceful existence on aplanet uninhabited by intelligent life. After a trajectory malfunction, the Hulk crashes on the violent planet Sakaar,where he rises from a captured gladiator to rebel leader, then usurps Sakaar's throne, becoming the new emperor.This story was followed by World War Hulk, also written by Pak, and drawn by John Romita, Jr., in which the vesselused to send the Hulk to Sakaar explodes, killing millions, including the Hulk's pregnant queen, Caiera, and damagesthe tectonic plates, nearly destroying the planet. Enraged, the Hulk returns to Earth with Sakaar's citizens and hisallies, the Warbound, for retribution against the Illuminati. After laying siege to Manhattan, the Hulk learns one ofhis allies allowed the explosion to happen when Red King troops planted the bomb. He reverts to his Bruce Bannerform after a fight with the Sentry and is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody.

Retitling and new Hulk seriesAs of issue #113 (February 2008), the series was retitled The Incredible Hercules, still written by Greg Pak butstarring the mythological demigod Hercules and teenage genius Amadeus Cho.Marvel also launched a new volume of Hulk, (volume 2) written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Ed McGuinness. Theseries featured the debut of a new Red Hulk, and Banner emerging from a coma and resuming his changes into theGreen Hulk. After issue #12, The Incredible Hulk #600 was released, in which Red Hulk absorbs Hulk's radiationand claims Banner can never turn into the Hulk again. The series then continued with issue #13, with Bannerquestioning whether he should be glad that Hulk is gone or even if the Hulk is truly gone. The Incredible Hulk alsocontinued with #601 onward, in which Banner seeks out his son Skaar, offering to train him to kill the Hulk in theeventuality of the Hulk's return. Under the aegis of megalomaniac Norman Osborn, Banner is re-exposed to gammaradiation, re-initiating the radiation in his body, thus allowing Banner to turn into the Hulk once more. Osbornexplains he wants the Hulk to return, taking Banner out of the equation, and having him fight Skaar, hopefullykilling each other.In the company crossover story arc "Fall of the Hulks", beginning December 2009, Banner allies himself with theRed Hulk, revealed as a former agent of the supervillain group Intelligencia,[23] and, in fact, General ThunderboltRoss (the one Banner had killed was a Life Model Decoy).[24] In the concurrent "Hulked Out Heroes" arc, writer JeffParker has the Intelligencia irradiate several heroes, turning them into destructive Hulk versions of themselves untilthey are cured.In the since-retitled The Incredible Hulks #612, Banner tries to rekindle his marriage with Betty Ross, who is nowthe Red She-Hulk. Bruce and Betty resume their romantic relationship after defeating Fin Fang Foom.[25]

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The Incredible Hulk vol. 4 began in October 2011, written by Jason Aaron and drawn by Marc Silvestri. At the startof this new series, Hulk and Banner have somehow become separate entities. The Hulk has been living as a hunterfor an underground tribe of Moloids in Subterranea while Banner has become a deranged scientist living on an islandand conducting experiments to try to re-trigger his transformations into the Hulk. When Hulk works with the MADSquad to stop Bruce Banner, a flashback reveals that Doctor Doom was responsible for performing differentsurgeries that separated Hulk from Bruce Banner. The storyline concludes with Banner being destroyed in the blastfrom his new gamma bomb, but the Hulk's close proximity to Banner when the explosion occurred resulted in Hulkand Banner becoming one being once more, with their previous existence reversed; now Hulk is the 'dominant'personality, reverting into the criminally insane Banner when he becomes too calm.[26] It soon turns out that BruceBanner has been using Hulk into gathering components for him as Bruce Banner has found a way to cure himself ofthe Hulk, but informs the Hulk via video that he has decided not to use the cure as he has accepted that the Hulkmade him a better person than he would have been if he had remained himself, the two accepting their joint destinyas they prepare to move against Doctor Doom's latest plan.[27]

During the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, Captain America finds Hulk in Colorado and asks for his help to fight aPhoenix Force-empowered Cyclops and Emma Frost. Hulk accepts and joins up with the Avengers, Captain Americanoting that, despite his complicated relationship with the team, he has always been there when the crisis is largeenough. During the battle, Hulk manages to take down Emma Frost. After Cyclops killed Professor X, Hulk did thefastball special with Wolverine which does not work.[28]

Characterization

Bruce BannerThe core of the Hulk, Bruce Banner has been portrayed differently by different writers, but common themes persist.Banner, a physicist, is sarcastic and seemingly very self-assured when he first appears in Incredible Hulk #1, but isalso emotionally withdrawn in most fashions.[1] Banner designed the gamma bomb which caused his affliction, andthe ironic twist of his self-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.[2] Arie Kaplan describesthe character thus: "Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him willerupt, and therefore he can’t form meaningful bonds with anyone."[6]

Throughout the Hulk's published history, writers have continued to frame Bruce Banner in these themes. Underdifferent writers, his fractured personality led to transformations into different versions of the Hulk. Thesetransformations are usually involuntary, and often writers have tied the transformation to emotional triggers, such asrage and fear. As the series has progressed, different writers have adapted the Hulk, changing Hulk's personality toreflect changes in Banner's physiology or psyche. Writers have also refined and changed some aspects of Banner'spersonality, showing him as emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solvingproblems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applyingdeductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Bannerhas controlled the Hulk's body, he has applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductivereasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the Red Hulk that Banner has beenextremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was brieflyseparated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of theHulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide somethingfor him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.[29]

