The Imperial RepublicThe Imperial Republic

Chapter 20Chapter 20

““Progress” and ImperialismProgress” and Imperialism

1. European Nations in Africa and 1. European Nations in Africa and AsiaAsia

2. Americans in Appalachian West, 2. Americans in Appalachian West, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon, Mexico Territory, Oregon, Mexico Territory, Oregon/Washington… AlaskaOregon/Washington… Alaska

William SewardWilliam Seward

1. Alaska (1860s)1. Alaska (1860s)• Purchased for $7.2 millionPurchased for $7.2 million• ““Sewards Folly”Sewards Folly”

2. Midway Islands (1867)2. Midway Islands (1867)

Stirrings of ImperialismStirrings of ImperialismThe New Manifest DestinyThe New Manifest Destiny

Increase of Foreign TradeIncrease of Foreign Trade 1870 exports $382 million1870 exports $382 million 1900 exports $1.4 billion “closing of the 1900 exports $1.4 billion “closing of the

frontier” - Frederick Jackson Turnerfrontier” - Frederick Jackson Turner demand for new territorydemand for new territory bitter social protests and the need for outletbitter social protests and the need for outlet

Senator BeveridgeSenator Beveridgefrom Indianafrom Indiana

““We are raising more We are raising more than we can consume. than we can consume. Today, we are making Today, we are making more than we can use. more than we can use. Therefore, we must find Therefore, we must find new markets for our new markets for our produce, new occupation produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our capital, new work for our labor.” for our labor.”

Imperialist fever in Europe

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Senator Henry Cabot Lodge ““we must not fall out we must not fall out

of line of the march”of line of the march”• Social Darwinism and Social Darwinism and

the advancement of the advancement of the “Anglo-Saxon the “Anglo-Saxon race”race”

• Alfred T. Mahan and Alfred T. Mahan and the importance of the importance of naval powernaval power

1870s shipbuilding 1870s shipbuilding programprogram

1898 fifth in the world… 1898 fifth in the world… 1900 third in the world1900 third in the world

Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan

Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge

Hemispheric HegemonyHemispheric Hegemony• Secretary of State James Secretary of State James

Blaine expands Blaine expands Americas influence in Americas influence in Latin AmericaLatin America

Blaine wanted inter-Blaine wanted inter-American customs union American customs union and arbitration in disputesand arbitration in disputes

Gets Pan-American Gets Pan-American Union… weakUnion… weak

• Cleveland and a near Cleveland and a near war with Britain over war with Britain over boundary dispute with boundary dispute with VenezuelaVenezuela

HawaiiHawaii Pressure for American PresencePressure for American Presence

• naval base?naval base?• Americans who had settled on the islandsAmericans who had settled on the islands

Lead-in HistoryLead-in History• 1500 BC Polynesian people1500 BC Polynesian people• 1790s first American settlers from New England1790s first American settlers from New England• King Kamehameha welcomes tradersKing Kamehameha welcomes traders• 1830s William Hooper = first sugar planter1830s William Hooper = first sugar planter• Prime Minister GP JuddPrime Minister GP Judd

Hawaii ContinuedHawaii Continued American ImpactAmerican Impact

• Another genocide (disease and Another genocide (disease and religion)religion)

• 1875 agreement allows sugar 1875 agreement allows sugar to enter USA duty free in trade to enter USA duty free in trade for Pearl Harborfor Pearl Harbor

• sugar planters dominate and sugar planters dominate and dividedivide

• Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani• American Revolution and the American Revolution and the

fight against taxes becomes a fight against taxes becomes a fight for statehoodfight for statehood

treaty of annexation tied up treaty of annexation tied up in party politics finally in party politics finally ratified: 1898ratified: 1898

Samoan IslandsSamoan Islands

1878 Hayes administration 1878 Hayes administration extracts treaty from extracts treaty from Samoan leaders giving Samoan leaders giving them access to harbor at them access to harbor at Pago Pago … and a hand in Pago Pago … and a hand in their dealings with other their dealings with other countriescountries

Great Britain and Germany Great Britain and Germany have interest in Samoa… have interest in Samoa… major division, but deal major division, but deal made where US keeps made where US keeps Pago PagoPago Pago

War With SpainWar With Spain

Impact: changing American attitude Impact: changing American attitude from idea to fierce expression. from idea to fierce expression.

