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THE LADY OR THE TIGERBY FRANK R. STOCKTON
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It is not love that is blind, but
jealousy-LAWRENCE DURRELL-
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VIDEO
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Chain Questions
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What makes a story a story?
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What are the senses that you can see inthe video?
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What are the feelings that evoke from thevideo?
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What about when you read? Are youprovided with these conveniences?
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What kind of computer?
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MEET FRANK R. STOCKTON
April 5, 1834born in Blockley, Pennsylvania1852became a wood engraver
1860married Marian Edwards Tuttle, a
teacher
1867first published tale story Ting-a-ling
1873start his editorial career1878forced to leave his job due to failing
eyesight
1882published The Lady or The Tigerin
Century Magazine
1887earned a reputation as one of the
greatest humorists and childrens author of his
time
April 20, 1902died of cerebral hemorrhage
in Washington D.C. and was buried in the
Woodlands cemetery in Philadelphia.
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LITERARY ELEMENTS
1 SETTING
2 PLOT
3 POINT OF VIEW4 CHARACTER
5 THEME
6 CONFLICT7 TECHNIQUE/STYLE
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TRIAL BY ORDEAL
During the Middle Ages in England, guilt or
innocence was decided through a practice
known as an ordeal. An accused personwas physically tested, and the outcome
determined guilt or innocence. The
accusers believed that supernatural forces
controlled what happened. For instance, in
the ordeal by water, the accused person
was tied up and thrown into deep water. Aperson who floated was thought to be
guilty; a person who sank was considered
innocent. Unfortunately, those who sank
often drowned before they could be
hauled back up.
Though the trial by ordeal was forbiddenby Pope Innocent III in 1215, its prevalence
in Europe continued to be wide enough
that it even came over to colonial America.
Other trials by ordeal were also found
throughout India, Southeast Asia, and in
many parts of Africa.
1. Trial by fire
2. Trial by hot iron
3. Trial by water
4. Trial by hot water
5. Trial by host
6. Trial by ordeal bean7. Trial by tagena
8. Sassywood
9. Trial by diving
10. Trial by snake
11. Sotah ritual
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Chain Questions
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What are some of the examples of eventsthat you know related to this?
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Do you think it is relevant now? Why?
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SETTING
Time:
During medieval times
In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king
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Chain Questions
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What is your impression on medieval
time?
i. Culture
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ii. Social hierarchy
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iii. Fashion
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iv. Lifestyle
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LATIN LANGUAGEThe influence of Rome as a country made Latin the common language of South and
Western Europe. In these areas Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Romanian
and Portuguese) were later derived from Latin.
To understand the English language thoroughly it is necessary to have a knowledge of
Latin. This is caused by the fact that Anglo-Saxon language (Old English), had borrowed
many words from Latin, either directly or through French. This Germanic language
group, spoken in Britain, south of the Forth (except Wales and Cornwall), has been
making these borrowings both before and after the Norman Conquest (AD 1066). As aresult, modern English and Latin are quite closely connected.
In most branches of literature the Romans were deeply
indebted to Greek models. The influence of Greek
civilization on Rome began early (with the commerce
between the people of Latium and the Greek cities of
South Italy), and reached its fullest development afterthe conquest of Greece by Rome, which was completed
in 146 BC.
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Place:
A semi-barbaric kingdom, neighbouring to the Latin Country
whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened bythe progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large,
florid, and untrammeled,
The arena where the trial is conducted
The arena of the king was built, not to give the people anopportunity of hearing the rhapsodies of dying gladiators, nor
to enable them to view the inevitable conclusion of a conflictbetween religious opinions and hungry jaws, but for purposesfar better adapted to widen and develop the mental energies
of the people
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PLOT
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EXPOSITION
The author introduces the king and his kingdom
He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority
so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied fancies intofacts. He was greatly given to self-communing, and, when he
and himself agreed upon anything, the thing was done.
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The elucidation of justice system in the kingdom
This was the king's semi-barbaric method of administering
justice. Its perfect fairness is obvious. The criminal could not
know out of which door would come the lady; he opened
either he pleased, without having the slightest idea whether,
in the next instant, he was to be devoured or married.
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RISING ACTION
The king discovers his daughter having an unlawful affair with
a male suitor and decides to put him in the arena.
He needs to choose between two doors: Life VS Death-
behind one door is a tiger, set to maul the unlucky criminal;
behind the other is a beautiful bride, set to euphemistically
maul the lucky criminal
This love affair moved on happily for many months, until one
day the king happened to discover its existence. He did not
hesitate nor waver in regard to his duty in the premises.
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The princess, who loves the young man is instrumental to his
fate
The only hope for the youth in which there was any element of
certainty was based upon the success of the princess in
discovering this mystery; and the moment he looked upon
her, he saw she had succeeded, as in his soul he knew shewould succeed.