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The HulkDuring the experimental detonation of a gamma bomb, scientist Bruce Banner rushes to save a teenager who hasdriven onto the testing field. Pushing the teen, Rick Jones, into a trench, Banner himself is caught in the blast,absorbing massive amounts of radiation. He awakens later in an infirmary, seeming relatively unscathed, but thatnight transforms into a lumbering gray form that breaks through the wall and escapes. A soldier in the ensuing searchparty dubs the otherwise unidentified creature a "hulk".[30]

The original version of the Hulk was often shown as simple and quick to anger. His first transformations weretriggered by sundown, and his return to Banner by dawn. However, in Incredible Hulk #4, Banner started using agamma-ray device to transform at will.[31] In more recent Hulk stories, emotions trigger the change. Although grayin his debut, difficulties for the printer led to a change in his color to green. In the original tale, the Hulk divorces hisidentity from Banner’s, decrying Banner as "that puny weakling in the picture."[30] From his earliest stories, the Hulkhas been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet[2] and often is shown reacting emotionally to situations quickly.Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the "dark, primordial side of [Banner's] psyche."[4] Even in the earliest appearances,Hulk spoke in the third person. The Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences, andLee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue six, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities the Hulkhas, when the Hulk says, "But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!" InMarvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics, Les Daniels addresses the Hulk as an embodimentof cultural fears of radiation and nuclear science. He quotes Jack Kirby thus: "As long as we're experimenting withradioactivity, there's no telling what may happen, or how much our advancements may cost us." Daniels continues,"The Hulk became Marvel's most disturbing embodiment of the perils inherent in the atomic age."[32]

Though usually a loner, the Hulk helped to form both the Avengers[33] and the Defenders.[34] He was able todetermine that the changes were now triggered by emotional stress.[35]

The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), featured the Hulk's first battle with the Thing. Although many early Hulkstories involve General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross trying to capture or destroy the Hulk, the main villain is often,like Hulk, a radiation-based character, like the Gargoyle or the Leader, along with other foes such as the Toad Men,or Asian warlord General Fang. Ross' daughter, Betty, loves Banner and criticizes her father for pursuing the Hulk.General Ross' right-hand man, Major Glenn Talbot, also loves Betty and is torn between pursuing the Hulk andtrying to gain Betty's love more honorably. Rick Jones serves as the Hulk's friend and sidekick in these early tales.In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature ofhis transformations,[36] briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulkform.Hulk stories began to involve other dimensions, and in one, Hulk met the empress Jarella. Jarella used magic to bringBanner’s intelligence to Hulk, and came to love him, asking him to become her mate. Though Hulk returned to Earthbefore he could become her king, he would return to Jarella's kingdom of K'ai again.When Bill Mantlo took on writing duties, he led the character into the arena of political commentary when Hulktraveled to Tel Aviv, Israel, encountering both the violence of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the Jewish Israeliheroine Sabra. Soon after, Hulk encountered the Arabian Knight, a Bedouin superhero.[2]

Under Mantlo's writing, a mindless Hulk was sent to the "Crossroads of Eternity", where Banner was revealed tohave suffered childhood traumas which engendered Bruce's repressed rage.[37]

Having come to terms with his issues, at least for a time, Hulk and Banner physically separated under John Byrne'swriting. Separated from the Hulk by Doc Samson,[38] Banner was recruited by the U.S. government to create theHulkbusters, a government team dedicated to catching Hulk. Banner and Ross married,[39] but Byrne's change in thecharacter was reversed by Al Milgrom, who reunited the two personas,[40] and with issue #324, returned the Hulk tohis gray coloration, with the changes occurring at night, regardless of Banner's emotional state. The Hulk appeared toperish in a gamma bomb explosion, but was instead sent to Jarella's home dimension of K'ai.

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Shortly after returning to Earth, Hulk took on the identity of "Joe Fixit," a shadowy behind the scenes figure,working in Las Vegas on behalf of a casino owner, Michael Berengetti.[41] For months, Banner was repressed inHulk’s mind, but slowly began to reappear. Hulk and Banner began to change back and forth again at dusk and dawn,as the character initially had, but this time, they worked together to advance both their goals, using written notes ascommunication as well as meeting on a mental plane to have conversations. In The Incredible Hulk #333, the Leaderdescribes the gray Hulk persona as strongest during the night of the new moon and weakest during the full moon.Eventually, the Green Hulk began to reemerge.[42]

In issue #377, David revamped the Hulk again; Doctor Leonard Samson engages the Ringmaster's services tohypnotize Bruce Banner and force him, the Savage Hulk (Green Hulk) and Mr. Fixit (Gray Hulk) to confrontBanner's past abuse at the hands of his father Brian Banner. During the session, the three identities confront a "GuiltHulk," which sadistically torments the three with the abuse of Banner’s father. Facing down this abuse, a new largerand smarter Hulk emerges and completely replaces the "human" Bruce Banner and Hulk personae. This Hulk is aculmination of the three aspects of Banner. He has the vast power of the Savage Hulk, the cunning of the gray Hulk,and the intelligence of Bruce Banner.Peter David then introduces the Hulk to the Pantheon, a secretive organization built around an extended family ofsuperpowered people.[43] The family members, mostly distant cousins to each other, had codenames based in themythos of the Trojan War, and were descendants of the founder of the group, Agamemnon. When Agamemnonleaves, he puts the Hulk in charge of the organization. The storyline ends when it is revealed Agamemnon has tradedhis offspring to an alien race to gain power. The Hulk leads the Pantheon against the aliens, and then moves on.During his leadership of the Pantheon, Hulk encounters a depraved version of himself from the future calledMaestro, who Delphi saw in a vision back in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #401 with part of the events occurringconcurrently in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #415.Thrown into the future, Hulk finds himself allied with Rick Jones, now an old man, in an effort to destroy the tyrantMaestro. Unable to stop him in any other manner, Hulk uses the time machine that brought him to the future to sendthe Maestro back into the heart of the very Gamma Bomb test that spawned the Hulk.Artistically, the character has been depicted as progressively more muscular in the years since his debut.[44]

