THE MACHINE THAT THE MACHINE THAT CHANGED THE WORLDCHANGED THE WORLD

A Yousef productionA Yousef production

From Abaci to Pentiums to …From Abaci to Pentiums to …

One of the earliest devices to One of the earliest devices to help humans calculate was the help humans calculate was the abacusabacus

Slide ruleSlide rule

The slide rule allowed fasterCalculations with logarithms

PascalinePascaline

Worked similarly to an odometer

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

Hollerith’s MachineHollerith’s Machine

Babbage’s Analytic EngineBabbage’s Analytic Engine

Babbage’s analytic engine was neverBuilt, but the image to the left illustrates

Mark IMark I

The first bugThe first bug

Early computers were expensive Early computers were expensive and difficult to constructand difficult to construct

The needs of Integrated The needs of Integrated CircuitsCircuits After the invention of After the invention of

transistors in 1947 scientist transistors in 1947 scientist tried to use the transistors in a tried to use the transistors in a small Integrated Circuitssmall Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits were Integrated Circuits were needed because the vacuum needed because the vacuum tubes were costly, produce a tubes were costly, produce a lot of heat, heavy and slowlot of heat, heavy and slow

Transistors

The needs of Integrated The needs of Integrated Circuits Cont.Circuits Cont.

Scientists decided to figure out Scientists decided to figure out a new way to solve this a new way to solve this problem with vacuum tubes- problem with vacuum tubes- and start to produce Integrated and start to produce Integrated Circuits which helped them to Circuits which helped them to do the job easilydo the job easily

Transistors are small, fast, Transistors are small, fast, reliable and effective, and reliable and effective, and quickly replaced the vacuum quickly replaced the vacuum tubetube

Vacuum Tube

Different kind of Different kind of MicroprocessorMicroprocessor Speaking of computers, the most Speaking of computers, the most

important thing we have to discuss is important thing we have to discuss is the astonishing improvement of the astonishing improvement of Microprocessors in the last 30 yearsMicroprocessors in the last 30 years

The first Microprocessors included The first Microprocessors included 2300 transistors, produced by Intel in 2300 transistors, produced by Intel in 1971. The name of that processor was 1971. The name of that processor was “Intel 4004”“Intel 4004”

In 1974 Intel produced “Intel 8080”, this In 1974 Intel produced “Intel 8080”, this chip included 4800 transistorschip included 4800 transistors

Intel 4004

Intel 8080Intel 8080

Different kind of Different kind of Microprocessor Cont.Microprocessor Cont. In 1976 a new company called In 1976 a new company called

Zilog produced “Zilog Z80”. This Zilog produced “Zilog Z80”. This chip contained 8500 transistorschip contained 8500 transistors

In 1985 Intel again produced In 1985 Intel again produced new microprocessors; these new microprocessors; these were called “Intel 386DX”. were called “Intel 386DX”. These processors contained 275 These processors contained 275 thousand transistorsthousand transistors

Zilog Z80Zilog Z80

Intel 386DXIntel 386DX

Different kind of Different kind of Microprocessor Cont.Microprocessor Cont. In 1993 Intel produced the first version of In 1993 Intel produced the first version of

Pentium - the speed of this chip was fast!; Pentium - the speed of this chip was fast!; they also improved the functionality in this they also improved the functionality in this generation of processors. The use of this generation of processors. The use of this processor was for the personal use and processor was for the personal use and contained 3.1 million transistors contained 3.1 million transistors

Two months ago (June 24), 2004 Intel Two months ago (June 24), 2004 Intel produced the most powerful Microprocessor produced the most powerful Microprocessor called Celeron, which contains 80 million called Celeron, which contains 80 million transistors and has a clock speed of 2.8 transistors and has a clock speed of 2.8 GHz. GHz.

CeleronCeleron

Why are the processors Why are the processors getting bigger in size?getting bigger in size? Microprocessor are getting bigger from Microprocessor are getting bigger from

one version to another because one version to another because scientists need to put more and more scientists need to put more and more transistors in the processor. transistors in the processor.

In the earliest versions they didn’t In the earliest versions they didn’t include different component in the include different component in the microprocessor, such as ALU microprocessor, such as ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and Registers. (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and Registers. They were separated from the actual They were separated from the actual processorprocessor

Why it contained more Why it contained more transistors??transistors?? As we know, transistors are switches As we know, transistors are switches

which can be turn on and off. That’s which can be turn on and off. That’s how computers work. If we increase how computers work. If we increase the number of transistors we actually the number of transistors we actually increase the number of operations increase the number of operations and the number of the on and off’s and the number of the on and off’s that take place when the that take place when the microprocessor work. microprocessor work.

Each newest version of Each newest version of microprocessor included more microprocessor included more functionality from the earliest one. functionality from the earliest one.

As we can see, different As we can see, different companies tried to produce companies tried to produce different kind of microprocessors different kind of microprocessors and tried to improve their and tried to improve their products; most of these products; most of these companies went bankrupt - companies went bankrupt - others still until this day produce others still until this day produce different kind of chips such as different kind of chips such as Intel, AMD, IBM, Motorola, HP Intel, AMD, IBM, Motorola, HP and Hitachi.and Hitachi.

Then what???Then what???

The Future of ComputersThe Future of Computers

DNA Computers DNA Computers

One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all the electronic computers ever information than all the electronic computers ever builtbuilt

More than 10-trillion DNA molecules can fit into an More than 10-trillion DNA molecules can fit into an area no larger than 1 cubic centimeter area no larger than 1 cubic centimeter

Computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes of Computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes of data and perform 10-trillion calculations at a timedata and perform 10-trillion calculations at a time

Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers could perform calculations simultaneouslycould perform calculations simultaneously

Conventional computers operate linearly, taking on Conventional computers operate linearly, taking on tasks one at a time. But parallel computing that will tasks one at a time. But parallel computing that will allow DNA to solve complex mathematical problems allow DNA to solve complex mathematical problems in hours -- problems that might take electrical in hours -- problems that might take electrical computers hundreds of years to completecomputers hundreds of years to complete

ConclusionConclusion As we can see, As we can see,

computers are computers are getting better getting better and better every and better every year. But the year. But the question is - if question is - if computers aren’t computers aren’t used in the used in the proper way, proper way, what’s going to what’s going to happen ….. ?happen ….. ?

For more Information For more Information

www.intel.comwww.intel.com

http://www.computerhistory.org/http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/microprocessors/exhibits/microprocessors/

Questions?Questions?