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CLIMAX
The princess indicates to the young man which door he
should open in the arena
Her decision had been indicated in an instant, but it had been
made after days and nights of anguished deliberation. She
had known she would be asked, she had decided what she
would answer, and, without the slightest hesitation, she had
moved her hand to the right.
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FALLING ACTION & RESOLUTION
None. Readers are left to make their own decision on which
door does the princess choose.
The question of her decision is one not to be lightly considered,
and it is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one
person able to answer it. And so I leave it with all of you:
Which came out of the opened door,--the lady, or the tiger?
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Chain Questions
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Do you enjoy this kind of open-endedplot? Why?
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Why do you think the author ends the
story with a question rather than ananswer?
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Is the narrator the same as the author inthis story?
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POINT OF VIEW The story is told in third-person omniscient point of view -The
narrator knows the thoughts and actions of all the characters.
The narrator sets the story in fairy-tale mode- "In the very
olden time"-and then addresses the reader directly, in the
first-person mode, after the young man makes his choice.
"it is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one person
able to answer [the question of her decision]. And so I leave it
with all of you.
The purpose of this address is to place the responsibility for
analyzing the story and answering the question posed in the
story's title squarely upon the reader's shoulders.
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CHARACTER
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THE KING
Semi-barbaric
Absolute
Loves his daughter
Cruel sense of justice Passionate
A man of contradiction
Round and static character
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THE PRINCESS
Semi-barbaric
Jealous
Prouddoesnt like her things to be taken away
Passionate about the guy Care less of the status
Round (tiger) or dynamic (lady) character based on her
decision
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THE YOUNG MAN
Commoner
Aesthetically pleasing (tall, beautiful, fair)
Trusting the princess
Faithful Flat and static character
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THE LADY
Beautiful and lovely
Hated by the princess
Secretly fancy the lover of the princess
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Is there any contradiction between the
characters in this story with theconventional notion of characters in
most stories?
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THEMES
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DEADLY SINS
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LOVE VS JEALOUSY
The princess in the story is faced with a difficult dilemma: she
has to choose whether to be altruistic (selfless) or allow
herself to be jealous, as is the natural inclination. As she is
part barbaric herself, she is strongly disposed towards her
natural inclinations, but she is simultaneously civilized.
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POWER
Some people abuse the authority that is bestowed on them.
The king was very absolute in his command and nobody can
question his orders
at his will, he turned his varied fancies into facts. He was
greatly given to self-communing, and, when he and himself
agreed upon anything, the thing was done.
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The princess used her power to know what lies behind each
door
But gold, and the power of a woman's will, had brought the
secret to the princess.
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SOCIAL STATUS
The difference status between the princess and the young
man is amplified by the setting of the story. If the setting is
changed into the present time, the society would be more
accepting of the status differencesthe king probably may
not be as harsh as he is towards the young man.
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JUSTICE AND CHANCE
To a semi-barbaric king, nothing is more just than chance
deciding a persons guilt; He has a system in which justice is
secondary to chance; inevitably, guilty people would choose
the door behind which the maiden waited, and the innocent
must occasionally be devoured. The king, therefore, deifies(makes a god of) chance and from his perspective, the will of
his god is the ultimate authority on justice. In reality, justice
plays no part in the fates of those sent to the arena.
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BARBARISM AND CIVILISATION
The lady is representative of civilization: tame, beautiful, and
desirable. The tiger, inversely, is savage, monstrous, and
feared. Thus, civilization is desirable and barbarism is to be
avoided at all costs. Additionally, the narrator comments on
how one becomes one or the other with his description of theperfect justice of chance. Just as chance determines
whether a wedding or a gory execution occur, so does chance
determine whether a person is born an Aborigine or an
emperor, civilized or barbaric, and ultimately, whether a
person will lead a wonderful life, or one full of misery and
pain.
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CONFLICT
External: Human VS Human
The King VS The Young Man
The King VS The Princess
The Princess VS The Lady
The Princess VS The Young Man
External: Human VS Environment
The Young Lovers VS The Rules of the Kingdom The Young Lovers VS The Societal Convention
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Internal: Human VS Himself
The Princess VS Herselfconflicting roles whether she should
be a lover or a princess
The Young Man VS Himselfto trust the princess decision or
not
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TECHNIQUES/STYLES
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SYMBOLISM
The ladylove; reward; innocence
The tigerjealousy; punishment; guilt
The kingthe law
The arenaa place where ones guilt or innocent is proven
(courtroom)
The choice between the lady or the tiger made by the
princessthe current emotion that she succumbed to. In a
broader sense, proving her most dominant nature.
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IRONY
The king claimed to love his daughter so much. Yet, he didnt
hesitate to do away with the man she loves the most.
Also, if the princess was to choose the tiger, then it would be
ironic because she apparently loved the man. No matter what
choice the princess makes, it is ironical because if she chosethe tiger, then she is condemning the man to death when she
claimed that she loved him so much. If she chose the lady,
then arguably she could be sentencing the man to a greater
and longer punishment since the man would have to marry aperson he didnt love.
