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The Mortgage Event
Barry Naisbitt
Chief Economist
Abbey
The Economy – An Overview
Barry NaisbittChief Economist, AbbeyOctober 2005
2How the UK economy looks in October 2005 The ‘hot’ topic of current economic debate is the possible effect of the recent rise in oil
prices on the economy - but there are important underlying trends.
Tightening monetary policy between November 2003 and August 2004 played a part in slowing consumers’ spending growth. In turn, this has slowed overall economic growth and there have been some small rises in unemployment.
The household sector has record debt. Higher interest rates have reduced the speed at which debt is growing.
House price growth has slowed and (so far) there has been a ‘soft landing’ in the housing market.
Inflation has now risen above its 2% target. In part this is due to rising oil prices but there have also been increases in food and utilities prices.
This year the economy has not developed as the Chancellor had expected:
- GDP growth is likely to be around 2%, not 3 – 3.5%.
- Inflation is above 2% target and is likely to stay so in the rest of this year.
- Slower growth means lower tax receipts, so public finances have worsened.
3Current Economic News•Consumers’ expenditure growth has slowed significantly
Q1 (at +0.1%) saw the slowest quarterly growth for 4 years. Q2 (+0.2%) was only a little faster. Retailers have called for lower rates to boost activity.
Recent retail sales figures hint at only a gradual improvement.
Quarterly Consumers’ Expenditure Growth (%)
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2000 Q1 2001 Q1 2002 Q1 2003 Q1 2004 Q1 2005 Q1
Source –Office for National Statistics
4Current Economic News•Economic growth has slowed as a result
The slowdown in consumers’ spending has reduced the pace of overall growth. The economy is still expanding – output last fell in 1992 Q2.
Growth this year is likely to be about 2%, down on 3.2% last year.
Quarterly Economic Growth (%)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
2000 Q1 2001 Q1 2002 Q1 2003 Q1 2004 Q1 2005 Q1
Source –Office for National Statistics
5Current Economic News•The number claiming unemployment benefit is now rising
Claimant count unemployment has risen by 48,500 over the past six months. This is not a large rise but marks a change from the past decade of falling
unemployment. Employment, however, is still rising.
Monthly Change in Unemployment (Claimant Count, 000s)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05
Source –Office for National Statistics
6Current Economic News•Inflation is above its 2% target
CPI inflation in August was 2.4%, above target and highest since Nov. 1996. Transport costs (oil related) have seen the biggest jump – underlying inflation
remains low and headline RPI inflation has edged down.
Inflation Rate (%, RPI and CPI)
0
1
2
3
4
2000 Jan 2001 Feb 2002 Mar 2003 Apr 2004 May 2005 Jun
RPI
CPI
Source –Office for National Statistics
7Current Economic News•Household debt is at a record level
Households owe over £1 trillion – a record level. Most of this (70%+) is mortgage debt. But the value of households’ assets outweigh their debts.
Overall, debt is around 150% of income, a record level, and rising.
Household Debt – Income Ratio (%)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1987 Q4 1991 Q4 1995 Q4 1999 Q4 2003 Q4
UNSECUREDDEBT TO INCOME
SECURED DEBTTO INCOME
TOTAL DEBT TOINCOME
Source –Office for National Statistics
8Current Economic News•Monthly house price growth rates have reduced
While monthly house price changes are volatile, the scale of increases has become smaller, with some monthly falls recorded.
In turn, this reduces annual house price growth, which is now below 5%.
Monthly Change in House Prices (average of all published monthly information, %)
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05
Source – ODPM, Halifax, Nationwide, Hometrack, Rightmove
9Current Economic News•So annual house price growth has slowed
Using the Government’s index, the drop in monthly house price growth has slowed annual growth from 14% in July 2004 to 4% in July 2005.
This is in line with our expectation for 2% annual growth by end year.
Annual House Price Growth (%, ODPM)
Source –Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Jan-04 May-04 Sep-04 Jan-05 May-05
10Current Economic News•After a sharp dip in ’04 H2, activity shows signs of stabilising
The number of loans approved for house purchase fell sharply in mid-2004. Activity has steadied in recent months.
Remortgage activity has been less volatile than house purchase.
Number of Mortgage Approvals (000s, seasonally adjusted)
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
May-03 Nov-03 May-04 Nov-04 May-05
HousePurchase
Remortgage
Source –Bank of England
11How is the economy likely to develop in 2006? Recent rises in oil prices have added an extra element of uncertainty to the outlook.
