The Lady or the Tiger

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    THE LADY OR THE TIGERBY FRANK R. STOCKTON

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    It is not love that is blind, but

    jealousy-LAWRENCE DURRELL-

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    VIDEO

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    Chain Questions

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    What makes a story a story?

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    What are the senses that you can see inthe video?

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    What are the feelings that evoke from thevideo?

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    What about when you read? Are youprovided with these conveniences?

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    What kind of computer?

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    MEET FRANK R. STOCKTON

    April 5, 1834born in Blockley, Pennsylvania1852became a wood engraver

    1860married Marian Edwards Tuttle, a

    teacher

    1867first published tale story Ting-a-ling

    1873start his editorial career1878forced to leave his job due to failing

    eyesight

    1882published The Lady or The Tigerin

    Century Magazine

    1887earned a reputation as one of the

    greatest humorists and childrens author of his

    time

    April 20, 1902died of cerebral hemorrhage

    in Washington D.C. and was buried in the

    Woodlands cemetery in Philadelphia.

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    LITERARY ELEMENTS

    1 SETTING

    2 PLOT

    3 POINT OF VIEW4 CHARACTER

    5 THEME

    6 CONFLICT7 TECHNIQUE/STYLE

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    TRIAL BY ORDEAL

    During the Middle Ages in England, guilt or

    innocence was decided through a practice

    known as an ordeal. An accused personwas physically tested, and the outcome

    determined guilt or innocence. The

    accusers believed that supernatural forces

    controlled what happened. For instance, in

    the ordeal by water, the accused person

    was tied up and thrown into deep water. Aperson who floated was thought to be

    guilty; a person who sank was considered

    innocent. Unfortunately, those who sank

    often drowned before they could be

    hauled back up.

    Though the trial by ordeal was forbiddenby Pope Innocent III in 1215, its prevalence

    in Europe continued to be wide enough

    that it even came over to colonial America.

    Other trials by ordeal were also found

    throughout India, Southeast Asia, and in

    many parts of Africa.

    1. Trial by fire

    2. Trial by hot iron

    3. Trial by water

    4. Trial by hot water

    5. Trial by host

    6. Trial by ordeal bean7. Trial by tagena

    8. Sassywood

    9. Trial by diving

    10. Trial by snake

    11. Sotah ritual

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    Chain Questions

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    What are some of the examples of eventsthat you know related to this?

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    Do you think it is relevant now? Why?

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    SETTING

    Time:

    During medieval times

    In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king

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    Chain Questions

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    What is your impression on medieval

    time?

    i. Culture

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    ii. Social hierarchy

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    iii. Fashion

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    iv. Lifestyle

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    LATIN LANGUAGEThe influence of Rome as a country made Latin the common language of South and

    Western Europe. In these areas Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Romanian

    and Portuguese) were later derived from Latin.

    To understand the English language thoroughly it is necessary to have a knowledge of

    Latin. This is caused by the fact that Anglo-Saxon language (Old English), had borrowed

    many words from Latin, either directly or through French. This Germanic language

    group, spoken in Britain, south of the Forth (except Wales and Cornwall), has been

    making these borrowings both before and after the Norman Conquest (AD 1066). As aresult, modern English and Latin are quite closely connected.

    In most branches of literature the Romans were deeply

    indebted to Greek models. The influence of Greek

    civilization on Rome began early (with the commerce

    between the people of Latium and the Greek cities of

    South Italy), and reached its fullest development afterthe conquest of Greece by Rome, which was completed

    in 146 BC.

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    Place:

    A semi-barbaric kingdom, neighbouring to the Latin Country

    whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened bythe progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large,

    florid, and untrammeled,

    The arena where the trial is conducted

    The arena of the king was built, not to give the people anopportunity of hearing the rhapsodies of dying gladiators, nor

    to enable them to view the inevitable conclusion of a conflictbetween religious opinions and hungry jaws, but for purposesfar better adapted to widen and develop the mental energies

    of the people

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    PLOT

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    EXPOSITION

    The author introduces the king and his kingdom

    He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority

    so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied fancies intofacts. He was greatly given to self-communing, and, when he

    and himself agreed upon anything, the thing was done.

