The Industrial Revolution

A new kind of revolution

Introduction

What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?It changed the way people worked!

The Industrial Revolution is the era when power-driven machinery was developed. What power-driven machines do you use in your

everyday life?

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Causes The Agrarian

Revolution A population

explosion A revolution

in energy

Agrarian Revolution

Famers improved livestock breeding and created better varieties of crops

Jethro Tull invented the seed drillMade planting grain

more efficient

Enclosure movementWealthy farmers bought up land and combined

small fields to created larger, fenced-in fieldsAllowed for more efficient farming methodsKicked poor famers off their land

Crop rotationRotated crops to prevent a field from losing all of

its important minerals

Population Growth

Greater food supply led to a population boom

Poor famers moved into cities Human numbers through the ages

The Energy Revolution

From the beginning of history, the physical labor of humans and animals provided energy for work

This all changed when we began to harness the power of water and coal

In 1769 James Watt developed the steam engine powered by coalThis invention

would run the machines of the Industrial Revolution

James Watt and his steam engine design

Britain starts the Industrial Revolution

Britain leads the way

Industrialization began in Britain, and by the 1800s would spread to the United States, Japan, Germany, and other countries

Exploration and colonizationColonies around the world provided raw materialsColonies also became new markets for finished

goods Geography

As an island, Britain had many natural harbors and rivers that could be used for trade, transportation, and a power source for factories.

Britain also had an abundance of coal and iron.

Political stabilityBritain had a strong, stable government that

supported businessmen. The powerful British navy also protected overseas trade.

Growth of private investmentBecause of their huge overseas empire the British

had a very strong economy. Wealthy middle-class Englishmen invested their money in mines, railroads, inventions, and factories.

Factors of Production

Great Britian had all three factors of production:Land

Natural resources like coal, rivers, harbors, etc.

Labor A growing population that made a willing

workforce

Capitol Funds for investment from wealthy citizens

Advances of the Industrial Revolution

Textiles

Before the Industrial Revolution, spinners and weavers made clothing at home by hand. Cotton was spun into thread, and then woven into cloth. Later the cloth was dyed by an artisan.

This was known as the cottage industry, or domestic system, which was very slow.

Textiles: Inventions

The old ways of making cloth were completely transformed with industrialization Flying shuttle- John KaySpinning Jenny- James HargreavesWater frame- Richard ArkwrightSpinning Mule- Samuel Crompton

Flying shuttle- John KayHand-operatedWove cloth

more quickly

Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves One person

could spin 16 threads at once

Water frame- Richard ArkwrightFaster, water-

powered spinner

Spinning Mule- Samuel CromptonFastest of all, produced the best thread

Factories

Because the spinning mule needed water power to function, producers set up factories with water wheels along streams.

Factory – place where workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods.

Mass Production

The system of manufacturing large numbers of identical itemsMade possible by interchangeable parts and

the assembly line Interchangeable parts: identical, machine-made

parts Assembly line: production moves from worker to

worker, items made more quickly

Transportation

In the early 1800s George Stephenson developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carts along rails. Railroads increased trade and industry, and connected Britain from one end to the other

Transportation

In 1807 Robert Fulton, an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power a boat up the Hudson River.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanization

During the Industrial Revolution, people moved from villages and towns into cities

Urbanization: movement of people to cities Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and

disease spread

“It was a town of red brick, or brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black, like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal, and a river ran purple with ill-smelling dye.”

Charles Dickens, Hard Times

Poor Working Conditions

Factory conditions were very harsh. Men, women, and even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day

Work was monotonous and boring, and could also be dangerous and unhealthy

Women were hired because they could be paid less than men

Children were hired by textile mills and mines because of their size

New Class Structure

Upper class: rich, industrial business owners Upper middle class: professionals like doctors

and lawyers Lower middle class: teachers, shop owners,

office workers Working class: factory workers

New Class Structure

Impact on Women Middle class women

Enjoyed more economic opportunities Greater access to education Affected by idea of “separate spheres”

Working-class women Separated from families Found jobs because more people could afford to hire them Some or no improvement to status

New ideas about economics

The problems caused by the Industrial Revolution caused many to look for solutions. While some believed the market would eventually fix the problems, others believed there should be a change in government.

Laissez-faire Economics

The idea that government should not interfere with business- “free to do”

Adam SmithWealth of NationsFather of economicsPromoted laissez-faire

capitalism (means of production privately owned for profit)

Smith argued that free market forces of supply and demand would produce more goods at lower pricesIt would also encourage investors to invest money

in new ideas Claimed that the “invisible hand” of capitalism

would lead individuals to work for their own good and the good of the entire community

Thomas Malthus In his 1798 Essay on the Principle of

Population, Malthus predicted that population growth would outpace food supply

Warned that the poor would suffer from starvation and that the only option was to have fewer children

His predictions didn’t come true: food supply grew faster than the population

Socialism

A system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses

Socialism

Socialists claimed that industrial capitalism had made a large gap between the rich and the poor

Socialism

Socialists cared less about individual ownership rights, and more about the interests of society

Utopian Socialism

Sought to create self-sufficient communities where all property and work would be shared, and fighting would end

Robert Owen set up a utopian community in Scotland Provided housing fair

wages, education

Communism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels promoted “scientific socialism” in their work The Communist Manifesto

Communism

A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees and inevitable

History was a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (wealthy capitalists) and the proletariat (working class)

Communism

The proletariat would eventually revolt and create their own classless society

1917 revolt in Russia set up the first communist state