Primary series• Incredible Hulk vol. 1, #1-6 (May 1962 – March 1963)• Tales to Astonish #60-101 (October 1964 – March 1968)• Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #102-474,600-611 (April 1968 – March 1999, July 2009 – October 2010)• Hulk vol. 1, #1-11 (April 1999 – February 2000)• Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #12-112 (March 2000 – December 2007)• Hulk vol. 2, #1-11 (January 2008 – June 2009) (continued as Hulk vol. 2 #12 featuring Red Hulk)• Incredible Hulks #612-635 (November 2010 – August 2011)• Incredible Hulk vol. 4, #1-15 (October 2011 – October 2012)• Indestructible Hulk #1- (November 2012)

Powers, appearance, and abilitiesThe Hulk possesses the potential for limitless physical strength depending directly on his emotional state,particularly his anger.[45] This has been reflected in the repeated comment, "The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulkgets." After probing, the entity Beyonder once claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had "no finite elementinside."[46] His durability, regeneration, and endurance also increase in proportion to his temper.[47] Greg Pakdescribed the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during World War Hulk as having a level of physical power where "Hulkwas stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth."[48]

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The Hulk's level of strength is normally limited by Banner's subconscious influence. When Hulk allowed Jean Greyto psionically "shut Banner off", he reached a scale of power on which he managed to overpower and destroy thephysical form of the villain Onslaught.[49]

The Hulk is resistant to most forms of injury or damage. The extent varies between interpretations, but he haswithstood the equivalent of solar temperatures,[50] nuclear explosions,[51] and planet-shattering impacts.[52] Despitehis remarkable resiliency, continuous barrages of high-caliber gunfire can hinder his movement to some degree, andthis has been consistently portrayed outside the comic books, in both live-action films and animation. He has beenshown to have both regenerative and adaptive healing abilities, including growing tissues to allow him to breatheunderwater,[53] surviving unprotected in space for extended periods,[54][55] and when injured, healing from mostwounds within seconds.[56] As an effect, he has an extremely prolonged lifespan.[57]

The Hulk's powerful legs allow him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents,[58] and he has displayedsufficient superhuman speed to match Thor,[59] and Sentry.[60]

He also possesses less commonly described powers, including abilities allowing him to "home in" to his place oforigin in New Mexico,[61] resist psychic control,[62] or unwilling transformation;[63] grow stronger from radiation[64]

or dark magic;[65] and to see and interact with astral forms.[66] The Hulk is also able to generate omnidirectional"worldbreaker" bursts of kinetic energy that completely shook the United States & could potentially destroy theworld or the planet he is standing on .[67]

In the early days of the first Hulk comic series, "massive" doses of gamma rays (such as from the explosion of ahand-held nuclear grenade) would cause the Hulk to transform back to Bruce Banner, although this ability waswritten out of the character by the 1970s.As Bruce Banner, he is considered one of the greatest minds on Earth. He has developed expertise in the fields ofbiology, chemistry, engineering, and physiology, and holds a Ph.D. in nuclear physics. He possesses "a mind sobrilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test."[68] Bruce Banner also makes use of his intelligenceto create highly advanced technology labelled as "Bannertech", which is on par with technological development fromTony Stark or Doctor Doom. The most common Bannertech Bruce uses is a force field able to shrug off blows fromHulk-level entities, along with a teleporter, which can be used to transport an unknown number of people.Bannertech is also used by Amadeus Cho, as well as the Hulk persona itself.In The Science of Superheroes, Lois Grest and Robert Weinberg examined Hulk’s powers, explaining the scientificflaws in them. Most notably, they point out that the level of gamma radiation Banner is exposed to at the initial blastwould induce radiation sickness and kill him, or if not, create significant cancer risks for Banner, because hardradiation strips cells of their ability to function. They go on to offer up an alternate origin, in which a Hulk might becreated by biological experimentation with adrenal glands and GFP.Charles Q. Choi from LiveScience.com further explains that unlike the Hulk, gamma rays are not green; existing asthey do beyond the visible spectrum, gamma rays have no color at all that we can describe. He also explains thatgamma rays are so powerful (the most powerful form of electromagnetic radiation and 10,000 times more powerfulthan visible light) that they can even convert energy into matter - a possible explanation for the increased mass thatBruce Banner takes on during transformations. "Just as the Incredible Hulk 'is the strongest one there is,' as he sayshimself, so too are gamma ray bursts the most powerful explosions known."[69]

Hulk (comics) 10

Critical receptionIn 2008, Wizard magazine named the Hulk as the 7th Greatest Marvel Comics Character.[70] Empire magazinenamed him as the 14th Greatest Comic Book Character and the Fifth Greatest Marvel Character.[71]

Related charactersOver the long publication history of the Hulk's adventures, many recurring characters have featured prominently,including his sidekick Rick Jones, love interest Betty Ross, and her father, the often adversarial General"Thunderbolt" Ross.

