The Industrial Revolution: 1750 to 1800

Mechanization During 1750-1800:

the European manufacturing process shifted from small, home production to large-scale, machine production.

Inventions Six Major Inventions

Changed the Textile Industry Spinning Jenny: James Hartgrove Water Frame: Richard Arkwright Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney Steam Engine: Richard Trevithick

Transportation Increases Better Roads Canals (human-made waterways) Railroads Steam Engines: Developed by

James Watt

A Watt steam engine, the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world

Starting the I. R.1st: Started with Water Power to run the

machines- machines worked due to the flow of the water wheels

2nd: James Watt developed steam engines- eventually had steam boats by 1808- to transport goods and people across the water much faster than before with larger amounts

COAL in Britain Factories needed

fuel-engines need fuel: COAL

Coal mining expanded and production doubled during I.R.

At the Expense of Workers The raw wool and cotton that

fed the British textile mills came from: Lands converted from farming to

sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs

Urbanization: movement of people from rural to urban (city) areas

Urban Growth Those who could no

longer make a living on the land migrated from the countryside to the cities to seek work in the factories.

5025

0255075

100

% Population

England &Wales

France &Germany

EasternEurope

1850: Population Living in Cities

Population Growth At the same time, the

population of Europe continued to grow.

0

10

20

30

40

Millions

Engla

nd

France

Germ

any

1831

1851

The Plight of the Cities

Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate.

Slums grew and disease destroyed the population.

Crime increased and became a way of life for those who could make a living in no other way.

Conditions in the Countryside The only successful

farmers were those with large landholdings who could afford agricultural innovations.

Most peasants: Didn’t have enough land

to support themselves Were forced to move to

the cities to find work in the factories.

18th-century cotton mill in Cheesden Valley

The Role of the RailroadsThe railroads, built

during the 1830s and 1840s: Enabled people to leave

the place of their birth and migrate easily to the cities.

Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished products.

The Condition of Labor All working people, however,

faced possible unemployment, with little or no provision for security.

In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline: The closing of factory gates to

late workers Fines for tardiness Long Hours- 12 hour days Beatings for not doing their “best”

Family Structures Changed With the decline of the family

system and the rise of the factory, family life changed. At first, the entire family,

including the children, worked in the factory, just as they had at home.

Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic chores, the children went to school).

Gender-Determined Roles That transformation

prepared the way for gender-determined roles. Women came to be

associated with domestic duties, such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management.

The man came to be the “Bread winner”