If oil prices moderate, inflation should drop to 2% (or below) during ‘06.
High oil prices are likely to lead to slower global economic growth. UK growth is likely to be below trend again in ’06, creating a risk of higher unemployment.
If the Bank of England sees growth undershooting its forecast but inflation overshooting its target, it will have a difficult call to make. Financial markets imply that there will be scope for a further rate cut.
Despite the uncertainties, the overall economic picture remains one of gradual change and a growing economy.
So the housing market looks likely to continue to be subdued – some of the issues affecting activity in 2005 will still be present in 2006.
I do not expect a rapid rebound in house prices – rather a continued period of very moderate house price changes.
House purchase activity has picked up during 2004 but it remains below the relatively high levels seen in the 2002 – 2004 period. Broader economic trends suggest stability rather than rapid expansion.
12Economic Outlook•Oil Prices reached $70 per barrel
The price of oil has risen by $26 per barrel (59%) since December. However, in inflation adjusted US $ terms, it is still 27% below the peak
reached in the early 1980s.
Actual and Inflation Adjusted Oil Prices ( West Texas Intermediate, $ per barrel, indexed to 2005 US$ prices)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jan-70 Oct-75 Jul-81 Apr-87 Jan-93 Oct-98 Jul-04
InflationAdjusted(real)
ActualPrices
Source –Reuters, Office for National Statistics
13Economic Outlook•The Bank of England expects inflation to reduce next year
The Bank expects inflation to peak soon and fall below target in ’06H2. August CPI inflation was 2.4%, higher than the Bank expected, reflecting
higher oil prices.
Median CPI Inflation Projection based on Interest Rates at 4.50% (%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Jan-03 Nov-03 Sep-04 Jul-05 May-06 Mar-07
MPCForecast
CPI
TARGET
Source –Office for National Statistics, Bank of England
14Economic Outlook•Commentators have been reducing their growth forecasts
Since the start of the year the consensus forecast for growth in 2005 has been reduced from 2.5% to 2%. In March the Chancellor forecast 3 – 3.5%.
Growth in ‘06 is expected to be only slightly stronger than ’05.
Consensus Forecasts for UK Economic Growth (made by month, %)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Jan-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05
2004
2006
2005
Source –Consensus Forecasts
15Economic Outlook•The Bank of England lowered interest rates in August
Interest rates were lowered by 25 basis points in August, to 4.50%. The reduction will improve affordability and support housing market activity
and house prices – rates are now lower than a year ago.
Base Rate (%)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1997 Jan 1999 Jan 2001 Jan 2003 Jan 2005 Jan
Source –Bank of England
16Economic Outlook•The most recent slowdown has been in home mover numbers
The recent slowdown has been in the number of home movers. First time buyer numbers peaked in 2002 and have drifted down since then.
Economic outlook suggests stabilisation into ’06, rather than further falls.
Number of First-time Buyers and Home Movers (Rolling year, 000s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Mar-96 Sep-97 Mar-99 Sep-00 Mar-02 Sep-03 Mar-05
Movers
First-time buyers
Source –Council of Mortgage Lenders
17Economic Outlook•The mortgage market is stabilising
If activity has seen a drop to a new, lower level, we would expect annual growth rates to dip sharply and then gradually stabilise.
This is what has happened to the total value of new lending.
Annual Percentage Change in the Value of Mortgage Approvals (%)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
31-Jan-03 31-Jul-03 31-Jan-04 31-Jul-04 31-Jan-05 31-Jul-05
Source –Bank of England
18Summary of Economic Outlook UK economy has shown continuous growth since 1992 – it has avoided recession
where other countries (e.g. US, Germany) have not.
One result is that unemployment has fallen steadily and employment has risen.
Inflation has remained low and within its target band. The Governor of the Bank of England called the period the ‘NICE’ decade (Non-Inflationary, Consistently Expansionary). (Source – Governor of Bank of England, 12th October 2004)
The rise in oil prices has created a new economic uncertainty. A risk is that rising oil prices could push up inflation and disturbs the period of stability.
Another risk is that economic activity could under-perform expectations, with higher energy costs reducing households’ discretionary spending.
The central case outlook is for continued growth (but likely below trend) and inflation rising further before dipping. As such, the economic outlook still favours a continued ‘soft landing’ for the housing market.
The housing market looks unlikely to repeat the rapid growth of the early part of the decade, but a steady market that enables buyers and sellers to match their needs looks likely.