FamilyBruce Banner's father, Brian, was abusive to Bruce because he was convinced his son must be a mutant due to his(Brian's) radiation work; he also was jealous of the attention Bruce received from his mother. Bruce's motherprotected him during his father's fits of rage. Once his mother tried to run away with Bruce, and his dad accidentallykilled her by smacking her across the face with great force. Bruce had a stillborn child with his first wife, Betty RossBanner (who became the Red She-Hulk in the 2010 comics). He has two sons with his deceased second wife CaieraOldstrong on the planet Sakaar named Skaar and Hiro-Kala and a daughter named Lyra with Thundra the warriorwoman.[72] Since childhood, Banner has been close to his cousin, Jennifer Walters, who in adulthood became theShe-Hulk.[73]

Other versionsIn addition to his mainstream incarnation, Hulk has also been depicted in other fictional universes, in which BruceBanner's transformation, behavior, or circumstances vary from the mainstream setting. In some stories, someoneother than Bruce Banner is the Hulk.

In other mediaThe Hulk character and the concepts behind it have been raised to the level of iconic status by many within andoutside the comic book industry. In 2003, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine claimed the character had "stood thetest of time as a genuine icon of American pop culture."[74]

The Hulk is often viewed as a reaction to war. As well as being a reaction to the Cold War, the character has been acipher for the frustrations the Vietnam War raised, and Ang Lee said that the Iraq War influenced hisdirection.[4][75][76] In the Michael Nyman edited edition of The Guardian, Stefanie Diekmann explored MarvelComics' reaction to the September 11 attacks. Diekmann discussed The Hulk's appearance in the 9/11 tribute comicHeroes, claiming that his greater prominence, alongside Captain America, aided in "stressing the connection betweenanger and justified violence without having to depict anything more than a well-known and well-respectedprotagonist."[77]

In Comic Book Nation, Wright alludes to Hulk's counterculture status, referring to a 1965 Esquire magazine poll amongst college students which "revealed that student radicals ranked Spider-Man and the Hulk alongside the likes of Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons." Wright goes on to cite examples of his anti-authority symbol status. Two of these are "The Ballad of the Hulk" by Jerry Jeff Walker, and the Rolling Stone cover for September 30, 1971, a full color Herb Trimpe piece commissioned for the magazine.[36][78] The Hulk has been caricatured in such animated television series as The Simpsons[79] Robot Chicken, and Family Guy,[80] and such comedy TV series as The Young Ones.[81] The character is also used as a cultural reference point for someone displaying anger or agitation. For example, in a 2008 Daily Mirror review of an EastEnders episode, a character is described as going "into Incredible Hulk mode, smashing up his flat."[82] The Hulk, especially his alter-ego Bruce

Hulk (comics) 11

Banner, is also a common reference in rap music. The term was represented as an analogue to marijuana in Dr. Dre's2001,[83] while more conventional references are made in Ludacris and Jermaine Dupri's popular single "Welcome toAtlanta".[84]

The 2003 Ang Lee directed Hulk film saw discussion of the character's appeal to Asian Americans.[85] TheTaiwanese born Ang Lee commented on the "subcurrent of repression" that underscored the character of The Hulk,and how that mirrored his own experience: "Growing up, my artistic leanings were always repressed—there wasalways pressure to do something 'useful,' like being a doctor." Jeff Yang, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle,extended this self-identification to Asian American culture, arguing that "the passive-aggressive streak runs deepamong Asian Americans—especially those who have entered creative careers, often against their parents'wishes."[86]

TelevisionAnimated

• 1966: Hulk (part of The Marvel Super Heroes); Max Ferguson first voicing the Hulk and Paul Soles as the firstvoice of Bruce Banner

• 1982–83: The Incredible Hulk; Bob Holt as Hulk, Michael Bell as Bruce Banner• 1996–97: The Incredible Hulk; Lou Ferrigno as Hulk, Michael Donovan as Grey Hulk, Neal McDonough as

Bruce Banner• 2006: Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes; Mark Gibbon as Hulk, Andrew Kavadas as Bruce Banner• 2008–12: Iron Man: Armored Adventures; Mark Gibbon as Hulk/Grey Hulk• 2009: Wolverine and the X-Men; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Gabriel Mann as Bruce Banner• 2009–11: The Super Hero Squad Show; Travis Willingham as Hulk/Grey Hulk• 2010–12: The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Gabriel Mann as Bruce Banner• 2012: Ultimate Spider-Man; Fred Tatasciore as HulkLive action

• 1977–82, 1988–90: The Incredible Hulk (series and movies); Lou Ferrigno as Hulk, Bill Bixby in a differentconcept as David Banner instead of Bruce Banner; by Universal Studios

MoviesLive action

• 2003: Hulk; Ang Lee as Hulk (voice)[87], Eric Bana as Bruce Banner• 2008: The Incredible Hulk; Lou Ferrigno as Hulk (voice), Edward Norton as Bruce Banner• 2012: The Avengers; Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner/Hulk (motion capturing and voice for Hulk), Lou Ferrigno

also contributed to voice of Hulk (uncredited)•• 2015: Untitled Avengers SequelAnimated