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    The elucidation of justice system in the kingdom

    This was the king's semi-barbaric method of administering

    justice. Its perfect fairness is obvious. The criminal could not

    know out of which door would come the lady; he opened

    either he pleased, without having the slightest idea whether,

    in the next instant, he was to be devoured or married.

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    RISING ACTION

    The king discovers his daughter having an unlawful affair with

    a male suitor and decides to put him in the arena.

    He needs to choose between two doors: Life VS Death-

    behind one door is a tiger, set to maul the unlucky criminal;

    behind the other is a beautiful bride, set to euphemistically

    maul the lucky criminal

    This love affair moved on happily for many months, until one

    day the king happened to discover its existence. He did not

    hesitate nor waver in regard to his duty in the premises.

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    The princess, who loves the young man is instrumental to his

    fate

    The only hope for the youth in which there was any element of

    certainty was based upon the success of the princess in

    discovering this mystery; and the moment he looked upon

    her, he saw she had succeeded, as in his soul he knew shewould succeed.

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    CLIMAX

    The princess indicates to the young man which door he

    should open in the arena

    Her decision had been indicated in an instant, but it had been

    made after days and nights of anguished deliberation. She

    had known she would be asked, she had decided what she

    would answer, and, without the slightest hesitation, she had

    moved her hand to the right.

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    FALLING ACTION & RESOLUTION

    None. Readers are left to make their own decision on which

    door does the princess choose.

    The question of her decision is one not to be lightly considered,

    and it is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one

    person able to answer it. And so I leave it with all of you:

    Which came out of the opened door,--the lady, or the tiger?

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    Chain Questions

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    Do you enjoy this kind of open-endedplot? Why?

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    Why do you think the author ends the

    story with a question rather than ananswer?

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    Is the narrator the same as the author inthis story?

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    POINT OF VIEW The story is told in third-person omniscient point of view -The

    narrator knows the thoughts and actions of all the characters.

    The narrator sets the story in fairy-tale mode- "In the very

    olden time"-and then addresses the reader directly, in the

    first-person mode, after the young man makes his choice.

    "it is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one person

    able to answer [the question of her decision]. And so I leave it

    with all of you.

    The purpose of this address is to place the responsibility for

    analyzing the story and answering the question posed in the

    story's title squarely upon the reader's shoulders.

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    CHARACTER

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    THE KING

    Semi-barbaric

    Absolute

    Loves his daughter

    Cruel sense of justice Passionate

    A man of contradiction

    Round and static character

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    THE PRINCESS

    Semi-barbaric

    Jealous

    Prouddoesnt like her things to be taken away

    Passionate about the guy Care less of the status

    Round (tiger) or dynamic (lady) character based on her

    decision

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    THE YOUNG MAN

    Commoner

    Aesthetically pleasing (tall, beautiful, fair)

    Trusting the princess

    Faithful Flat and static character

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    THE LADY

    Beautiful and lovely

    Hated by the princess

    Secretly fancy the lover of the princess

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    Is there any contradiction between the

    characters in this story with theconventional notion of characters in

    most stories?

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    THEMES

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    DEADLY SINS

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    LOVE VS JEALOUSY

    The princess in the story is faced with a difficult dilemma: she

    has to choose whether to be altruistic (selfless) or allow

    herself to be jealous, as is the natural inclination. As she is

    part barbaric herself, she is strongly disposed towards her

    natural inclinations, but she is simultaneously civilized.

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    POWER

    Some people abuse the authority that is bestowed on them.

    The king was very absolute in his command and nobody can

    question his orders

    at his will, he turned his varied fancies into facts. He was

    greatly given to self-communing, and, when he and himself

    agreed upon anything, the thing was done.