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PERSONIFICATION
Silent door
This example of personification makes it seem as though the
door might speak any other time, giving the door a human
characteristic
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SUSPENSE
From the ending, the author puts a question for the reader to
decide the answer.
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FORESHADOWING
Foreshadowing was used in the exposition as the author
elaborated on all the kingdoms, rules and consequences;
including the kings arena
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TONE
The tone is disapproving of the king and his daughter for
being barbaric and simple minded
MOOD Suspenseful and barbaric
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CROSS REFERENCE
In general a Gladiator was a
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g
condemned criminal, a prisoner of
war or a slave bought for the purpose
of being trained as a gladiator.
Professional gladiators were often
free men who volunteered to
participate in the events. These free
men although they were low on the
social scale would often become
popular amongst the crowds and find
popularity and patronage with
wealthy Roman citizens over their
criminal counterparts.
The masters or owners of the gladiators were called lanista. Gladiators were required to
do what their lanistaordered and therefore they were revered for their loyalty, discipline
and courage. As a gladiator a man gained immediate status even though as a gladiator he
was forced to act as a slave and to endure flogging, branding or death by the sword.
Typically a gladiator was sent to a gladiator school and depending on whether he was a
criminal or not he was either trained to use weapons or taught to be a gladiator who
would enter the gladiatorial arena weaponless. A criminal would typically use a weapon
and could even earn their freedom if they survived three to five years of combat. A
gladiator was only required to fight two to three times a year but few survived the three
to five years.
GLADIATORS
R l d l di t d l d f f l lt
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spartacus
Roman slave and gladiator, and leader of a famous slave revolt.
Little is known of the early years of Spartacus. He is thought to have been born in
Thrace (modern day Balkan region) and it has been suggested he was in the Roman
army. He was sold into slavery and trained at the gladiatorial school in Capua, north of
Naples. Spartacus escaped in 73 BC and took refuge on nearby Mount Vesuvius, wherelarge numbers of other escaped slaves joined him. Their insurrection came to be
known as the Third Servile War,or the Gladiators War. Leading his
army of runaway slaves, which has
been estimated to have reached
100,000 men, Spartacus defeated a
series of Roman attacks using tactics
which would now be called guerrillawarfare.
Spartacus's struggle has been inspirational to revolutionaries, politicians and writers
since the 19th century. The Spartacist League was a revolutionary socialist group,
formed in Germany in 1916, which unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the
government in 1919.
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Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling Egypt from 51 BC - 30 BC.
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CLEOPATRAQUEEN OF THE NILE
Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling Egypt from 51 BC 30 BC.
She is celebrated for her beauty and her love affairs with the Roman warlords Julius
Caesar and Mark Antony.
Cleopatra was married to her brother, Ptolemy XIII keeping with Egyptian tradition.
Whether she was as beautiful as was claimed, she was a highly intelligent woman and an
astute politician, who brought
prosperity and peace to a country that
was bankrupt and split by civil war.
Cleopatra married Ceasar, was exiled by his brother, and was reinstalled as queen withRoman military support. In 47 BC, Cleopatra bore Caesar a child Caesarion.
In 41 BC, Mark Antony, at that time in dispute with Caesar's adopted son Octavian over
the succession to the Roman leadership, began both a political and romantic alliance
with Cleopatra. They subsequently had three children - two sons and a daughter. Mark
Antony took his own life after his army deserted him and Cleopatra chose the same
course, committing suicide on 12 August 30 BC.
In 48 BC, Egypt became embroiled in the
conflict in Rome between Julius Caesar
and Pompey.
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ENTERTAINMENT
HELEN OF TROY
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HELEN OF TROY
Helen, was also immortal, since her father was
none other than Zeus. Her mother was the
beautiful Leda, queen of Sparta, who was ravishedby the father of the gods in the form of a swan.
Leda's husband was Tyndarecus, who later the
same night, unaware of his feathered predecessor,
also impregnated his wife. She produced two
eggs, one of which yielded Helen and Polydeuces
and the other of which contained Castor and
Clytemnestra. While a swan's egg can be accepted for the sake of myth, it has never made
much sense that the part of her pregnancy initiated by Tyndareus should produce an egg as
well. This most curious of births has been subjected to all manner of combinations over the
years. As delicious as the story of Leda was, some commentators even went so far as to
suggest that Helen and the Dioscuri were conceived at Rhamnus in Attica by Zeus andNemesis, the usually rather stern and sexless goddess whose job it was to curb excesses.
Nemesis, not happy with being raped by a swan, laid an egg and left it. Leda found it, and
when the egg hatched it produced Helen and the Dioscuri. In that case, Clytemnestra was
not even a sister of Helen.
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A real relationship has fights. Trust. Faith.Tears. Pain. Arguments. Patience.
Secrets. Jealousy and love.
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Chain Questions
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What is your reaction to the story?
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How does this story hold against the other
two short stories that you have learned?
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VIDEO