• 2006: Ultimate Avengers; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Michael Massee as Bruce Banner• 2006: Ultimate Avengers 2; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Michael Massee as Bruce Banner• 2008: Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Ken Kramer as Bruce Banner• 2009: Hulk Vs. Thor; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Bryce Johnson as Bruce Banner• 2009: Hulk Vs. Wolverine; Fred Tatasciore as Hulk, Bryce Johnson as Bruce Banner• 2010: Planet Hulk; Rick D. Wasserman as Hulk• 2013: Iron Man & Hulk: Heroes United

Hulk (comics) 12

Collected editions

Title Writer Penciler Material collected ISBN

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 1

Stan Lee Jack Kirby The Incredible Hulk #1–6 0-7851-1185-9

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 2

Stan Lee Steve Ditko, Jack Kirby,Bill Everett, Gil Kane,Bob Powell, John RomitaSr. and others

Tales to Astonish #59-79 0-7581-1654-0

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 3

Stan Lee, GaryFriedrich

Jack Kirby, Bill Everett,John Buscema, MarieSeverin, and Gil Kane

Tales to Astonish #80-101; The Incredible Hulk#102

0-7851-2032-7

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 4

Gary Friedrich, StanLee, Roy Thomas,Bill Everett andArchie Goodwin

Marie Severin and HerbTrimpe

Incredible Hulk #103-110; King-Size Special #1 0-7851-2682-1

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 5

Stan Lee, RoyThomas

Herb Trimpe Incredible Hulk #111-121 978-0-7851-3491-6

Marvel Masterworks:Incredible Hulk Vol. 6

Roy Thomas Herb Trimpe and SalBuscema

Incredible Hulk #122-134 978-0-7851-5042-8

Incredible HulkOmnibus Vol. 1

Stan Lee Jack Kirby The Incredible Hulk #1–6; Tales to Astonish#59–101; The Incredible Hulk #102

Essential Hulk Vol. 1 Stan Lee Jack Kirby Hulk #1–6; Tales to Astonish #60–91 (b&w) 978-0785123743

Essential Hulk Vol. 2 Tales to Astonish #92–101; The Incredible Hulk#102–117, Annual #1 (b&w)

978-0785107958

Essential Hulk Vol. 3 Incredible Hulk #118–142; Captain Marvel#20–21; Avengers #88 (b&w)

978-0785116899

Essential Hulk Vol. 4 Herb Trimpe Incredible Hulk #143–170 (b&w) 978-0785121930

Essential Hulk Vol. 5 Incredible Hulk #171–200, Annual #5 (b&w) 978-0785130659

Essential Hulk vol. 6 The Incredible Hulk #201–225, Annual #6 (b&w) 0785130659

Hulk: Heart of theAtom

Incredible Hulk #140, #148, #156, #202–205,#246–248; What If? #23

Marvel Platinum: TheDefinitive IncredibleHulk

Stan Lee, Jack Kirby,John Byrne, PeterDavid,and others

Jack Kirby, ToddMcFarlane, George Pérezand others

Incredible Hulk Vol. 1 #1; Fantastic Four #25-26;Incredible Hulk Vol 2 #124; Marvel FeaturePresents # 1; Incredible Hulk Vol 2 #319, #340;Incredible Hulk: Future Imperfect #1-2; IncredibleHulk Vol 3 #25

978-1905239887

Incredible Hulk:Pardoned

Bill Mantlo Sal Buscema, MarkGruenwald, GregLarocque

Incredible Hulk #269-285 978-0785162087

Incredible Hulk:Regression

Bill Mantlo Sal Buscema, HerbTrimpe

Incredible Hulk #286-300, Annual #12 978-0785162599

Hulk Visionaries:John Byrne Vol. 1

John Byrne John Byrne Incredible Hulk #314–319, Annual #14; MarvelFanfare #29

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 1

Peter David Todd McFarlane Incredible Hulk #331–339

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 2

Peter David Todd McFarlane, ErikLarsen, Jeff Purves

Incredible Hulk#340–348

Hulk (comics) 13

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 3

Peter David, SteveEnglehart

Jeff Purves, Alex Saviuk,Keith Pollard

Incredible Hulk #349–354; Web of Spider-Man#44; Fantastic Four #320

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 4

Peter David Jeff Purves Incredible Hulk #355–363; Marvel ComicsPresents #26, #45

978-0785120964

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 5

Peter David Jeff Purves, Dale Keown,Sam Kieth

Incredible Hulk #364–372, Annual #16 978-0785127574

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 6

Peter David Dale Keown, Bill Jaaska Incredible Hulk #373–382 978-0785137627

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 7

Peter David Dale Keown, JohnRomita, Sr.

Incredible Hulk #382–389, Annual #17 978-0785144571

Hulk Visionaries:Peter David Vol. 8

Peter David Dale Keown AndrewWildman

Incredible Hulk #390–396, Annual #18; X-Factor#76

978-0785156031

Hulk/Wolverine: SixHours

Bruce Jones Scott Kolins Hulk/Wolverine #1–4; Incredible Hulk #181

Incredible Hulk: TheEnd

Peter David Dale Keown, GeorgePérez

Incredible Hulk: The End; Incredible Hulk: FutureImperfect #1–2

Hulk by John Byrne& Ron Garney

John Byrne Ron Garney Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #1–11, Annual 1999

Incredible Hulk:Dogs of War

Paul Jenkins Ron Garney, MikeMcKone

Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #12–20

Incredible Hulk: PastPerfect

Paul Jenkins Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #21–33, Annual 2001

Incredible Hulk Vol.1: Return of theMonster

Bruce Jones John Romita, Jr. Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #34–39