Controversy over CubaControversy over Cuba• Cubans resisting Spanish Cubans resisting Spanish

rule since 1868… battle rule since 1868… battle for independence in which for independence in which US does not interveneUS does not intervene

• 1895 Cuba rises up again1895 Cuba rises up again due impart to bad economy due impart to bad economy

caused by American tariffs caused by American tariffs on sugaron sugar

atrocities by Cubans, atrocities by Cubans, “Butcher Welyer”… “Butcher Welyer”… American PressAmerican Press

Butcher WelyerButcher Welyer

Pulitzer vs. Hearst = Yellow JournalismPulitzer vs. Hearst = Yellow Journalism

““you furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”you furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” Hearst and Pulitzer dressed as “Yellow Kid” Hearst and Pulitzer dressed as “Yellow Kid”

cartoon (printed with yellow ink) and where term cartoon (printed with yellow ink) and where term “yellow journalism” comes from.“yellow journalism” comes from.

Cuba LibreCuba Libre clubs clubs

-Cleveland and McKinley: different attitudes towards war

-1897 Cuban insurrection loosing ground… looks as if war might be averted

Two events that changed everythingTwo events that changed everything Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter that was Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter that was

intercepted that called McKinley weakintercepted that called McKinley weak American battleship American battleship MaineMaine blew up in blew up in

Havana harborHavana harbor• 260 dead260 dead• later reports concluded the explosion was later reports concluded the explosion was

caused inside the shipcaused inside the shipDupuy de LomeDupuy de Lome

MaineMaine

McKinley asks for Declaration of War April 25

“Remember the Maine!”

““A Splendid Little War”A Splendid Little War”• April to August 1898April to August 1898• ““mopping up” exercisemopping up” exercise• Problems facing the American Problems facing the American

SoldierSoldier 460 Americans killed in battle / 460 Americans killed in battle /

5,200 others died of disease5,200 others died of disease supply problemssupply problems heavy uniformsheavy uniforms malnourishmentmalnourishment poor mobilization effortpoor mobilization effort from frontier to regimented battlefrom frontier to regimented battle African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers

• Segregated regimentsSegregated regiments• interesting travels through the interesting travels through the

SouthSouth• Cuban insurgents fight blacks with Cuban insurgents fight blacks with

whites (Antonio Maceo)whites (Antonio Maceo)• Major roll at San Juan Hill and won Major roll at San Juan Hill and won

many medalsmany medals

Seizing the PhilippinesSeizing the Philippines• No agency in the American No agency in the American

military had clear authority military had clear authority over strategic planning (pre-over strategic planning (pre-Pentagon)Pentagon)

• Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the NavyAssistant Secretary of the Navy Ardent imperialistArdent imperialist Active proponent of the warActive proponent of the war Minor figure in the military Minor figure in the military

hierarchy… but orders hierarchy… but orders Commodore George Dewey to Commodore George Dewey to attack naval forces in the attack naval forces in the Philippines (a colony of Spain) in Philippines (a colony of Spain) in the event of the war*the event of the war*

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Philippines ContinuedPhilippines Continued• On May 1 1898 Dewey sailed into Manila On May 1 1898 Dewey sailed into Manila

Bay and completely destroyed the aging Bay and completely destroyed the aging Spanish fleetSpanish fleet

• Manila surrenders, Dewey is a hero, Manila surrenders, Dewey is a hero, everyone celebrates…everyone celebrates…

•What had begun as a war What had begun as a war to free Cuba was to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip becoming a war to strip Spain of its coloniesSpain of its colonies

Battle for CubaBattle for Cuba• hurried incompetence is the character of the hurried incompetence is the character of the

US invasionUS invasion• Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Colonel Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough

RidersRiders-jingo fever

-Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill

-TR unscathed, but 100 of his soldiers were

killed or wounded

-“the greatest day of my life”

Cuba ContinuedCuba Continued• Spanish surrenderSpanish surrender

disaster seemed eminent because US ships disaster seemed eminent because US ships could not enter the harbor at Santiago because could not enter the harbor at Santiago because of minesof mines

