The Mechanism of Breathing

Air rushing inAir rushing in

Intercostal muscles &diaphragm muscles

Intercostal muscles &diaphragm muscles

Chest VolumeChest Volume

Rib CageRib Cage

DiaphragmDiaphragm

Results in…Results in…

Air pressure in lungsAir pressure in lungs

ContractContract RelaxRelax

Move upwards & outwards

Move upwards & outwards

Move downwards & inwards

Move downwards & inwards

FlattenedFlattened Dome-shapedDome-shaped

IncreasesIncreases DecreasesDecreases

Lower thanatmosphere

Lower thanatmosphere

Higher thanatmosphere

Higher thanatmosphere

Air rushing outAir rushing out

The Mechanism of Ventilation

Diseases & Disorders of Respiratory System

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Infections Sleep Apnea (Irregular breathing during sleep) Dyspnea (shortness of breath) Bradypnea (abnormally low breathing rate < 12/min) Tachypnea (abnormally fast breathing rate > 20/min) Pleural Effusions Genetic disorders

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Lung cancer

COPD

Asthma bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, mucolytics, bronchodilators

Chronic Bronchitis mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids

Emphysema (Degenerative disease) barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

Infections Influenza (flu)

Acute infectious respiratory disease Virus Fever, chills, headache, myalgia,

anorexia Avoid aspirin in children

Common Cold Milder symptoms of flu

Pneumonia Acute infectious respiratory disease Bacteria Cough with sputum production, fever,

and sharp chest pain

Pleural Effusions

Excess fluid in pleural cavity associated with congestive heart failure,

ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma diagnosis

auscultation, percussion Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax,

pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax thoracentesis

Tuberculosis Infectious, highly communicable

disease aerosol transmission primary tuberculosis, tubercles immunocompromised effects other organ systems drug resistant strains

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammatory disease of lungs lobar, bilateral hemoptyisis consolidation Pneumocystis carinii lavage

Cystic Fibrosis

Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands systemic involvement

lungs, pancreas, digestive tract Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles Gas exchange impaired

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Surfactant decreases the surface tension of the

alveoli needed for alveoli to fill with air and

expand (compliance)

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Oncology

Primary Pulmonary Cancer Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES

OF LUNG CANCERS common site: epithelium of bronchi

bronchogenic carcinoma masses form and block air passages metastasizes frequently to lymph noes,

liver, bones, brain, or kidney

Interaction of respiratory and other systems

Loading of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) requiresblood transport and specilaized functionsof red blood cells

Utilization and regulation of voluntary muscles

Sensitivity to pH (acidosis, alkalosis)

Response to exercise?

Response to high altitude?