Incredible Hulk Vol.2: Boiling Point

Bruce Jones Lee Weeks Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #40–43

Incredible Hulk Vol.3: Transfer of Power

Bruce Jones Stuart Immonen Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #44–49

Incredible Hulk Vol.4: Abominable

Bruce Jones Mike Deodato Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #50–54

Incredible Hulk Vol.5: Hide in Plain Sight

Bruce Jones Leandro Fernández Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #55–59

Incredible Hulk Vol.6: Split Decisions

Bruce Jones Mike Deodato Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #60–65

Incredible Hulk Vol.7: Dead Like Me

Bruce Jones, GarthEnnis

Doug Braithwaite, JohnMcCrea

Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #65–69; Hulk Smash #1–2

Incredible Hulk Vol.8: Big Things

Bruce Jones Mike Deodato Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #70–76

Incredible Hulk &The Thing: HardKnocks

Bruce Jones Jae Lee "Hulk & Thing: Hard Knocks" #1–4; Giant-SizeSuperstars #1

Incredible Hulk:Tempest Fugit

Peter David Lee Weeks, Jae Lee Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #77–82

House of M:Incredible Hulk

Peter David Jorge Lucas, AdamKubert

Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #83–87

Hulk (comics) 14

Incredible Hulk:Prelude to PlanetHulk

Daniel Way Keu Cha, Juan Santacruz Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #88–91

Incredible Hulk:Planet Hulk

Greg Pak Carlo Pagulayan, AaronLopresti, Juan Santacruz,Gary Frank

Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) #92–105; Giant-Size Hulk#1; Amazing Fantasy (vol. 2) #15

World War Hulk Greg Pak John Romita, Jr. World War Hulk #1–5

Hulk Vol. 1: Red Hulk Jeph Loeb Ed McGuinness Hulk (vol. 2) #1–6

Hulk Vol. 2: Red &Green

Jeph Loeb Art Adams, Frank Cho Hulk (vol. 2) #7–9; King-Size Hulk #1

Hulk Vol. 3: Hulk NoMore

Jeph Loeb Ed McGuinness Hulk (vol. 2) #10–13; Incredible Hulk #600

Hulk Vol. 4: Hulk vsX-Force

Jeph Loeb Ian Churchill, WhilcePortacio

Hulk (vol. 2) #14–18

Hulk - Fall of theHulks Prelude

Jeph Loeb, Greg Pak,Fred Van Lente, RickParker

Ed McGuinness Hulk #2; Skaar: Son of Hulk #1; Hulk: RagingThunder; Planet Skaar Prologue; All-New SavageShe-Hulk #4; Hulk #16; plus material fromAmazing Fantasy #15, Hulk #9, Incredible Hulk#600–601

Hulk Vol. 5: Fall ofthe Hulks

Jeph Loeb Ed McGuinness Hulk (vol. 2) #19–21; Fall of the Hulks: Gamma

Incredible Hulk Vol.1: Son of Banner

Greg Pak, Van Lente Incredible Hulk #601–605

Incredible Hulk Vol.2: Fall of the Hulks

Greg Pak, Jeff Parker Incredible Hulk #606–608; Fall of the Hulks:Alpha

Incredible Hulk Vol.3: World War Hulks

Incredible Hulk #609–611

Hulk Vol. 6: WorldWar Hulks

Jeph Loeb Ed McGuinness Hulk (vol. 2) #22–24

Red Hulk Vol. 7:Scorched Earth

Hulk (vol. 2) #25–30

Incredible Hulks Vol.4: Dark Son

Incredible Hulks #612–617

Red Hulk: Planet RedHulk

Jeff Parker Gabriel Hardman, CarloPagulayan, Patch Zircher

Hulk #30.1; Hulk #31–36; material from Hulk #30

Chaos War: TheIncredible Hulks

Greg Pak Paul Pelletier Incredible Hulks #618–622; material fromIncredible Hulks #614–617

The Incredible Hulks:Planet Savage

Greg Pak Dale Eaglesham, TomGrummett

Incredible Hulks #623–629

The Incredible Hulks:Heart of the Monster

Greg Pak Paul Pelletier Incredible Hulks #630–635

Hulk of Arabia Jeff Parker Patrick Zircher Hulk #42–48 978-0785160953

Incredible Hulk, Vol.1

Jason Aaron Marc Silvestri Incredible Hulk Vol. 3 #1-7, material from FearItself #7

978-0785133285

Red Hulk: Haunted Hulk Vol. 2 #49-52 978-0785160991

Hulk (comics) 15

Earlier characters called "The Hulk"Prior to the debut of the Hulk in May 1962, Marvel had earlier monster characters that used the name "Hulk", buthad no direct relation.• Debuting in June 1960, in Strange Tales #75, was a huge robot built by Albert Poole called The Hulk, which was

actually armor that Poole would wear (in modern day reprints the character's name was changed to Grutan)[88]

• First appearing, in November 1960, in Journey Into Mystery #62 was Xemnu the Living Hulk, a huge furry alienmonster.[89] The character reappeared in March 1961 in issue #66. Since then the character has been a mainstay inthe Marvel Universe, and was renamed Xemnu the Titan.[90]

• From a monster movie called The Hulk, was a huge orange slimy monster, which debuted in July 1961 in Tales toAstonish #21 (in modern-day reprints, the character's name was changed to the Glop)[91]

References[1] DeFalco, Tom (May 5, 2003). The Hulk: The Incredible Guide. London: DK Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-7894-9260-9.[2] Weinstein, Simcha (June 19, 2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey!. Baltimore, Maryland: Leviathan Press. pp. 82–97. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7.[3] Incredible history of a pop culture hero (http:/ / www. emanuellevy. com/ popculture/ incredible-hulk-history-of-a-pop-culture-hero-8/ ),

www.emanuellevy.com[4] Gresh, Lois; Robert Weinberg (September 29, 2003). The Science of Superheroes. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

ISBN 978-0-471-46882-0.[5] Poole, W. Scott. Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press,

2011. ISBN 978-1-60258-314-6.[6] Kaplan, Arie (September 1, 2006). Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. p. 58.