Lack of Communication Lack of Communication • the Spanish gov’t had already decided Santiago was the Spanish gov’t had already decided Santiago was

lostlost• ordered Cervera to evacuate… out of the harborordered Cervera to evacuate… out of the harbor• waiting American squadron destroyed his entire fleetwaiting American squadron destroyed his entire fleet

• Terms of surrenderTerms of surrender Spain recognizes Cuban independenceSpain recognizes Cuban independence Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United

StatesStates Accepted American occupation of ManilaAccepted American occupation of Manila

Puerto Rico and the United StatesPuerto Rico and the United States

• many rebellions against Spain during the many rebellions against Spain during the 1800s1800s

• annexation takes place with little controversy annexation takes place with little controversy in the USin the US

• original relationship between PR and US was original relationship between PR and US was colonialcolonial

• Jones Act of 1917 makes all PR citizensJones Act of 1917 makes all PR citizens• economy very dependent on foreign tradeeconomy very dependent on foreign trade• continued debate: closer ties to US or continued debate: closer ties to US or

independenceindependence

The Debate over the Philippines The Debate over the Philippines

• large and densely populated territory large and densely populated territory thousands of miles awaythousands of miles away

• McKinley claimed divine guidance for his McKinley claimed divine guidance for his decision to accept responsibility for the decision to accept responsibility for the islandsislands

returning them to Spain “cowardly and returning them to Spain “cowardly and dishonorable”dishonorable”

turning them over to another imperialist power turning them over to another imperialist power would be “bad business and discreditable”would be “bad business and discreditable”

Filipinos as “unfit for self-government”Filipinos as “unfit for self-government” Solution: educate and Christianize themSolution: educate and Christianize them

Treaty of Paris 1898Treaty of Paris 1898 Confirmed terms of the Armistice re: Cuba, Guam Confirmed terms of the Armistice re: Cuba, Guam

and PRand PR Spain surprised when Americans demand PhilippinesSpain surprised when Americans demand Philippines Americans offer $20 million for itAmericans offer $20 million for it

Debate ContinuedDebate Continued

• Powerful anti-imperialist movement in the Powerful anti-imperialist movement in the United StatesUnited States

against America’s commitment to human freedomagainst America’s commitment to human freedom ““polluting” of the American populationpolluting” of the American population Industrial workers feared being undercut by cheap Industrial workers feared being undercut by cheap

laborlabor Large standing armyLarge standing army Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League

• Powerful pro-imperialist forcesPowerful pro-imperialist forces war as goodwar as good business opportunitiesbusiness opportunities Republicans saw advantage of winning a warRepublicans saw advantage of winning a war People thought it would be easy… after all the US People thought it would be easy… after all the US

already owned the islandsalready owned the islands

Debate ContinuedDebate Continued

• ““Uncivilized” Filipinos = status of Uncivilized” Filipinos = status of American IndiansAmerican Indians

14th Amendment14th Amendment

• William Jennings Bryan surprise William Jennings Bryan surprise support backfiressupport backfires

• Treaty ratified Feb 6 1899Treaty ratified Feb 6 1899• McKinley wins re-election by a bigger McKinley wins re-election by a bigger

landslide…with T. Roosevelt on the landslide…with T. Roosevelt on the ticketticket

The Republic as EmpireThe Republic as Empire-Governing the Colonies-Governing the Colonies

• Some “American Some “American Dependencies” Dependencies” presented little presented little problems: problems: Hawaii, Alaska Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Ricoand Puerto Rico

territorial status territorial status and citizenshipand citizenship

US navy took US navy took control of Guam control of Guam and Tutuilaand Tutuila

• Cuba was a problemCuba was a problem US built roads, schools, hospitals and introduced US built roads, schools, hospitals and introduced

legal, financial and medical advanceslegal, financial and medical advances BUT imperial dominance / economic dominationBUT imperial dominance / economic domination Cuba passes a constitution with no reference to the Cuba passes a constitution with no reference to the

USUS US passes US passes Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

• gave US right to intervene in Cubagave US right to intervene in Cuba• American naval stations in CubaAmerican naval stations in Cuba• Left Cuba with only nominal political independenceLeft Cuba with only nominal political independence