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    The princess used her power to know what lies behind each

    door

    But gold, and the power of a woman's will, had brought the

    secret to the princess.

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    SOCIAL STATUS

    The difference status between the princess and the young

    man is amplified by the setting of the story. If the setting is

    changed into the present time, the society would be more

    accepting of the status differencesthe king probably may

    not be as harsh as he is towards the young man.

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    JUSTICE AND CHANCE

    To a semi-barbaric king, nothing is more just than chance

    deciding a persons guilt; He has a system in which justice is

    secondary to chance; inevitably, guilty people would choose

    the door behind which the maiden waited, and the innocent

    must occasionally be devoured. The king, therefore, deifies(makes a god of) chance and from his perspective, the will of

    his god is the ultimate authority on justice. In reality, justice

    plays no part in the fates of those sent to the arena.

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    BARBARISM AND CIVILISATION

    The lady is representative of civilization: tame, beautiful, and

    desirable. The tiger, inversely, is savage, monstrous, and

    feared. Thus, civilization is desirable and barbarism is to be

    avoided at all costs. Additionally, the narrator comments on

    how one becomes one or the other with his description of theperfect justice of chance. Just as chance determines

    whether a wedding or a gory execution occur, so does chance

    determine whether a person is born an Aborigine or an

    emperor, civilized or barbaric, and ultimately, whether a

    person will lead a wonderful life, or one full of misery and

    pain.

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    CONFLICT

    External: Human VS Human

    The King VS The Young Man

    The King VS The Princess

    The Princess VS The Lady

    The Princess VS The Young Man

    External: Human VS Environment

    The Young Lovers VS The Rules of the Kingdom The Young Lovers VS The Societal Convention

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    Internal: Human VS Himself

    The Princess VS Herselfconflicting roles whether she should

    be a lover or a princess

    The Young Man VS Himselfto trust the princess decision or

    not

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    TECHNIQUES/STYLES

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    SYMBOLISM

    The ladylove; reward; innocence

    The tigerjealousy; punishment; guilt

    The kingthe law

    The arenaa place where ones guilt or innocent is proven

    (courtroom)

    The choice between the lady or the tiger made by the

    princessthe current emotion that she succumbed to. In a

    broader sense, proving her most dominant nature.

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    IRONY

    The king claimed to love his daughter so much. Yet, he didnt

    hesitate to do away with the man she loves the most.

    Also, if the princess was to choose the tiger, then it would be

    ironic because she apparently loved the man. No matter what

    choice the princess makes, it is ironical because if she chosethe tiger, then she is condemning the man to death when she

    claimed that she loved him so much. If she chose the lady,

    then arguably she could be sentencing the man to a greater

    and longer punishment since the man would have to marry aperson he didnt love.

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    PERSONIFICATION

    Silent door

    This example of personification makes it seem as though the

    door might speak any other time, giving the door a human

    characteristic

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    SUSPENSE

    From the ending, the author puts a question for the reader to

    decide the answer.

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    FORESHADOWING

    Foreshadowing was used in the exposition as the author

    elaborated on all the kingdoms, rules and consequences;

    including the kings arena

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    TONE

    The tone is disapproving of the king and his daughter for

    being barbaric and simple minded

    MOOD Suspenseful and barbaric

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    CROSS REFERENCE

    In general a Gladiator was a

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    g

    condemned criminal, a prisoner of

    war or a slave bought for the purpose

    of being trained as a gladiator.

    Professional gladiators were often

    free men who volunteered to

    participate in the events. These free

    men although they were low on the

    social scale would often become

    popular amongst the crowds and find

    popularity and patronage with

    wealthy Roman citizens over their

    criminal counterparts.

    The masters or owners of the gladiators were called lanista. Gladiators were required to

    do what their lanistaordered and therefore they were revered for their loyalty, discipline

    and courage. As a gladiator a man gained immediate status even though as a gladiator he

    was forced to act as a slave and to endure flogging, branding or death by the sword.