ISBN 978-1556526336.[7] Hill, Dave (July 17, 2003). "Green with anger" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5WXHxoJ2k). The Guardian. Archived from the original on

March 23, 2008. .[8] Comics Buyer's Guide #1617 (June 2006)[9] Starlog #213 (July 2003)[10] Warner, John (w). "The Rampaging Editorial" The Rampaging Hulk 1: 40–41 (January 1977), Marvel Comics[11] The Hulk! (http:/ / www. comics. org/ series/ 2455) at the Grand Comics Database[12] Taylor, Robert (August 3, 2006). "Greg Goes Wild on Planet Pak" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070402044123/ http:/ / www.

wizarduniverse. com/ magazine/ wizard/ 001199809. cfm). Wizard. Wizard Entertainment Group. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.wizarduniverse. com/ magazine/ wizard/ 001199809. cfm) on April 2, 2007. . Retrieved November 15, 2007.

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HTM#S40)[17] Meta-Messages – Peter David Has Some Fun With Hulk: Chapter One (http:/ / goodcomics. comicbookresources. com/ 2011/ 10/ 07/

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html). PeterDavid.net. September 30, 2004. Archived from the original (http:/ / peterdavid. malibulist. com/ archives/ 2004_09. html) onOctober 25, 2007. . Retrieved November 5, 2007.

[21] The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #81 (July 2005)[22] David, Peter (July 18, 2005). "My leaving Hulk" (http:/ / www. comicboards. com/ hulk/ view. php?trd=050718024904). The Incredible

Hulk Message Board. . Retrieved August 28, 2005.[23][23] Fall of the Hulks: Gamma[24] Jeph Loeb (w), Ed McGuinness (p), Mark Farmer (i). "Dogs of War" Hulk v2, 23 (July 2010), Marvel Comics[25] Incredible Hulks #636[26] Incredible Hulk vol 4 #7.1[27] Incredible Hulk vol 4 #8-13

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[78] Goldberg, Jonah (May 7, 2002). "Spin City" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5WX9jU6iE). National Review Online. Archived from theoriginal (http:/ / article. nationalreview. com/ ?q=MDMyYTQ4NTc5ZTU1Y2U0ZDc4ZjhmZmIwMmRhZjNjNDg=) on March 23, 2008. .Retrieved March 23, 2008.

[79] "I Am Furious Yellow". The Simpsons. episode 18. season 13. April 28, 2002.[80] Danny Smith (writer) (April 18, 1999). "Chitty Chitty Death Bang". Family Guy. episode 3. season 1. Fox Broadcasting Company.[81] "Summer Holiday". The Young Ones. episode 6. series 2. June 19, 1984.[82] Quigley, Maeve (February 5, 2008). "We love telly: We love soaps". Daily Mirror (London): p. 1.[83] " Some L.A. Niggaz (http:/ / www. songmeanings. net/ songs/ view/ 14877/ =)" from 2001. Dr. Dre. 1999.[84] " Welcome to Atlanta (http:/ / www. metrolyrics. com/ welcome-to-atlanta-lyrics-jermaine-dupri. html=)" from Instructions and Word of

Mouf. Jermaine Dupri and Ludacris. 2002.[85] Marchetti, Gina (November 2004). "Hollywood Taiwan" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5WXGSuwQb). Film International 2 (6): 42–51.

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[86] Yang, Jeff (June 1, 2006). "Look... Up in the sky! It's Asian Man!" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5WX1L84Hz). San Francisco Chronicle.Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ gate/ archive/ 2006/ 06/ 01/ apop. DTL) onMarch 23, 2008. . Retrieved March 23, 2008.

[87] http:/ / www. behindthevoiceactors. com/ _img/ movies/ credits_883_5. jpg[88] "The Hulk (Albert Poole, Strange Tales character)" (http:/ / www. marvunapp. com/ Appendix4/ poolealbertst. htm). Marvunapp.com. .

Retrieved 2011-02-12.[89] "The Hulk" (http:/ / monsterblog. oneroom. org/ meet_the_monsters/ the_hulk. html). Monsterblog.oneroom.org. . Retrieved 2011-02-12.[90] "Xemnu the Titan (Golden Age monster, Hulk/She-Hulk foe)" (http:/ / www. marvunapp. com/ Appendix3/ xemnuthetitan. htm).

Marvunapp.com. . Retrieved 2011-02-12.[91] "Hulk (aka the Glop - Pre-FF monster)" (http:/ / www. marvunapp. com/ Appendix3/ hulkgloptta. htm). Marvunapp.com. . Retrieved

2011-02-12.