• Rebellion to “Yankee ImperialismRebellion to “Yankee Imperialism

The Philippine WarThe Philippine War• ResultsResults

One of Americas longest wars (1898-1902)One of Americas longest wars (1898-1902) 4,300 American deaths (10x the number that died in 4,300 American deaths (10x the number that died in

combat during the Spanish American war)combat during the Spanish American war) 50,000? Filipinos50,000? Filipinos guerilla tactics by Filipinosguerilla tactics by Filipinos Brutality similar to Spaniards…Brutality similar to Spaniards…

• American miscalculationsAmerican miscalculations numbersnumbers level of support for Emilio Aguinaldolevel of support for Emilio Aguinaldo

• Decision: more brutalDecision: more brutal Filipino prisoners of war executedFilipino prisoners of war executed Concentration campsConcentration camps Destroyed villages, crops and livestockDestroyed villages, crops and livestock “…“…shoot everyone over the age of 10”shoot everyone over the age of 10” 15 Filipinos for every one wounded… US Civil War 1 15 Filipinos for every one wounded… US Civil War 1

person dead for every five woundedperson dead for every five wounded• ““Secure Possession”Secure Possession”

Aguinaldo captured and signs treaty urging followers Aguinaldo captured and signs treaty urging followers to stop fightingto stop fighting

War revived intermittently until as late as 1906War revived intermittently until as late as 1906 William Howard Taft: first governor of PhilippinesWilliam Howard Taft: first governor of Philippines

• goal was to prepare islands for autonomygoal was to prepare islands for autonomy• schools, bridges, sewers, etc…schools, bridges, sewers, etc…

• Gradual autonomyGradual autonomy Philippine economy totally linked/dependent United Philippine economy totally linked/dependent United

StatesStates July 4, 1946 “independence”July 4, 1946 “independence”

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

The Open DoorThe Open Door

• China had long represented a major China had long represented a major economic interest to western powerseconomic interest to western powers

By 1900 England, France, Germany, Russia and By 1900 England, France, Germany, Russia and Japan were beginning to carve up China among Japan were beginning to carve up China among themselvesthemselves

““concessions” and territory seizuresconcessions” and territory seizures

• McKinley wants America to have trading McKinley wants America to have trading power in China but wishes to avoid warpower in China but wishes to avoid war

““Asking only the open door for ourselves, Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to we are ready to accord the open door to others”others”

The Open Door ContinuedThe Open Door Continued• John Hay comes up with “Open Door Notes” John Hay comes up with “Open Door Notes”

addressed to England, Germany, Russia, addressed to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan and Italy and had three partsFrance, Japan and Italy and had three parts

Each nation with a sphere of influence in Each nation with a sphere of influence in China was to respect the rights and China was to respect the rights and privileges of other nations in its sphereprivileges of other nations in its sphere

Chinese officials were to continue to collect Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in all spherestariff duties in all spheres

Nations were not to discriminate against Nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their own spheresrailroad rates within their own spheres

John HayJohn Hay

The Open Door Continued, AgainThe Open Door Continued, Again• Some negative response to “Open Door”, but Jay asserts that Some negative response to “Open Door”, but Jay asserts that

its “final and definitive”its “final and definitive” unless US is willing to go to war, it could not enforce the policyunless US is willing to go to war, it could not enforce the policy

• Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion martial-arts society takes control of British embassy in Pekingmartial-arts society takes control of British embassy in Peking Imperial powers send in combined forces to rescue diplomatsImperial powers send in combined forces to rescue diplomats

• in August of 1900 breaks the siegein August of 1900 breaks the siege McKinley and Hay use the Rebellion as a springboard for Open McKinley and Hay use the Rebellion as a springboard for Open

Door policyDoor policy

Modern Military SystemModern Military System• Spanish American War Spanish American War

demonstrated tremendous demonstrated tremendous problems in American militaryproblems in American military

• McKinley appoints Elihu Root, McKinley appoints Elihu Root, a corporate lawyer from New a corporate lawyer from New York, to supervise military York, to supervise military overhaul between 1900-1903overhaul between 1900-1903

enlarged from 25,000-100,000enlarged from 25,000-100,000 National Guard = never again National Guard = never again

state militias to fight a warstate militias to fight a war Joint Chiefs of Staff: military Joint Chiefs of Staff: military

advisory to Secretary of Waradvisory to Secretary of War Establishment of a central Establishment of a central

planning agency…planning agency…

Elihu RootElihu Root