21
„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…”

ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG

TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY

by Mihály CSÁKÓ

ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Page 2: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Mottos:

„The invisible connectionis more powerful than the visible one.” – Heraclitus

(quoted in Hippolytus, Refutations)

„I do not detest him. I simply do not talk to him and avoid to meet him.” – 17 year old trainee

(in a VET school)

Page 3: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Socio-historical background

• Hungarian as „others” and others to Hungarian in history

• Globalization brings about a new level of density in human co-existence (in the Durkheimien sense of the term).

• National differences in experiencing the new level of density

Page 4: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Page 5: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Methodology

• Theoretical background– Almond & Verba’s notion of „civic culture”– Annick Percheron’s conceptualization of political

socialization

• Sampling: no representativity– As a curricular activity of sociology students, the

project is limited in scope.– A larger survey needs money.

• Questionnaires: too many changes (for the same reason)

Page 6: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Sampling

Sampling principle: „different enough”• 1990: three classes in Budapest

– an inner-city school– an urban housing estate school– an elite school

• 1994: six classes in Budapestwith doubling the numbers in the same scheme

• 1998, 2002, 2006: six classes in Budapest, three classes in Győr six classes in Debrecen

Page 7: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Measurement 1

CHOSEN FOR SHARING A ROOM /A TENT /A DESK

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Nationality / ethnicity

Per

cen

tag

e o

f 7t

h g

rad

ers

wh

o c

ho

se t

hem

1998

2002

2006

Page 8: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Measurement 1

WITH WHOM REFUSE 7th GRADERS TO SHARE THEIR TENT (2002) OR DESK (2006) ?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Gypsy Je

w

Romanian

Arab

Russian

Chinese

Africa

n

Germ

anPole

Slovak

Swedish

Englis

h

Nationality / ethnicity

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

ject

ion

2002

2006

Page 9: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Measurement 2

INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1991 1994 1998 2002 2006

Year

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

7th

gra

de

rs

Jews

Gypsies

Page 10: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 1. Politics

• Unexpected experience of political conflicts in the new democracy

• Arguments which rearrange the political scene and lead to a renaissance of anti-Semitism

• In September 1991, a new movement called Democratic Charta was started to defend democracy(János Kis, György Konrád, Iván Vitányi)

Page 11: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 1. Politics

István Csurka• 1956: a student leader (interned for

half a year)• 1987: one of the founders of

Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)• 1991-1992: Vice-president of MDF,

publishes an overtly anti-Semitic paper• 1993: expelled from MDF, he founds

the right-wing Party of Hungarian Truth and Life (MIÉP)

• 1994-1998: President of the extra-parliamentary MIÉP he managed to raise mass support for his party.

Page 12: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Measurement 3

"DO YOU LIKE…?"

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1998 2002 2006

Year

Per

cen

t o

f p

osi

tive

/ n

egat

ive

atti

tud

e

American: yes

American: no

Gypsy: yes

Gypsy: no

Jew : yes

Jew : no

Transylvanian: yes

Transylvanian: no

Page 13: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Attitude to neighbors

RomanianSlovak

2002

2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Percentage of rejection

Neighboring nations

Year

NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS HUNGARY'S NEIGHBORS

2002

2006

Page 14: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Attitudes to special minorities

NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOME MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Gypsy Jew Arab Chinese African

Minorities

Fre

qu

en

cy

of

reje

cti

on

2002

2006

Page 15: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

An outlook to higher grades

STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS NEIGHBORING NATIONS, 2005.

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Croate Slovak Serb Romanian

Nationality of the classmate

Wou

ld /

wou

ld n

ot a

ccep

t % Would not accept

Would accept

STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY, 2005

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Nationality of the classmate

Wou

ld /

wou

ld n

ot

acce

pt %

Would not accept

Would accept

Page 16: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ roleTOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE

EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS GYPSIES, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Elementary VETschool

Highschool

Higher ed.

Fathers' educational level

Perc

en

tag

e o

f th

e a

ttit

ud

e

Intolerance

None

Tolerance

TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS

JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.

Fathers' educational level

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

the

att

itu

de

Intoler

None

Toler

POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD GYPSIES, BY FATHERS'

EDUCATION

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.

Fathers' educational level

Po

sit

ive

/ n

eg

ati

ve

em

oti

on

s

Negative

Undecided

Positive

POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.

Fathers' educational level

Po

sit

ive

/ n

eg

ati

ve

em

oti

on

sNegative

Undecided

Positive

Page 17: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role

Father’s educational level

N Mean forWestern countries

Mean for„colored”

groups

8 classes 45 2.18 0.58

12 classes 273 2.51 0.27

F 3.401 4.870

d 3 3

p 0.017 0.002

Page 18: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role

THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH FATHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS' ATTITUDE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Not talkingwith father

Talking withfather

Not talkingwith father

Talking withfather

...Jews ...Gypsies

Attitude towards...

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

the

att

itu

de

Negative

Undecided

Positive

Page 19: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role

   %Talks with father about politics  

    No Yes N=100

Father's level of education

Primary 69,1 30,9 55

VET 60,2 39,8 133

Secondary 70,3 29,7 259

Higher 58 42 414

Total 66,7 33,3 993

Chi2 = 54,796 d=4 p=0.000

Page 20: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

Trying to explain: 3. Teacher’s role

THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH TEACHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS ATTITUDE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Not talkingwith father

Talking withfather

Not talkingwith father

Talking withfather

...Jews ...Gypsies

Attitude towards...

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

the

att

itu

de

Negative

Undecided

Positive

Page 21: „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY by Mihály CSÁKÓ ELTE / JWTC, Budapest

Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."

Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008

The Hungarian Guard is still marching