    Typically a gladiator was sent to a gladiator school and depending on whether he was a

    criminal or not he was either trained to use weapons or taught to be a gladiator who

    would enter the gladiatorial arena weaponless. A criminal would typically use a weapon

    and could even earn their freedom if they survived three to five years of combat. A

    gladiator was only required to fight two to three times a year but few survived the three

    to five years.

    GLADIATORS

    R l d l di t d l d f f l lt

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    spartacus

    Roman slave and gladiator, and leader of a famous slave revolt.

    Little is known of the early years of Spartacus. He is thought to have been born in

    Thrace (modern day Balkan region) and it has been suggested he was in the Roman

    army. He was sold into slavery and trained at the gladiatorial school in Capua, north of

    Naples. Spartacus escaped in 73 BC and took refuge on nearby Mount Vesuvius, wherelarge numbers of other escaped slaves joined him. Their insurrection came to be

    known as the Third Servile War,or the Gladiators War. Leading his

    army of runaway slaves, which has

    been estimated to have reached

    100,000 men, Spartacus defeated a

    series of Roman attacks using tactics

    which would now be called guerrillawarfare.

    Spartacus's struggle has been inspirational to revolutionaries, politicians and writers

    since the 19th century. The Spartacist League was a revolutionary socialist group,

    formed in Germany in 1916, which unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the

    government in 1919.

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    Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling Egypt from 51 BC - 30 BC.

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    CLEOPATRAQUEEN OF THE NILE

    Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling Egypt from 51 BC 30 BC.

    She is celebrated for her beauty and her love affairs with the Roman warlords Julius

    Caesar and Mark Antony.

    Cleopatra was married to her brother, Ptolemy XIII keeping with Egyptian tradition.

    Whether she was as beautiful as was claimed, she was a highly intelligent woman and an

    astute politician, who brought

    prosperity and peace to a country that

    was bankrupt and split by civil war.

    Cleopatra married Ceasar, was exiled by his brother, and was reinstalled as queen withRoman military support. In 47 BC, Cleopatra bore Caesar a child Caesarion.

    In 41 BC, Mark Antony, at that time in dispute with Caesar's adopted son Octavian over

    the succession to the Roman leadership, began both a political and romantic alliance

    with Cleopatra. They subsequently had three children - two sons and a daughter. Mark

    Antony took his own life after his army deserted him and Cleopatra chose the same

    course, committing suicide on 12 August 30 BC.

    In 48 BC, Egypt became embroiled in the

    conflict in Rome between Julius Caesar

    and Pompey.

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    ENTERTAINMENT

    HELEN OF TROY

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    HELEN OF TROY

    Helen, was also immortal, since her father was

    none other than Zeus. Her mother was the

    beautiful Leda, queen of Sparta, who was ravishedby the father of the gods in the form of a swan.

    Leda's husband was Tyndarecus, who later the

    same night, unaware of his feathered predecessor,

    also impregnated his wife. She produced two

    eggs, one of which yielded Helen and Polydeuces

    and the other of which contained Castor and

    Clytemnestra. While a swan's egg can be accepted for the sake of myth, it has never made

    much sense that the part of her pregnancy initiated by Tyndareus should produce an egg as

    well. This most curious of births has been subjected to all manner of combinations over the

    years. As delicious as the story of Leda was, some commentators even went so far as to

    suggest that Helen and the Dioscuri were conceived at Rhamnus in Attica by Zeus andNemesis, the usually rather stern and sexless goddess whose job it was to curb excesses.

    Nemesis, not happy with being raped by a swan, laid an egg and left it. Leda found it, and

    when the egg hatched it produced Helen and the Dioscuri. In that case, Clytemnestra was

    not even a sister of Helen.

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    A real relationship has fights. Trust. Faith.Tears. Pain. Arguments. Patience.

    Secrets. Jealousy and love.

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    Chain Questions

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    What is your reaction to the story?

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    How does this story hold against the other

    two short stories that you have learned?

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    VIDEO