The Journey to Cultural Competence

References and Resources

Summary • The U.S. is increasing in cultural diversity. • “Cultural competence is the ability of systems and individuals to provide care to patients with diverse

values, beliefs, and behaviors, including tailoring care delivery to meet patients’ social, cultural, and linguistic needs” (Betancourt, Green, and Carrillo, 2002).

• Culture is an integrated, shared pattern of learned beliefs and behaviors. • Cultural identity is complex. • Culture influences many aspects of health care. • Cultural generalizations are starting points; cultural stereotypes cut off further inquiry. • Cultural competence can be thought of as a journey rather than a destination.

Some steps to cultural competence are: Awareness, Skills, Knowledge, Encounters, and Desire.

References Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E. (2002). Cultural competence in health care: Emerging frameworks and practical approaches. The Commonweath Fund. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from http://www.cmwf.org Campinha-Bacote, Josepha (2002). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A model of care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3) 181-184. Campinha-Bacote, Josepha. (2007) The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A culturally conscious model of care. Retrieved October 5, 2007, from http://transculturalcare.net/Cultural_Competence_Model.htm College of Nurses of Ontario. (2005). Practice Guideline: Culturally Sensitive Care. Pub. No. 41040. Retrieved October 10, 2007, from http://www.cno.org/docs/prac/41040_CulturallySens.pdf Fadiman, Anne. (1998). The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Management Sciences for Health (n.d.). The Provider’s Guide to Quality and Culture. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://erc.msh.org/mainpage.cfm?file=1.0.htm&module=provider&language=English Office of Minority Health. (n.d.) What is cultural competency? U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 5, 2007, from http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=11 Race—The Power of an Illusion. (2003). California Newsreel. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0149 Villaruel, Antonia M. (2007). Health disparities: Challenges and innovations. Presented at the Eighth Annual Littlefield Leadership Lecture, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Resources Abraham, Laurie Kaye. (1993). Mama might be better off dead: The failure of health care in urban America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Review available at http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/13/4/225.pdf Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118(4). Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12815076 Brach, C., Fraser, I. (2000). Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? A review and conceptual model. Medical Care Research and Review, 57. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://mcr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/57/suppl_1/181.pdf

Giger, J., et al. (2007). American academy of nursing expert panel report: Developing cultural competence to eliminate health disparities in ethnic minorities and other vulnerable populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2). Horner, R.D., Salazar, W., Geiger, H.J., Bullock, K., Corbie-Smith, G., Cornog, M., Flores, G. (2004). Changing healthcare professionals' behaviors to eliminate disparities in healthcare: What do we know? How might we proceed? American Journal of Managed Care, SP12-9. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/hd/pdf/ChangingHCP.pdf McIntosh, P. (1990). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Independent School, 49(2). Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~mcisaac/emc598ge/Unpacking.html Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 1. Cultural Competency Section. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from

http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=3 2. Data and Statistics. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from

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http://www.thinkculturalhealth.org/ccnm/ Shaya, F.T., Gbaray, C.M. (2006). The case for cultural competence in health professions education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 70(6).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race and ethnicity – A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US DHHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Center for Mental Health Services. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/cre/ Zambrana, R.E., Molnar, C., Munoz, H.B., & Lopez, D.S. (2004). Cultural competency as it intersects with racial/ethnic, linguistic, and class disparities in managed healthcare organizations. American Journal of Managed Care, Vol. 10, Special Issue, SP37-44. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/hd/pdf/culturalcompetenceasitintersects.pdf

Content Author: Earlise Ward, PhD