External links• Hulk (http:/ / marvel. com/ universe/ Hulk) at the Marvel Universe wiki• Hulk (http:/ / comicbookdb. com/ character. php?ID=397) at the Comic Book DB• Hulk (http:/ / www. comics. org/ search. lasso/ ?sort=chrono& query=Hulk& type=character) at the Grand

Comics Database• Hulk (http:/ / www. comics-db. com/ comics/ search. cgi?query=& amp;Characters=Hulk) at the Big Comic Book

Database• Hulk (http:/ / www. maelmill-insi. de/ UHBMCC/ selhn. htm#G76) at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics

Creators• Hulk (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Arts/ Comics/ Titles/ H/ Hulk/ ) at the Open Directory Project• Hulk (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ character/ ch0007099/ ) at the Internet Movie Database

Article Sources and Contributors 18

Article Sources and ContributorsHulk (comics)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516634399  Contributors: - ), -5-, 07amossam, 1987olds442, 2001:1948:212:5620:202F:E186:4FA:E7B2, 23skidoo,28421u2232nfenfcenc, 4twenty42o, 5 albert square, 5 octaves, A bit iffy, A gx7, A. Parrot, ASRNafie, AV Patrol, Abc123abcbabyyouandmeyah, Ace Class Shadow, Ace of Spades, Ace4135,Achorn316, AdamDeanHall, Adashiel, Adiva Dboy, Adrianke77, AdultSwim, Agent Smith (The Matrix), Ahoythere2, Ahunt, Aidoflight, Aitias, Ajplmr, AkankshaG, Alansohn, Alientraveller,AlistairMcMillan, Allstarecho, Alnwan, An excellent chap, Anbu121, Ancientanubis, Andonic, Andrei G Kustov, Angie Y., Angusmclellan, Animedude360, AnonymousLulz, Antandrus,Antero8, Antonio Lopez, Apollo883, Apostrophe, Apparition11, Arcayne, Argento Surfer, ArielGold, Arjayay, Arknascar44, Armbrust, Artemisboy, Arthena, Asgardian, Assmangrabber, Atlan,Atmapwns, Audiosmurf, AuldReekie, Austin gile, Austinandbigbruss, Avenged Eightfold, Avriette, Axeman 10, Azrael6519, BOZ, BWANASIMBA, Bachrach44, Badbilltucker, Bahar101,BakerBaker, BallistaBuffalo, Basique, Batman Fan, Batman194, Baumi, Bcaulf, Beardo, Belgium EO, Ben DeRoy, Bengt, Bernfarr, Bernopedia, Biff loman9, Big Bird, BigBang616, Bigjake,Billywcollins, Binary 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Jedi238, Jeev, Jeff3000, Jeffrey Mall, Jeremy68, Jesdisciple, Jesse Viviano, Jewishlibrarian, Jfdwolff, Jhenderson777, Jhsounds, Jigramut,Jim1138, Jimmy-james, Jk31213, Jmrowland, Jnelson09, Joe Sewell, JoeLoeb, JoeTrumpet, Joeyconnick, John Darrow, John of Reading, JohnBobMead, Johnny542, Johnteslade, Joizashmo,Joltman, Jomamasiah, Jordan Xord, JosephJackhammer, Josh Parris, Joshmaida, Joshschr, Josusman, Journeyman, JuJube, Jump Guru, Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jusdafax, Justinfr, Jwarren905,Jwk3, Jwking, Jyanong, K1Bond007, KARNAGEKIDENIT, KConWiki, KH Cloud Strife, KODE MASTWE, Kafziel, Kaijan, Kal-el219, Kalel32688, Kamatis.kamote, Karen Johnson, Kariteh,Karmafist, Kasparov, Katieh5584, Kauky, KbJJonz4ever, Kbmann, Kchishol1970, Kedi the tramp, KeepItClean, Keith D, Kelly Martin, Kelvingreen, Ken Arromdee, Kesac, KevChristopher,Khaosworks, Khaotika, Khazar2, Kiddoh, Kidfried, Kidney Stone, Kindall, King Gemini, King Lopez, King of Hearts, Kintetsubuffalo, Kitch, Kleemi101, Kluh 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Shezzmarroo, Shinji Tetora, Shinneji, ShmartArshe, Shoester, Sholom, Shoxee1214, Shpriggs, Shreder108, Shriram, Shugo2, Shutthepluckup, SidP, Sidneycat1, Sifour4,Sigvit, SilkTork, Silverchainsxxx, Simon Beavis, Simoragn, Sinisterchief81, Sithsidious, Sk456, Skteosk, SkyWalker, SlashinatorX, Slaveniggger, Sligocki, SmartGuy Old, Smartie2thaMaxXx,Smith03, Smokin finga, Smythm03, Snigbrook, SoCalSuperEagle, SoM, Soccerkid6820, Soetermans, Some jerk on the Internet, Someguy1221, Son of Kong, Sophosmoros, Sophus Bie, Sp8d8,Spaceage10, Spencer, Spider-ManRed, Spiderite, Spidermanyoh, Spidermoe, Spidey104, Spidey1550, Spineywolf, Spodz, Spookyadler, Stanlee4ever, StarSpangledKiwi, Starfox404, Steel,Stephen Day, Stephenb, Stormie, Stoshmaster, Sturm55, Suffusion of Yellow, Sullijo, Sunray, Super-, SuperHamster, Superman l79, Surreptitiously, Suzainegracenavidad, Swagboypopoff,Sweetsweetcan, Syphonfilter18, T-1000, TAnthony, THEFIGHTINGAVENGER, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, THF, THINMAN, TMC, TMC1982, 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